研究生學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)寫作 課件 Chapter 8 Citation and Reference

Chapter8CitationandReferenceGraduateAcademicEnglishWriting

ContentsDefinitionsofCitationandReference1ImportanceofCitationandReferencing

2MethodstoCiteandReference3ReferencingSystems4ReferencingManagement51.DefinitionsofCitationandReferenceCitationcanbedefinedasthewordsorlinestakenfromatextoraspeech.Referenceisanotetorecognizeasourceofinformationorofaquotedpassage.Botharedirectorindirectacknowledgmentsofothers’wordsorideasinasuitableformat.toacknowledgetheworkofotherwriterstodemonstratethebodyofknowledgeonwhichyouhavebasedyourworktoenableotherresearcherstotraceyoursourcesandleadthemontofurtherinformation2.ImportanceofCitationandReferencingRefertothesourceinyourtext(thecitation).Givefulldetailsofthesourceinyourbibliographyorlistofreferencesattheendofyourwork(thereference).3.

MethodstoCiteandReferenceHowtocitesourcesinyourworkParaphrasingSummarizingReferringtoasourceQuotingUsingstatisticsordatafromasource

3.

MethodstoCiteandReferenceHowtocreateyourlistofreferencesorbibliographyAlistofreferencesgivingfulldetailsofalltheitemsyouhavecitedinthetextofyouressayorassignment.Onlysourceswhichmatchcitationsinthetextwillbeincluded.(Sometutorsrefertothisasa“bibliography”).Abibliographygivingfulldetailsofallitemscitedinyourtextplusanyotherrelevantitemswhichyouhaveconsultedforbackground.3.

MethodstoCiteandReference4.

ReferencingSystemsFormat:Fields:Format:Fields:MLAFormatUsedinEnglish,foreignlanguage,literaturecourses,humanities.APAFormatUsedinsocialsciences,education,engineeringandbusiness.ChicagoFormatUsedinhistory,economicsandsocialsciences.AAAFormatUsedinanthropologyandethnography.CSEFormatUsedinbiologicalsciences.AMAFormatUsedinBiomedicalsciences,medicineandnursing.ACSFormatUsedinchemistry.AIPFormatUsedinphysics.BluebookFormatUsedinAmericanacademiclegalwriting.1.MLAStyleMLACoverPage:Thispageisdoublespacedandthelettersarecentered.Font:TimesNewRomanFontsize:12Thefirstletterofeachwordshouldbecapitalizedwiththeexceptionof:articles(a/an/the);conjunctions(and/for/but/or/nor);shortpreposition(nomorethan4words);toin“todo”Note:thefirstletterofthefirstwordshouldbecapitalized,regardlessofwhatkindofworditis.Typethenameofyouruniversityorcollege.Skiptoaboutone-thirdofthepageandtypeyourresearchpapertitle,includeasubtitleifyouhave.Skipseverallinesdownandtypeyourname,yourcoursenameandnumber,yourinstructornameandyourpaper’sduedate.4.

ReferencingSystems1.MLAStyleMLAFormatHeading:1.TheOpeningPage2.TheInnerPages3.TheWorksCitedpage4.

ReferencingSystems1.MLAStyleMLAIn-textCitations:1.Author’sNameinParentheses:Whenpeoplemarrynow“thereisanimportantsenseinwhichtheydon’tknowwhattheyaredoing”

(Giddens46).

2.Author’sNameinDiscussion:Giddens

claimsthatwhenpeoplemarrynow“thereisanimportantsenseinwhichtheydon’tknowwhattheyaredoing”

(46).

3.GeneralReference:

Ageneralreferencereferstoasourceasawhole,toitsmainideas,ortoinformationthroughout;itneedsnopagenumber.Inparentheses:

Manyspeciesofanimalshavecomplexsystemsofcommunication(Bright).Indiscussion:

As

MichaelBright

observes,manyspeciesofanimalshavecomplexsystemsofcommunication.

4.

ReferencingSystems4.SpecificReference:

Aspecificreferencedocumentswords,ideas,orfactsfromaparticularplaceinasource,suchasthepageforaquotationorparaphrase.Quotation:

Dolphinscanperceiveclickingsounds“madeupof700unitsofsoundpersecond”

(Bright52).Paraphrase+Facts:

Bright

reportsthatdolphinsrecognizepatternsconsistingofsevenhundredclickseachsecond

(52).

5.OneAuthor:

Providetheauthor’slastnameinparentheses,orintegrateeitherthefullnameorlastnamealoneintothediscussion:AccordingtoMaureenHoney,governmentpostersduringWorldWarIIoftenportrayedhomemakers“asvitaldefendersofthenation’shomes”

(135).

6.TwoorThreeAuthors:TheitemisnotedinapartiallistofFrancisBacon’sdebtsfrom1603on

(JardineandStewart275).Forthreeauthors:

(Norman,Fraser,andJenko209).

MLAFormatWorksCitedTemplates/Formulas:4.

ReferencingSystems4.

ReferencingSystems4.

ReferencingSystems4.

ReferencingSystems2.APAStyleprofessionalpaperstudentpaperthetitleofthepaper,theauthor’sname,andtheinstitutionalaffiliationthetitleofthepaper,theauthor’sname,andtheinstitutionalaffiliation

thecoursenumberandname,instructorname,andassignmentduedateauthornote：theORCIDiD(OpenResearcherandContributorIdentifier),andtheURL(UniformResourceLocation)4.

ReferencingSystemsAPACitationBasics1.ShortQuotationsAccordingtoJones(1998),“studentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle,especiallywhenitwastheirfirsttime”(p.199).Jones(1998)found“studentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle”(p.199);whatimplicationsdoesthishaveforteachers?Shestated,“StudentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle”(Jones,1998,p.199),butshedidnotofferanexplanationastowhy.4.

ReferencingSystems2.LongQuotations

Startthequotationonanewline.Indented1/2inchfromtheleftmargin,i.e.,inthesameplaceyouwouldbegina

newparagraph.Typetheentirequotationonthenewmargin,andindentthefirstlineofany

subsequentparagraphwithinthequotation1/2inchfromthenewmargin.Maintaindouble-spacingthroughout,butdonotaddanextrablanklinebeforeor

afterit.Theparentheticalcitationshouldcomeaftertheclosingpunctuationmark.4.

ReferencingSystems3.

QuotationsfromSourcesWithoutPagesJones(1998)foundavarietyofcausesforstudentdissatisfactionwithprevailingcitationpractices(paras.4–5).Ameta-analysisofavailableliterature(Jones,1998)revealedinconsistencyacrosslarge-scalestudiesofstudentlearning(Table3)4.

SummaryorParaphraseAccordingtoJones(1998),APAstyleisadifficultcitationformatforfirst-timelearners.APAstyleisadifficultcitationformatforfirst-timelearners(Jones,1998,p.199).4.

Referencing

Systems

ReferenceList:ArticlesinPeriodicals4.

ReferencingSystems4.

ReferencingSystemsReferenceList:Books

4.

ReferencingSystems4.

ReferencingSystems4.

ReferencingSystemsReferenceList:OtherPrintSourcesReferenceList:ElectronicSources4.

ReferencingSystemsWebpageorPieceofOnlineContent4.

ReferencingSystems

Howtomanagereferences:1.Createyourlibraryofreferences2.ImportPDFsoftextarticlesintoyourlibrary3.Downloadreferencesfromonlinedatabases4.Organizethereferencesintogroups5.Citereferencesinword5.ReferencingManagementThelistofreferencingmanagementsoftwareavailableforus:Zotero(/)Mendeley

(/)Docear(/)EndNote(/)Connotea,WIKINDX,refBASE,RefWorks,LibraryThing,Bibliographicdatabases,Citationindexes,citeulike,RefMan,JabRef,CiteProc,Bibliographix,Word2007,Web-basedsoftware,So