《植物病蟲害綠色防控技術》課件-三、稻曲病綠色防控（雙語）

三

稻曲病綠色防控

GreenPreventionandControlofRiceFalseSmut

三稻曲病綠色防控稻曲病RiceFalseSmut

又稱假黑穗病、綠黑穗病、青粉病等，廣泛分布于世界各水稻主產(chǎn)區(qū)。水稻發(fā)生稻曲病后，不僅造成大量癟粒病粒，降低稻谷產(chǎn)量及質量，而且病粒含對人畜有害的毒素，這種毒素能引起人畜慢性中毒，極大的影響了糧食高產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)和糧食食品安全。

alsoknownas"pseudo-smut","greensmut"and"Lakshmi(goddessofwealthandprosperity)disease",iswidelydistributedinmajorrice-producingareasaroundtheworld.Thericefalsesmut,ifoccurs,causesconsiderablelossesintermsofgrainyieldandqualityduetoalotofemptyricegrainsbutalsoactsasahealthhazardtohumansandanimalsduetopoisonousmycotoxins,whichcancausechronicpoisoningofhumansandanimals.Therefore,thehighyieldandstableyieldofgrainandgrainfoodsafetyaregreatlyaffected.（一）癥狀識別

SymptomIdentification

主要在水稻抽穗揚花期感病，病菌主要侵染水稻的穗部。

Itismainlysusceptibletoinfectionattheheadingandfloweringstageandthepathogenmainlyinoculatestheearofrice.

稻曲病前期癥狀SymptomsofRiceFalseSmutatEarlyStage三稻曲病綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofRiceFalseSmut稻曲（薄膜破裂）RiceFalseSmut(filmBroken)

稻曲病中期癥狀SymptomsofRiceFalseSmutatMiddleStage三稻曲病綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofRiceFalseSmut

稻曲病后期癥狀SymptomsofRiceFalseSmutatLateStage三稻曲病綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofRiceFalseSmut（二）病原菌

PathogenicBacteria

無性態(tài)：半知菌亞門綠核菌屬的稻綠核菌TheanamorphisUstilaginoideavirensoftheUstilaginoideaBref,Deuteromycotina.有性態(tài)：子囊菌亞門麥角菌屬的稻麥角菌TheteleomorphisClavicepsoryzae-sativae

oftheClaviceps,Ascomycotina.稻曲病病原菌

PathogenicBacteriaofRiceFalseSmut

1.菌核萌發(fā)出子座

Thesclerotiagerminatetoproducethestroma.2.子座頂部縱剖面Longitudinalsectionatthetopofthestroma

3.子囊及子囊孢子

Ascusandascospores

4.厚垣孢子及其著生在菌絲上的狀態(tài)（葉恭銀，植物保護學，2006）Chlamydosporesandtheirstateofimplantationonhyphae(YeGongyin,PlantProtection,2006)三稻曲病綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofRiceFalseSmut（三）發(fā)生規(guī)律

OccurrenceRegularity

病菌以落入土中菌核或附于種子上的厚垣孢子越冬。次年7～8月間開始抽生子座，上生子囊殼，其中產(chǎn)生大量子囊孢子；厚垣孢子在條件適宜時萌發(fā)產(chǎn)生分生孢子。子囊孢子和分生孢子借氣流、雨水傳播，侵害花器和幼穎，引起谷粒發(fā)病。

Thepathogenoverwinterswithsclerotiathatfallintothesoilorchlamydosporesattachedtoseeds.FromJulytoAugustofthefollowingyear,thestromabegantogrowontheascospores,andperitheciumisproduced,onwhichalargenumberofascosporesareproduced.Chlamydosporesaregerminatedtoproduceconidiawhenconditionsareappropriate.Ascosporesandconidiaarespreadbyairflowandrainwater,infectingflowerorgansandyoungspikelets,andfurthercausinggraindisease.

厚垣孢子在再侵染中起決定作用。在南方稻區(qū)則以早稻上的厚垣孢子為再侵染源為害晚稻，或早抽穗的水稻上的厚垣孢子可能成為遲抽穗水稻的侵染源。帶菌種子的調動是主要的遠距離傳播方式。

Chlamydosporesplayadecisiveroleinsecondaryinfection.Insouthernriceregions,chlamydosporesonearly-seasonricearethesecondaryreinfectionsourcesthatdamagelate-seasonrice,orchlamydosporesonearly-headingricemaybecomeinfectionsourcesoflate-headingrice.Themobilizationofseedswithfungiisthemainmodeofdistanttransmission.三稻曲病綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofRiceFalseSmut不同水稻品種間的抗性存在較明顯差異。矮稈、葉片寬、角度小、枝梗數(shù)多的密穗型品種較感病，反之則較抗??；抗病性一般表現(xiàn)為早熟>中熟>晚熟，糯稻>秈稻>粳稻；此外，穎殼表面粗糙無茸毛的品種發(fā)病重。

Theresistanceofdifferentricecultivarsissignificantlydifferent.Densepaniclecultivarswithshortstalks,wideleaves,smallangles,andmanybranchesarepronetobesusceptible,andconversely,theyaremoreresistant.Diseaseresistanceisgenerallycharacterizedbyearlymaturity>mediummaturity>latematurity,glutinousrice>indicarice>japonicarice.Inaddition,cultivarswithroughandfluffyglumesurfacesaremoreaffected.

在水稻孕穗至抽穗期，連續(xù)低溫、多雨、日照少，有利于發(fā)病。長期灌水過深，田水落干過遲病害發(fā)生嚴重。施氮肥過量，尤其在穗期追施氮肥過多的田塊發(fā)病加重。

Ricebootingandheadingstagesmeetingwithperiodiclowtemperatures,rain,andlittlesunshineareconducivetothedisease.Theseverityofthediseaseismostlikelytooccurinlong-termandtoo-deepirrigationandtoolatedriedbedsoilinthefieldwater.Excessiveapplicationofnitrogenfertilizer,especiallyinfieldswithexcessiveapplicationoftopdressingofnitrogenfertilizerattheheadingstageaggravatesthedisease.三稻曲病綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofRiceFalseSmut（四）防治措施

ControlMeasures

（1）選育和種植抗病品種：選用抗病品種是防治稻曲病最經(jīng)濟有效的方法。如在重慶市區(qū)域內的主栽品種中，準兩優(yōu)527、K優(yōu)88、金優(yōu)725、崗優(yōu)615、D優(yōu)162、汕優(yōu)149等品種病穗率、病粒率都較低，說明這些品種具有一定的抗病能力。

(1)Select,breedandplantdisease-resistantcultivars:Selectingdisease-resistantcultivarsisthemostcost-efficientandeffectivewaytocontrolricefalsesmut.Forexample,amongthemaincultivarsinChongqing,thecultivarsincludingZhiliangyou527,KYou88,Jinyou725,Gangyou615,DYou162,andShanyou149havealowdiseasedearrateanddiseasedgrainrate,indicatingthatsuchcultivarshadcertaindiseaseresistance.

（2）加強栽培管理：建立無病留種田，避免在發(fā)病田繁殖或制種。合理密植，適時移栽或適當提前播種，使抽穗期避開適宜發(fā)病的天氣條件。在施肥上應施足基肥，早施追肥，合理使用氮、磷、鉀肥，增強稻株抗病能力，切忌遲施、偏施氮肥。降低田間濕度，提高水稻的抗病性。

(2)Strengthencultivationmanagement:Establishdisease-freeseedfieldstoavoidreproductionorseedproductionindiseasedfields.Conductreasonablydenseplanting,timelytransplanting,orappropriateearlysowing,sothattheheadingstageavoidstheweatherconditionssuitablefordisease.Applysufficientbasefertilizer,applytopdressingearly,andproperlyusenitrogen,phosphorus,andpotassiumfertilizerstoenhancethediseaseresistanceofriceplants.Lateapplicationofortoomuchnitrogenfertilizersshouldbeavoided.Reducefieldhumidityandimprovediseaseresistanceofrice.三稻曲病綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofRiceFalseSmut（3）藥劑防治

Chemicalcontrol

①種子處理：選用經(jīng)包衣處理的抗病良種和無菌稻種。帶病種谷應在播種前用10％鹽水選種，淘汰病粒，同時進行種子消毒，具體方法：用50%多菌靈可濕性粉劑1000倍液，早、中稻浸種2d，晚稻浸種1d；40％福爾馬林50倍液或0.5％硫酸銅浸種或悶種3h。用以上藥劑浸過的種子，要用清水洗凈藥液后，再催芽播種。

①Seedtreatment:Selectcoatedandresistantimprovedcultivarsandsterilericecultivars.Thediseasedseedgrainshouldbeselectedandeliminatedwith10%salinebeforesowingandseeddisinfectionshouldbeperformedatthesametime.Specificmethodsareasfollows:Use1:1,000dilutionof50%carbendazimwettablepowdertosoakearly-andmid-seasonricefor2daysandlate-seasonricefor1day;oruse1:50dilutionof40%formalinor0.5%coppersulfatetosoakorsmotherse