專題17 閱讀理解（知識梳理+考點精講精練+實戰(zhàn)訓練）（含答案解析）

專題17閱讀理解目錄TOC\o"1-2"\h\u明晰學考要求 1基礎知識梳理 1考點精講講練 2考點一：細節(jié)理解題 2考點二：推理判斷題 3考點三：詞義猜測題 4考點四：主旨大意題 5實戰(zhàn)能力訓練 131.熟練語篇類型和語篇結(jié)構(gòu)2.明確命題規(guī)律和提問方式3.掌握不同題型的解題方法（一）整體理解題型多樣且關聯(lián)緊密：閱讀理解包含細節(jié)理解題、推理判斷題、詞義猜測題、主旨大意題等多種題型，它們從不同角度考查考生對語篇的理解能力，且各題型之間存在一定關聯(lián)，比如準確理解細節(jié)有助于把握文章主旨，而主旨大意又能為推理判斷等提供方向。能力綜合要求高：不僅需要考生具備詞匯、語法等基礎知識，還要求能運用各種閱讀技巧，如略讀、尋讀，準確把握語篇結(jié)構(gòu)、命題規(guī)律，根據(jù)不同題型特點靈活運用相應解題方法，同時要善于進行語義轉(zhuǎn)換和邏輯推理。（二）重點關注方向信息精準定位與比對：對于細節(jié)理解題，無論是直接信息題還是間接信息題，關鍵在于能依據(jù)題干準確提取關鍵詞，快速在文中定位相關信息，并仔細比對選項與原文細節(jié)，注意同義替換、信息歸納等正確選項特征以及張冠李戴、無中生有等干擾選項特征。推理判斷依據(jù)：推理判斷題要嚴格依據(jù)閱讀材料所提供信息進行推斷，關注作者的用詞、語氣以及文章的主旨，區(qū)分不同類型的推理判斷題（如細節(jié)推理、觀點態(tài)度推理、寫作意圖推理），明確各類型的解題要點和常見命題方式。詞義猜測技巧運用：掌握多種詞義猜測技巧，如根據(jù)定義或上下文解釋、同位關系、構(gòu)詞法、因果關系、指代關系、同義或近義關系、轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P系等進行合理推測，同時要結(jié)合文章語境準確判斷詞義。主旨大意提煉：針對主旨大意題的不同類型（標題歸納題、文章大意題、段落大意題），要理解標題特點，掌握確定文章標題的方法，學會通過找主題句（利用轉(zhuǎn)折詞、首段疑問句、重復觀點等小竅門）或歸納段落邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)等方式來提煉文章及段落的主旨大意。（一）細節(jié)理解題題型特點：設問方式多樣：包括特殊疑問句形式（以when,where,what等疑問詞引出）、判斷是非形式（含TRUE/FALSE等）、以“Accordingto...”開頭的提問形式以及填空形式。正確選項特征：同義替換（關鍵詞、詞性、語態(tài)等變換）、信息歸納、正話反說、原文原詞。同義替換指對原文句子中的關鍵詞進行同義替換。如把loseone'sjob換成了beoutofwork。有些細節(jié)理解題把原文中的一些詞變換一下詞性，如把important變換成ofimportance；改變原文中句子的語態(tài)，如主動語態(tài)與被動語態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換。信息歸納用精煉的語言來概括原文中比較分散或復雜的信息，設置為正確答案。正話反說把原文中的意思反過來表達而成為正確選項。原文原詞利用原文原詞作為正確選項。干擾選項特征：張冠李戴、無中生有、曲解文意、顛倒是非、正誤參半。張冠李戴是原文信息，但不是題目要求的內(nèi)容。無中生有符合常識，但不是文章的內(nèi)容。曲解文意與原文的內(nèi)容極其相似，只是在某個細節(jié)處有些變動。顛倒是非在意思上與原文大相徑庭甚至完全相反。正誤參半部分正確，部分錯誤。解題方法：直接信息題：采用“關鍵詞定位法”，先從題干中提取名詞、動詞、數(shù)詞等關鍵詞，然后運用略讀及尋讀技巧在文中定位相關信息，最后比對選項與原文細節(jié)確定答案。1.依據(jù)題干信息，擇定位關鍵詞細節(jié)理解直接信息題一般是對文章局部內(nèi)容的考查,且題目相對簡單,所以,不必通篇細讀全文,可先通過題干信息來選擇定位關鍵詞。關鍵詞主要是題干中的名詞、動詞和數(shù)詞,即問題的核心信息2.依據(jù)關鍵詞,回原文定位信息進行比對確定了定位關鍵詞后,運用略讀及尋讀的技巧快速在文章中尋找與題于有關的關鍵詞,回到原文進行信息定位,然后將選項內(nèi)容與原文信息比對,得出正確答案。間接信息題：命題隱蔽性強，需將題目信息與原文相關信息進行語義轉(zhuǎn)換、加工或整理，再比對選項確定答案。相比直接信息題，命題的隱蔽性更強，正確選項一般都會在原文基礎上進行改造。此類題目需要考生將題目信息與原文相關信息進行語義上的轉(zhuǎn)換，有時還需要進一步的加工或整理。概括、歸納信息題：依據(jù)題干找到文中相應信息區(qū)間，用自己的語言歸納總結(jié)文中信息，然后挑選與歸納內(nèi)容最接近的選項作為答案。是指命題人用精煉的語言來概括原文中比較分散或復雜的信息，這是命題人設計細節(jié)理解題的正確選項時經(jīng)常使用的手段之一?？忌紫葢罁?jù)題干指向，找到文中相應的信息區(qū)間，然后嘗試用自己的語言去歸納總結(jié)文中的信息或事實，然后再看選項，挑選出和自己所歸納總結(jié)的信息最接近的選項作為正確答案。（二）推理判斷題題型分類及特點：細節(jié)推理判斷題：要求根據(jù)語篇內(nèi)容推斷具體細節(jié)，常借助短文提供信息或生活常識進行推理，注意題干中常用的如infer、indicate等動詞。該類型的命題方式常常以下列形式呈現(xiàn)：Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat________.Comparedwithothersimilarproducts,thenewdesign________.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat________.Thewriter/authorindicates/suggests/impliesthat________.觀點、態(tài)度推理判斷題：文章的觀點或結(jié)論推理判斷題：推測文中某一觀點需把握全文中心思想，因為次要觀點支撐主要論點。該類型的命題方式常常以下列形式呈現(xiàn)：·Whatistheauthor’sopinionon...?·Whatdoestheauthorthinkabout...?·Fromthepassagewecanconcludethat________.作者態(tài)度、語氣推理判斷題：通過作者措詞、感情色彩判斷，常見褒義詞、貶義詞、中性詞等表述。該類型的命題方式常常以下列形式呈現(xiàn)：·Theattitudeoftheauthortowardssomebody/somethingis________.·Theauthor’sattitudetowards...canbebestdescribedas________.·Thetoneofthispassageisbestdescribedas________.寫作意圖推理判斷題：揣測作者寫作意圖及運用寫作手法的目的，要求考生理解文章大意并能歸納總結(jié)、分析作者闡述問題的方法。該類型的命題方式常常以下列形式呈現(xiàn)：Themainpurposeofthistextis________.What’stheauthor’spurposeinwritingthisarticle?Itcanbeconcludedthatthepassageismainlywrittenfor________.Theauthorwritesthispassageto________.Theauthorinthispassageintendsto________.解題要點：嚴格按閱讀材料信息推斷，避免摻雜個人經(jīng)驗等；注意選項是否為材料簡單重復而非推斷結(jié)論；關注文中虛擬語氣和情態(tài)動詞；客觀對待作者敘述事實，避免主觀推斷；甄別細節(jié)是否與原文相符。（三）詞義猜測題考查內(nèi)容：對單詞、短語或句子意義的推斷，包括生詞、熟詞新義以及替代詞所替代內(nèi)容的判斷，需根據(jù)短文語境推測。猜詞技巧：根據(jù)定義或上下文解釋猜測：利用逗號、破折號、括號等后的解釋判斷詞義。根據(jù)同位關系猜測：通過緊跟難詞后的同位語解釋來猜測詞義。根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法猜測：依據(jù)前綴、后綴、派生等構(gòu)詞知識推測詞義。根據(jù)因果關系猜測：根據(jù)原因預測結(jié)果或由結(jié)果找出原因來確定詞義。根據(jù)上下文的指代關系猜測：明確文章中代詞指代的人或物，有時需總結(jié)前文內(nèi)容得出指代對象。根據(jù)同義或近義關系猜測：利用同句、同段或同篇文章中意思相同或相近的詞來猜測詞義。根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P系猜測：依據(jù)上下句連接詞（如but、however等）判斷邏輯關系，從而確定詞義。（四）主旨大意題題型分類及設問方式：標題歸納題：常見設問如“Thebesttitleofthepassageis...”等，要求選出能準確概括文章主旨且具概括性、針對性、醒目性的標題。該類型的命題方式常常以下列形式呈現(xiàn)：Thebesttitleofthepassageis________.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?·Themostappropriatetitleofthepassageis______.文章大意題：常見設問如“What'sthemainidea/pointofthepassage?”等，需通過找主題句（利用轉(zhuǎn)折詞、首段疑問句、重復觀點等方法）或歸納段落中心思想來確定文章整體中心思想。該類型的命題方式常常以下列形式呈現(xiàn)：What'sthemainidea/pointofthepassage?·Thepassageismainlyabout________.·Thepassageismainlyconcernedabout________.·Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthemainideaofthepassage?段落大意題：常見設問如“WhatdoestheauthortellusinParagraph...?”等，可通過概括段落邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)（總分、分總、分總分等）或揣摩作者暗示來歸納段落大意。該類型的命題方式常常以下列形式呈現(xiàn)：WhatdoestheauthortellusinParagraph...?Themainideaofthesecondparagraphprobablyis________.Thefirstparagraphismainlyabout________.WhichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizePara.1?Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?解題要點：理解標題特點，掌握確定文章標題的正面肯定法、反面否定法、研讀備選項本身等方法；學會運用瀏覽法快速找到主題句；準確概括段落邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)以歸納段落大意。例題精練，舉一反三（一）細節(jié)理解題示例ATheBiggestStadiumsintheWorldPeoplehavebeenpouringintostadiumssincethedaysofancientGreece.Inaround8A.Q.,theRomansbuilttheColosseum,whichremainstheworld'sbestknownstadiumarecontinuestoinformcontemporarydesign.Rome’sColosseumwas157feettallandhad80entrances,seating50,000people.However,thatwassmallfrycomparedwiththecity’sCircusMaximus,whichaccommodatedaround250,000people.Thesedays,safetyregulations-nottomentionthemodernsportsfan’sdesireforagoodviewandacomfortableseat-tendtokeepstadiumcapacities（容量）slightlylower.Evensoccerfanstendtohaveaseateach;gonearethedaysofthousandsstandingtowatchthematch.Forthebiggeststadiumsintheworld,wehaveuseddatasuppliedbytheWorldAtlaslistsofar,whichranksthembytheirstatedpermanentcapacity,aswellasupdatedinformationfromofficialstadiumwebsites.Allthesestadiumsarestillfunctional,stillopenandstillhostingthebiggesteventsinworldsport.?Rungrado1stofMayStadium,Pyongyang,D.P.R-Korea.Capacity.150,000.Opened.May1,1989.?MichiganStadium,AnnArbor,Michigan,U.S.Capacity:107,601.Opened.October1,1927.?BeaverStadium,StateCollege,Pennsylvania,U.S.Capacity:106,572.Opened:September17,1960.?OhioStadium,Columbus,Ohio,U.S.Capacity:104,944.Opened:October7,1922.?KyleField,CollegeStation,Texas,U.S.Capacity:102,512.Opened:September24,1927.21.HowmanypeoplecouldtheCircusMaximushold?A.104,944. B.107,601. C.About150,000. D.About250,000.22.Ofthefollowingstadiums,whichistheoldest?A.MichiganStadium.B.BeaverStadium.C.OhioStadium.D.KyleField.21題

選D

根據(jù)文中第一段最后一句“However,thatwassmallfrycomparedwiththecity’sCircusMaximus,whichaccommodatedaround250,000people.”，明確指出CircusMaximus能容納大約250,000人，題干問其容納人數(shù)，所以選D，屬于直接細節(jié)理解題。22題

選C

文中給出MichiganStadium開放于1927年10月1日；BeaverStadium開放于1960年9月17日；OhioStadium開放于1922年10月7日；KyleField開放于1927年9月24日，對比各體育場開放時間可知OhioStadium最早，題目問最古老的體育場，所以選C，屬于直接細節(jié)理解題。BOfthecommonberries,strawberriesarehighestinvitaminC,although,becauseoftheirseeds,raspberriescontainalittlemoreprotein(蛋白質(zhì)),ironandzinc(notthatfruitshavemuchprotein).Blueberriesareparticularlyhighinantioxidants(抗氧化物質(zhì)).TheyellowandorangestonefruitssuchaspeachesarehighinthecarotenoidsweturnintovitaminAandwhichareantioxidants.Asforcherries(櫻桃),theyaresodeliciouswhocares?However,theyarerichinvitaminC.…24．Whatdoestheauthorseemtolikeaboutcherries?A．Theycontainprotein.B．TheyarehighinvitaminA.C．Theyhaveapleasanttaste.D．Theyarerichinantioxidants.選C

根據(jù)該段最后一句“Asforcherries(櫻桃),theyaresodeliciouswhocares?However,theyarerichinvitaminC．”可知，原文中的theyaresodelicious被替換成選項中的Theyhaveapleasanttaste，為間接細節(jié)理解題。所以選C。CAtpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200languages;theAmericasabout1,000;Africa2,400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber(中位數(shù))ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld'slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.…30．Howmanylanguagesarespokenbylessthan6,000peopleatpresent?A．About6,800. B．About3,400.C．About2,400. D．About1,200.選B

文中提到“Themediannumber(中位數(shù))ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld'slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.”，全世界語言數(shù)量約6800種，一半語言使用人數(shù)少于中位數(shù)6000人，經(jīng)計算大約3400種語言使用人數(shù)少于6000人，根據(jù)此內(nèi)容可得出答案，屬于直接細節(jié)理解題，所以選B。（二）推理判斷題示例DWemaythinkwe'reaculturethatgetsridofourworntechnologyatthefirstsightofsomethingshinyandnew,butanewstudyshowsthatwekeepusingourolddevices(裝置)wellaftertheygooutofstyle.That'sbadnewsfortheenvironment—andourwallets—astheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythantheneweronesthatdothesamethings.…32．Whatdoestheauthorthinkofnewdevices?A．Theyareenvironment-friendly.B．Theyarenobetterthantheold.C．Theycostmoretouseathome.D．Theygooutofstylequickly.選A

文中說“anewstudyshowsthatwekeepusingourolddevices(裝置)wellaftertheygooutofstyle.That'sbadnewsfortheenvironment—andourwallets—astheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythantheneweronesthatdothesamethings.”，指出舊設備過時后還在使用且比新設備耗能多，由此可推斷出新設備更環(huán)保，通過對新舊設備耗能情況對比分析得出結(jié)論，屬于推理判斷題，所以選A。EWe'veallbeenthere:inalift,inlineatthebankoronanairplane,surroundedbypeoplewhoare,likeus,deeplyfocusedontheirsmartphonesor,worse,strugglingwiththeuncomfortablesilence.…32．Whatphenomenonisdescribedinthefirstparagraph?A．Addictiontosmartphones.B．Inappropriatebehavioursinpublicplaces.C．Absenceofcommunicationbetweenstrangers.D．Impatiencewithslowservice.選C

第一段描述了在電梯、銀行排隊或者飛機上，人們都專注于自己的智能手機或者忍受著尷尬的沉默，體現(xiàn)出陌生人之間缺乏交流的現(xiàn)象，通過對所描述場景的歸納總結(jié)得出結(jié)論，屬于推理判斷題，所以選C。F[1]ManyofusloveJulybecauseit'sthemonthwhennature'sberriesandstonefruitsareinabundance.ThesecolourfulandsweetjewelsfromBritishColumbia'sfieldsarelittlepowerhousesofnutritionalprotection.[2]Ofthecommonberries,strawberriesarehighestinvitaminC,although,becauseoftheirseeds,raspberriescontainalittlemoreprotein(蛋白質(zhì)),ironandzinc(notthatfruitshavemuchprotein).Blueberriesareparticularlyhighinantioxidants(抗氧化物質(zhì)).TheyellowandorangestonefruitssuchaspeachesarehighinthecarotenoidsweturnintovitaminAandwhichareantioxidants.Asforcherries(櫻桃),theyaresodeliciouswhocares?However,theyarerichinvitaminC.[3]Whencombinedwithberriesorslicesofotherfruits,frozenbananasmakeanexcellentbaseforthick,coolingfruitshakesandlowfat“icecream”.Forthispurpose,selectripebananasforfreezingastheyaremuchsweeter.Removetheskinandplacetheminplasticbagsorcontainersandfreeze.Ifyoulike,asqueezeoffreshlemonjuiceonthebananaswillpreventthemturningbrown.Frozenbananaswilllastseveralweeks,dependingontheirripenessandthetemperatureofthefreezer.[4]Ifyouhavea_juicer,_youcansimplyfeedinfrozenbananasandsomeberriesorslicedfruit.Outcomesa“soft-serve”creamydessert,tobeeatenrightaway.Thismakesafunactivityforachildren'sparty;theylovefeedingthefruitandfrozenbananasintothetopofthemachineandwatchingtheicecreamcomeoutbelow.27．Fromwhichisthetextprobablytaken?A．Abiologytextbook. B．Ahealthmagazine.C．Aresearchpaper. D．Atravelbrochure.選B

文章先是介紹了各種漿果富含的營養(yǎng)成分，接著講了用香蕉等制作健康的甜品，整體內(nèi)容圍繞食物的營養(yǎng)以及相關健康吃法，從內(nèi)容主題角度判斷其出處，屬于推理判斷題，所以最有可能出自健康雜志，選B。（三）詞義猜測題示例GSoonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialisation,thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.29．Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“dominant”underlinedinparagraph2?A．Complex. B．Advanced.C．Powerful. D．Modern.選C

文中提到“...allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.”，很多語言消失了，而像英語、西班牙語、漢語這些語言正在逐漸占據(jù)主導地位，這里“dominant”意思是有強大影響力、占優(yōu)勢的，“Powerful”與之意思相近，通過對上下文語義及詞語含義的理解來判斷詞義，屬于詞義猜測題，所以選C。HIamPeterHodes,avolunteerstemcellcourier.SinceMarch2012,I'vedone89trips—ofthose,51havebeenabroad.Ihave42hourstocarrystemcells(干細胞)inmylittleboxbecauseI'vegottwoicepacksandthat'showlongtheylast.Inall,fromthetimethestemcellsareharvestedfromadonor(捐獻者)tothetimetheycanbeimplantedinthepatient,we'vegot72hoursatmost.SoIamalwaysconsciousoftime.29．Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedword“courier”inParagraph1?A．provider B．deliverymanC．collector D．medicaldoctor選B

文中“I'vedone89trips—ofthose,51havebeenabroad.Ihave42hourstocarrystemcells(干細胞)inmylittlebox...”表明“我”要帶著干細胞到處跑，也就是負責運送干細胞，“courier”在這里相當于“deliveryman（送貨員、傳遞者）”，通過對句子描述行為的分析來猜測詞義，屬于詞義猜測題，所以選B。I[2]Despitethecelebrations,though,intheU．S.thejazzaudiencecontinuestoshrinkandgrowolder,andthemusichasfailedtoconnectwithyoungergenerations.[3]It'sJasonMoran'sjobtohelpchangethat.AstheKennedyCenter'sartisticadviserforjazz,Moranhopestowidentheaudienceforjazz,makethemusicmoreaccessible,andpreserveitshistoryandculture.…29．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph3referto?A．Jazzbecomingmoreaccessible.B．Theproductionofjazzgrowingfaster.C．Jazzbeinglesspopularwiththeyoung.D．Thejazzaudiencebecominglarger.選C

文中提到“Despitethecelebrations,though,intheU．S.thejazzaudiencecontinuestoshrinkandgrowolder,andthemusichasfailedtoconnectwithyoungergenerations.It'sJasonMoran'sjobtohelpchangethat.”，that指代前面提到的爵士樂不受年輕人歡迎、觀眾減少變老的情況，通過對前后文指代關系的分析來確定詞義，屬于詞義猜測題，所以選C。（四）主旨大意題示例JGoodMorningBritain'sSusannaReidisusedtogrillingguestsonthesofaeverymorning,butsheiscookingupastorminherlatestrole—showingfamilieshowtopreparedeliciousandnutritiousmealsonatightbudget.InSaveMoney:GoodFood,shevisitsadifferenthomeeachweekandwiththehelpofchefMattTebbuttofferstoptipsonhowtoreducefoodwaste,whilepreparingrecipesforunder￡5perfamilyaday.AndtheGoodMorningBritainpresentersaysshe'sbeenabletoputalotofwhatshe'slearntintopracticeinherownhome,preparingmealsforsons,Sam,14,Finn,13,andJack,11.“WeloveMexicanchurros,soIbuythemonmyphonefrommylocalMexicantakeawayrestaurant，”sheexplains.“Ipay￡5foraportion(一份),butMattmakesthemfor26paportion,becausetheyareflour,water,sugarandoil.Everybodycanbuytakeawayfood,butsometimeswe'renotawarehowcheaplywecanmakethisfoodourselves.”Theeight-partseries(系列節(jié)目),SaveMoney:GoodFood,followsinthefootstepsofITV'sSaveMoney:GoodHealth,whichgaveviewersadviceonhowtogetvaluefromthevastrangeofhealthproductsonthemarket.Withfoodourbiggestweeklyhouseholdexpense,SusannaandMattspendtimewithadifferentfamilyeachweek.Intonight'sEasterspecialtheycometotheaidofafamilyinneedofsomedeliciousinspirationonabudget.Theteamtransformsthefamily'slongweekendofcelebrationwithlessexpensivebutstilltastyrecipes.27．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．KeepingFitbyEatingSmartB．BalancingOurDailyDietC．MakingYourselfaPerfectChefD．CookingWellforLess選D

文章圍繞SusannaReid在節(jié)目中教大家如何在預算緊張的情況下準備美味又營養(yǎng)的飯菜展開，重點強調(diào)用較少的錢做出好的食物，“CookingWellforLess”能很好地概括這一主旨，通過對文章整體內(nèi)容核心的提煉來確定標題，屬于主旨大意題，所以選D。KLanguageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers,small,tightlyknit(聯(lián)系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000yearsago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialisation,thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200languages;theAmericasabout1,000;Africa2,400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber(中位數(shù))ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld'slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof6,800languagesareclosetoextinction(消亡),withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.Pick,atrandom,BusuuinCameroon(eightremainingspeakers),ChiapanecoinMexico(150),LipanApacheintheUnitedStates(twoorthree)orWadjiguinAustralia(one,withaquestion-mark):noneoftheseseemstohavemuchchanceofsurvival.31．Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A．Newlanguageswillbecreated.B．People'slifestylesarereflectedinlanguages.C．Humandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguages.D．Geographydetermineslanguageevolution.選C

文章先是回顧過去語言數(shù)量眾多，然后闡述隨著人類發(fā)展，如人們從狩獵采集轉(zhuǎn)為農(nóng)耕、貿(mào)易、工業(yè)化、國家發(fā)展、全球化等因素，導致很多語言消失，現(xiàn)在語言數(shù)量變少，整體體現(xiàn)了人類發(fā)展使語言數(shù)量減少這一核心內(nèi)容，通過對文章整體行文脈絡及核心觀點的梳理總結(jié)得出主旨，屬于主旨大意題，所以選C。LTerrafugiaInc.saidMondaythatitsnewflyingcarhascompleteditsfirstflight,bringingthecompanyclosertoitsgoalofsellingtheflyingcarwithinthenextyear.Thevehicle—namedtheTransition—hastwoseats,fourwheelsandwingsthatfoldupsoitcanbedrivenlikeacar.TheTransition,whichflewat1,400feetforeightminuteslastmonth,canreacharound70milesperhourontheroadand115intheair.Itfliesusinga23-gallontankofgasandburns5gallonsperhourintheair.Ontheground,itgets35milespergallon.…28．Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A．ThebasicdataoftheTransition. B．Theadvantagesofflyingcars.C．Thepotentialmarketforflyingcars. D．ThedesignersoftheTransition.選A

第一段主要介紹了Terrafugia公司新飛行汽車Transition的相關基本數(shù)據(jù)，比如座位數(shù)、輪子數(shù)、飛行高度、飛行時長、不同狀態(tài)下的速度、油耗等信息，通過對段落內(nèi)容描述對象及具體內(nèi)容的歸納概括，可知是在介紹基本數(shù)據(jù)，屬于主旨大意題，所以選A。記敘文部分（A-E）A（2024高二下·湖南·學業(yè)考試）14-year-oldLeanneFanfromSanDiego,California,wasnamedthegrandprizewinnerofthe20223MYoungScientistChallenge,thenation’stopmiddleschoolsciencecompetition.LeanneFandevelopedtheFinsenHeadphones,alow-costheadphonedevicethatusesmachinelearningandbluelighttherapy(療法)todetectandtreatmid-earinfections(感染)inchildren—potentiallypreventingupto60%ofhearinglossinchildren.Theworldsees700millioncasesofmid-earinfectionseveryyear.Fanhopesthatthiscanbeaneffectiveandlow-costtreatmentoptionforthethousandswhoareaffected.FanwasinspiredtocreatetheheadphonesthreeyearsagowhilelearningaboutNielsFinsen,whowontheNobelPrizein1903afterinventinglighttherapytotreatbacterial(細菌的)infections.“Ithought,‘Thisisanamazingidea,andIcanapplyittosomethingelseinmydailylife,’”Fansaid.Fantookhomethetopprize,earningthetitleof“America’sTopYoungScientist”and$25,000.Sheisplanningtousesomeoftheprizemoneytostartthepatentprocessfortheheadphones.FanisoptimisticthattheFinsenHeadphoneswillbeabletohelppeopleinthenearfuture.“Beingpartofthe3MYoungScientistChallengewasabsolutelythebestpartofmyyear,”Fansaid.“Icouldmeetscientiststhataremyageandgoingfortheirdreamstoo,andmadesomefriends.”Shehopestoinspireothergirlswhowanttobecomeinventors.“Evenasmallideacangofar,”shesaid.“Ihadanideatousebluelighttokillbacteriaandthreeyearslater,I’mhere.”1．Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?A．Thecostoftheheadphonedevice. B．Theprocessofbluelighttherapy.C．Thedescriptionoftheheadphones. D．Thecasesofmid-earinfections.2．WhatinspiredLeanneFantocreatetheheadphones?A．Herowndailylife.B．HerdesirefortheNobelPrize.C．Thefactsofbacterialinfections.D．NielsFinsen’sinventionoflighttherapy.3．WhichofthefollowingcanbestdescribeFan?A．Outgoing. B．Patient. C．Creative. D．Hardworking.4．WhatcanwelearnfromFan’sstory?A．Evenasmallideacangofar. B．Manyhandsmakelightwork.C．Rosesgiven,fragranceinhand. D．Actionsspeaklouderthanwords.【答案】1．C2．D3．C4．A【導語】本文是一篇記敘文。本文介紹了一位來自加州的14歲女孩LeanneFan在2022年3M青年科學家挑戰(zhàn)賽中榮獲大獎，她發(fā)明的芬森耳機使用機器學習和藍光療法來檢測和治療兒童中耳炎，有望預防高達60%的兒童聽力損失。1．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中“LeanneFandevelopedtheFinsenHeadphones,alow-costheadphonedevicethatusesmachinelearningandbluelighttherapy(療法)todetectandtreatmid-earinfections(感染)inchildren(LeanneFan開發(fā)了Finsen耳機，這是一種低成本的耳機設備，使用機器學習和藍光療法來檢測和治療兒童中耳感染)”可知，第二段主要描述了Fan發(fā)明的FinsenHeadphones的特點和功能，因此，該段主要是描述這款耳機。故選C。2．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“FanwasinspiredtocreatetheheadphonesthreeyearsagowhilelearningaboutNielsFinsen,whowontheNobelPrizein1903afterinventinglighttherapytotreatbacterial(細菌的)infections.(三年前，F(xiàn)an在了解NielsFinsen時受到啟發(fā)，他發(fā)明了治療細菌感染的光療，于1903年獲得諾貝爾獎。)”以及本段中“Thisisanamazingidea,andIcanapplyittosomethingelseinmydailylife(這是一個神奇的想法，我可以把它應用到我日常生活中的其他事情上)”可知，F(xiàn)an在了解NielsFinsen用光療治療細菌感染并獲得諾貝爾獎后，想到了將這一理念應用到她的日常生活中，從而發(fā)明了耳機。故選D。3．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中“LeanneFandevelopedtheFinsenHeadphones,alow-costheadphonedevicethatusesmachinelearningandbluelighttherapy(療法)todetectandtreatmid-earinfections(感染)inchildren(LeanneFan開發(fā)了Finsen耳機，這是一種低成本的耳機設備，使用機器學習和藍光療法來檢測和治療兒童中耳感染)”可知，F(xiàn)an是一個有創(chuàng)造力的人，她開發(fā)了使用機器學習和藍光療法來檢測和治療中耳炎的耳機。這表明她具有創(chuàng)新思維和解決問題的能力，因此最能描述她的詞是C選項“Creative”（有創(chuàng)造力的）。故選C。4．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中““Evenasmallideacangofar,”shesaid.“Ihadanideatousebluelighttokillbacteriaandthreeyearslater,I’mhere.”(“即使是一個很小的想法也可以走得很遠，”她說?！拔矣幸粋€想法，用藍光殺死細菌，三年后，我在這里?！?”可知，通過Fan的話，表明了即使是一個小小的想法，只要有勇氣和努力，也可以取得很大的成就。A選項“Evenasmallideacangofar.(即使是一個小想法也能走得很遠。)”符合題意。故選A。B（2024高二下·湖北·學業(yè)考試）Everydayforthelastthreeyears,millionaire(百萬富翁)ZhongCongronghaspickeduprubbishinhisneighborhoodandspreadtheenvironmentalawarenesstotheresidentsofChongqing.Infact,theChongqingbusinessman’santi-litteringcampaignwasinspiredbyafamilytriptoHainanduringChineseNewYearin2015.There,hemetaretiredprofessorfromTsinghuaUniversitywhohadbeenpickinguprubbishalongthebeachforfouryears.Zhongstartedcopyingthepracticearoundhishomethedayafterhereturnedfromvacation.Zhongencourageshisemployees—whoarelikelytobegiven10-yuanfinesiftheylitteratwork—tojoinhiscampaign,too.Butheknowsthattheproblemcan’tbesolvedquickly,andthatbroadermeasuresmustbecarriedouttoachievelong-termsuccess.Atfirst,Zhong’swifeandchildrenfeltembarrassedbyhisbehavior.Forawhile,theyevenrefusedtowalknexttohiminpublic.Later,however,theirattitudeschanged,astheyrealizedthattheirneighborhoodwasindeedbecomingcleaner,andZhongwasbeingpraisedbytheirneighbors.Now,Zhong’swifehasbecomeananti-litteringcampaignerherself.“Theenvironmentremainsdirtynomatterhowmanyrubbishcollectorsthereare,”Zhongsaid.“Theonlysolutionistoremindpeopleoftheresultsoflitteringandhopethatitmightchangetheirbehavior.”5．WhatmadeZhongCongrongdecidetopickuprubbish?A．AtriptoHainan. B．Abusinessmeeting. C．Aprofessor’slecture.6．WhatdoesZhongdoifhisemployeeslitteratwork?A．Shoutatthem. B．Firethematonce. C．Punishthem.7．WhatwasZhong’swife’sattitudetohisbehavioratfirst?A．Angry. B．Joyful. C．Ashamed.8．What’sthebesttitleforthetext?A．ZhongCongrongandHisBigDreamB．AMillionaireWhoPicksUpRubbishC．AMillionaireandHisEnvironmentalGroups【答案】5．A6．C7．C8．B【導語】本文是一篇記敘文。一位重慶的百萬富翁為了環(huán)境變得更加美麗，連續(xù)三年義務撿垃圾。5．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Infact,theChongqingbusinessman’santi-litteringcampaignwasinspiredbyafamilytriptoHainanduringChineseNewYearin2015.(事實上，這位重慶商人發(fā)起反垃圾運動的靈感來自于2015年春節(jié)期間全家去海南旅游。)”可知，他決定撿垃圾是與一次海南旅游有關。故選A。6．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Zhongencourageshisemployees—whoarelikelytobegiven10-yuanfinesiftheylitteratwork—tojoinhiscampaign,too.(鐘鼓勵他的員工也加入到他的行動中來，如果他們在工作場所亂扔垃圾，可能會被罰款10元。)”可知，如果他的員工在工作的時候被發(fā)現(xiàn)亂丟垃圾會被罰款10元。故選C。7．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的“Atfirst,Zhong’swifeandchildrenfeltembarrassedbyhisbehavior.(起初，鐘的妻子和孩子對他的行為感到尷尬。)”可知，他的妻子最初對他的行為感到尷尬。故選C。8．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“Everydayforthelastthreeyears,millionaire(百萬富翁)ZhongCongronghaspickeduprubbishinhisneighborhoodandspreadtheenvironmentalawarenesstotheresidentsofChongqing.(在過去的三年里，百萬富翁鐘聰榮（音譯）每天都在他家附近撿垃圾，向重慶居民傳播環(huán)保意識。)”以及全文內(nèi)容可知，文章介紹的是一位重慶的百萬富翁為了環(huán)境變得更加美麗，連續(xù)三年義務撿垃圾。因此，B選項“AMillionaireWhoPicksUpRubbish(撿垃圾的百萬富翁)”概括文章主要內(nèi)容，符合本文標題。故選B。C（2023高一下·吉林·學業(yè)考試）Inafewminutes,schoolwastostart.Mysix-year-oldson,Dustin,wascrying.“Idon’twanttogo,”hesaid.Eversincehe’denteredfirstgrade,hehadhatedschool.“What’sgoingon?Ifhehatesschoolthismuchnow,howbadwillitbelateron?”Iwondered.Everykidsometimesdislikesschoolsomuchthatfivetotenpercentofthemdon’twanttoattend.“Ifachildseemsworriedoranxiousaboutschool,pretendsillnesstostayhome,orwon’ttalkaboutthingsoftheschoolday,youshouldbeconcerned(關心),”saysaschoolpsychologist(心理學家),MichaelMartin.Luckily,youcanusuallysolvetheproblemsometimesveryeasily.Inourcase,myhusbandandIvisitedDustin’sclassandnoticedthattheteacher,justoutofcollege,calledonlyonkidswhosatrightunderhernose,Dustin,whooftensatneartheback,wasignored(忽視).Wesimplytoldhimtomovetothefront.Hedid,andhewashappyagain.9．Howdidtheauthorfeelwhenhersondidn’twanttogotoschool?A．Shefelthappy. B．Shefeltworried.C．Shefeltnothingimportant. D．Shefelthopeful.10．Whichofthefollowingshowsthatachildlikesgoingtoschool?A．Hehatestotalkaboutschool. B．Hepretendstobeillatschooltime.C．Heenjoysgoingtoschoolevenifheissick. D．Hefeelsanxiouswhengoingtoschooleveryday.11．What’sthereasonwhyDustindislikesgoingtoschool?A．Hefeelsignoredinclass. B．Heisafraidofhisteacher.C．Heislaughedat