F2-F3SurveyingMethodology公路項目測量方案中英文

....word..ContentTOC\o"1-3"\h\u1Introduction介紹22HorizontalControlPointEstablishment(HCPs)2建立水平控制網(wǎng)2.1GPSSurvey(GPSObservation)2GPS觀測,GPS測量2.1.1Establishmentofprimarycontrolpoint2建立首級控制點/網(wǎng)2.1.2GPSTechnique2GPS技術2.1.3ReferenceandDatum2參考和技術參數(shù)2.2TraverseSurvey2導線測量2.2.1Establishmentofsecondarycontrolpoint2建立加密(次級)控制點/網(wǎng)2.2.2Traverseadjustment2平差(加密控制網(wǎng)平差)2.2.3Accuracyrequiredandachieved2所需的精度和所到達的精度(是否符合要求)3VerticalControlPointEstablishment(VCPs)2建立垂直控制網(wǎng)3.1Differentialleveling2精細水準測量3.2Permissibleerrorformula2允許誤差的公式4DetailSurveying2測量詳述4.1RouteLocation2中樁確實定(定線)4.2CrossSections2橫斷面測量4.3LongitudinalSection2縱斷面測量5ResourcesAllocationPlan2人員與設備配置方案5.1PersonnelDeployed2測量人員的配置5.2Instrumentandsoftware2設備配置和(數(shù)據(jù)處理)軟件1Introduction引言Topographicsurveyisoneofthemostimportantandcrucialformthebasedatafortheprojectconstruction.Thetopographicsurveyisbasicpre-requisitetocaptureallthephysicalfeaturealongtheprojectcorridortoenabletheselectionoffeasibleandmostusefulalignmentandlatertodesignandtofacilitatetheestablishmentoffinalcenterlineoftheroadprojectandlandacquisitionrequirements.Thetopographicsurveyworkmethodologyconsistsoffollowingmaintasks.地形測量是施工工程的根底數(shù)據(jù)最重要也是最關鍵方式之一。測量是獲取所有工程沿線的物理特征的首要任務,使得可行路線的選擇得以施行,此后使得設計和最終中心線的埋點布設以及土地征用的工作得以順利開展,測量方案包括以下主要任務:Routelocation.路中心線的初測(定線)Settingupofpermanentbeaconstoserveasareferencesystemduringconstructionofroadproject.建立永久控制點標志在作為道路施工過程中的參照系統(tǒng)Developmentofcontroltraverse-lineandgeometriclevel-line.建立導線(平面控制)和水準線(水準路線)DetailedfieldsurveyusingTotalStationsandAutomaticLevels,whichwillhaveadifferentprecisionaccordingtothetopographicoperations.現(xiàn)場測量要使用全站儀和自動安平水準儀,根據(jù)測量操作,兩者有不同的精度DataProcessingandCAD.CAD和數(shù)據(jù)處理DeliveryofsurveyreportincludingDiagramsandMonographs.提交包括圖表和文字性的闡述的測量報告Groundsurfaceandstructurallocationsurvey.地形測量和構造性的地物測量ForcarryingthesurveyworkthecontractorreceivedtwoinitialcontrolpointsfromEnyiConsultantandcollecteddetaildatarelatedtonationalBenchMarkintheprojectcorridoranddeployedhighprecisioninstrumentslikeGPS,Totalstation,andAutoLevelinpliancewiththeTOR.ThecontractorwillverifythereliabilityoftheEMAcontrolpointandknownGPSpoints(GPS11&GPS11A)inthefieldbeforetheyareused.為能使測量工作得以實施,施工方從Enyi公司處得到引向工程路線的兩個初始控制點,并收集到與國家控制網(wǎng)嚴密關聯(lián)的基準點詳細數(shù)據(jù)。此次測量配置了高精度儀器比方符合TOR規(guī)X標準的GPS,全站儀和自動水準儀。在引點使用前,承包方會校驗所得到的EMA控制點和現(xiàn)場GPS11和11A的可靠性。....word..Figure1Figure2....word..2HorizontalControlPointEstablishment(HCPs)建立水平控制網(wǎng)2.1GPSSurvey(GPSObservation)GPS測量(觀測)2.1.1Establishmentofprimarycontrolpoint建立首級控制點/網(wǎng)GlobalPositioningSystem(GPS)observationswillbefixedat3kmintervalsalongthecenterline.ThegeodeticGPSPointswillbeplacedinhighlyaccessiblesiteswithappropriatestandardconcretebenchmarksandbedrockswhicharepaintedyellow,protectedagainstimpacttoguarantytheirstabilityandintegrity.在沿中心線每隔3公里處進展GPS觀測。GPS控制點使用標準混泥土或在巖石上噴上黃漆作為基準點，并設在容易接近的場地，而且加以保護防止撞擊確?？刂泣c的穩(wěn)定性和完整性。2.1.2GPSTechniqueGPS技術要求Theobservationswillbecarriedoutwith3unitsofLeicaGPS-SystemDual-frequencyreceiversusingStaticModebytrackingminimum8satellitespersiteinordertodetermine3-DWGS84co-ordinates.測量工作使用3組萊卡的GPS系統(tǒng)雙頻接收器，并使用靜態(tài)模式，每個位置跟蹤至少8個衛(wèi)星，以便定位3-DWG84坐標。ThecontractorwilltransferEnyi’scontrolpoint(GPS11&GPS11A)toTP1whichisaround3kmfromtheGPS11andfoundinthenearbymountain.ThentheGPSobservationfromTP1toF2-F3startingpoint(GPS1)willproceed.Thebaselinemeasurementwillmaintainanaccuracylevelof10mm+5ppmwithatleast45minutesofobservation.承包方會從Enyi控制點GPS11和GPS11A導到TP1,TP1位于附近的山上距離GPS11大概有3公里，接著將從TP1到F2-F3的起始點(GPS1)開場GPS觀測。這個基線測量至少觀測45分鐘并保持在精度10mm+5ppmX圍內(nèi)。Usinghighlypost-processingGNSSSolutionssoftware,theWGS84co-ordinatestransformedintotheNationalGrid,U.T.M.co-ordinatesbasedonCalarc1880(Modified)Spheroid-Datum:Adindan(30thArc).使用高精度GNSS后處理軟件，基于Calarc1880(修正后)橢球體坐標-參數(shù):Adindan(30th)弧度，將WGS84坐標轉(zhuǎn)化成國家網(wǎng)U.T.M坐標。Aclearandintelligiblemonographofthevertexeswithabriefdescriptionofthelocation,photographanddiagramforeachofthiswillbepreparedandattached.此后,我方會為每個測量點準備一份清楚明了的并附有簡單位置描述以及圖表照片的測量報告。2.1.3ReferenceandDatum參照和數(shù)據(jù)參數(shù)Tosecureandvalidatereasonableinitialpoint,theremainingnewprimarycontrolpointswillbeautomaticallytiedtothenationalgridsystem.為確保和證實初始點的合理性，之后建立的首級控制點會自動關聯(lián)國家網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)。ThetransformationrequirementsusedtocorrelatethesurveyingworkwithnationalgridsystemofEthiopiausingGNSSsoftwareisasfollows:轉(zhuǎn)點要求測量工作要與埃塞的國家網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)嚴密關聯(lián)，要使用如下GNSS軟件:-Coordinatesystem坐標系統(tǒng)Name-WGS84UTMzone36N名字-WG84UTM36區(qū)北Type–Projected類型-投影Unit–Meters單位-米Verticaldatum-OGSM02垂直數(shù)據(jù)-OGSM02-Datum數(shù)據(jù)Ellipsoidname-CALARC1888橢球面命名-CALARC1888Semi-majorAxis-6378249.145半球-主軸心-6378249.145InverseFlattening-293.466076740反轉(zhuǎn)展平-293.466076740DXtoWGS84-165.000m DYtoWGS84-11.000m DYtoWGS84-206.000m RXtoWGS84-0.000000m RYtoWGS84-0.000000m RZtoWGS84-0.000000m PpmtoWGS84-0.000000000000 -Projection投影Projectionclass-Transverse_Mercator投影級別-Transverse_MercatorLatitudeoforigin-0000’00.00000’’N原點維度-0000’00.00000’’北Centralmeridian-33000’00.00000’’E中央子午線-33000’00.00000’’東Scalefactor-0.999600000000比例系數(shù)-0.999600000000Falseeasting-500000.000m偽東向分量-500000.000米Falsenorthing-0.000m偽北向分量-0.000米-Units單位:Angularmeasurementsaretakenbydegreeandlinearmeasurementsaredoneandexpressedbymeters.角測量用度表示,線性測量用米表示。2.2TraverseSurvey導線測量2.2.1EstablishmentofSecondaryControlPoint建立加密(次級)控制點/網(wǎng)Benchmark(secondarycontrolpoints)referencedinthefieldonreliablepointsonappropriatebeaconsprotectedagainstimpacttoguarantytheirstabilityandintegrity.Thesebenchmarkswillbeestablishedat100-500mintervalspriortoinitiationofthesurveyworkasstipulatedintheTORorasdeemednecessarytosuitwiththesiteconditions.CarewillbetakenwhileestablishingthesepointstolocatethematsafeplaceswithintheRightofWay(ROW)andawayfrommainconstructionareatoensurenodisturbancetothepermanentbenchmarksduringconstructionperiod.Thesepointswillbeestablishedbytheavailablematerialsonthesitesuchasbedrocksandfixedbolderstonespaintedwhiteandcrossedbychiselonthetop.恰當標志桿標識出的現(xiàn)場可靠加密控制點作為參照引用并加以保護確保它們的穩(wěn)定性和完整性。按照TOR規(guī)定或根據(jù)現(xiàn)場實際情況，這些基準點布控要先于測量工作前開場，其間距在100到500米之間。布設這些控制點時要小心慎重，放在道路用地內(nèi)的平安位置并要遠離主要施工區(qū)域以確保施工期間不干擾這些永久性基準點。這些控制點的布設使用現(xiàn)場可用的物料，比方噴上白漆的巖床和固定巨石，用頂部穿插開鑿。ListsofallbenchmarkswillbetabulatedwiththefollowingdetailsandattachedinAnnexes.所有基準點的列表按照以下詳細資料制成表格并附以附件形式。Identificationnumber,識別編號Co-ordinates(X,YandZ),and坐標(X,YandZ),Description描述2.2.2TraverseAdjustment平差Acontroltraverse-linewillbeestablishedalongthecenterline,closed,checkedandadjustedontogeodeticGPSpoints.Controlbeaconswillbeestablishedtoservetheconstructionphase.Traversevertexeswillbelocatedincorrespondenceonappropriateconcretebenchmarksat100-400mintervals.Controltraverse-linewillbedeterminedbymeasurementofanglesanddistances.一條測線/導線沿著路線中心線進展布置，是閉合的，經(jīng)過檢驗的，再根據(jù)所引用的GPS基準點進展平差。布設控制點標志桿為將來施工階段效勞。導線的基準點位于適宜混凝土墩子上，間隔100-400米。導線控制測量由邊和角的測量決定。DistancemeasurementswillbecarriedoutusingLeicaEDM,considering2cmindistanceasamaximumdifferencebetweenextremevaluesmeasured.距離/邊的測量將使用萊卡的EDM軟件，距離的最大誤差不能超過2厘米。TherecordingdeviceFLASHCARDwillbeusedinordertotransferfielddatadirectlyintopersonalputerforprocessing.使用存儲卡作為記錄設備將現(xiàn)場錄入的數(shù)據(jù)導入個人電腦進展數(shù)據(jù)處理。Thetoleranceondistanceinmetersisgivenby:0.05K,whereisthedistanceinkm.Firstly,thetraverse-linewilltieandadjustintoGPSPointsandintotheNationalTriangulationSysteminordertodetermineU.T.M.planesco-ordinates.距離/邊測量的誤差用米表示，表示公式:0.05K，K那么用千米表示。首先導線與我方所引用的GPS點關聯(lián)，再做三角網(wǎng)平差，以確定U.T.M平面坐標。Secondly,theplaneco-ordinateswillbetransformedinaLocalGridtobeusedformappreparation.Alltraversepointswillbeshownonanappropriatediagram.其次，平面坐標轉(zhuǎn)換成當?shù)刈鴺俗鳛闇y圖之用。所有的導線點做成一X平面布網(wǎng)圖表。2.2.3AccuracyRequiredandAchieved要求的精度和所到達的精度Theaccuracyrequiredfortheestablishmentofsecondarycontrolpointisgreaterorequalto1in20,000betweentwoprimarycontrolpointsestablishedbyGPS.兩個首級GPS控制點之間所建立的加密(次級)控制網(wǎng)，其精度要求要大于或等于1/20,000。Wewillruntraversesfor17basesalongtheprojectproposedrouteandwillachievetheaccuracyrequiredstatedaboveformostbases.Alltraverseadjustmentputationsheetswillbeattached.我方將沿著所選路線進展17對基點的導線測量并會到達上述精度要求，并附上所有平差計算結果表。3VerticalControlPointEstablishment(VCPs)建立垂直控制點/網(wǎng)3.1Differentialleveling精細水準測量Itisavitaloperationinproducingnecessarydataforengineeringdesign.Differentiallevelingproceduresshallbeusedtoestablishhigherorderoftheverticalcontrolpointstiedtothenationwideverticalcontrolnetwork.這是一項提供工程設計必要測量數(shù)據(jù)的關鍵操作。用精細水準測量程序布設與國家垂直控制網(wǎng)嚴密關聯(lián)的高階垂直控制點。3.2PermissibleErrorFormula允許誤差公式Thegeometriclevel-linewillbedevelopedalongtheControlTraverse-line.幾何水準線會沿著控制導線/測線形成。TheelevationofbenchmarkswillbeobtainedbyDifferentialLevelingMethodusingAUTOMATICLEVELLeicainstrument,withamaximumtoleranceinmmforsinglesectionequalto:使用萊卡自動水準儀并采用精細水準方法獲取基準點的高程。單節(jié)最大允許誤差在毫米之內(nèi)，單節(jié)等于:1.5Kcm,whereisthedistanceinkm.K是千米單位的距離Thelevel-linewillbetied-inandadjustedontheexistingbenchmarksoftheNationalLevelingNetwork,orontheGPSpoints.水準導線在關聯(lián)國家水準網(wǎng)現(xiàn)有基準點或初始GPS控制點根底上做平差。4DetailSurveying具體測量4.1RouteLocation路線確實定Routelocationisanartofmostlytransferringofmap/paperlocationtoaground.Asaprerequisiteforthistask,theconsultanthadbeenundertakingtherouteselectionoftheproject.Priortoconductthetopographicsurveythecontractorandprofessionalteamtheconsultantdefinedthebestalternativeroutethatwillbefeasiblebotheconomically,technicallyandsocially.定線(中樁確實定)是紙上定線法導到地面的主要一門藝術。作為這個任務的先決條件，設計咨詢參謀先要進展路線的選線，在測量工作進展之前我方設計專業(yè)團隊要先確定最正確路線，也就是經(jīng)濟上、技術上以及社會環(huán)境影響方面最優(yōu)的可行路線。Arapidandcriticalgeneralexamination(reconnaissance)wascarriedoutbylocationengineers.Andtheengineersdeterminedtheoptimumroutebetweenthetwoextremepoints.Theroutelocationthissegmentwascarriedoutusing1:50,000mapsandaerialphotographsconductedbyEthiopianMappingAuthority(EMA).定線/選線工程師已對現(xiàn)場路線進展快速、關鍵的綜合檢查(地勘)并且我方工程師已在公路起始點之間選取最優(yōu)路線。在這局部定線過程我們使用1:50,000地圖和EMA的航空攝影圖。4.2CrossSections橫斷面測量局部Alongthewholerouteatopographicsurveywillbecarriedoutforamaximumof100mand80mminimumbandwidth.Therandompointswillbesurveyedonasquaregridnotexceeding20mspacingwithaccuracyof5cm,startingfromtraversepointsoradditionalintermediatestations.Wherethelandshowsmarkedirregularitiesofslope,aclosesurveygridwillbeused.TheLeicaTotalStationinstrumentswithsuitablesoftwarewillbeusedforthispurpose.測量會沿著整條路線進展，帶寬最大100米和最小80米。從交點/導線點或追加的中間樁/站開場，在不超過20米間距的四方形網(wǎng)上找到隨機點進展測量，精度5厘米。當有明顯不規(guī)那么斜坡的地方，那么要使用嚴密間距的測量網(wǎng)/基點網(wǎng)。為此，使用配備適宜軟件的萊卡全站儀。DTMInterpolation數(shù)據(jù)內(nèi)插WheretheroutecorridorshowsdenseforestandinaccessibletoundertakecrosssectionsurveyDTMInterpolationtechniqueswillbeusedataveryflatsectionoftheroute.當路線通道顯示茂密森林和無法進入進展橫斷面測量時，這時就會在平整路段使用數(shù)據(jù)內(nèi)插技術。BridgeSites橋梁位置Detailedcrosssectionpointswillbecollectedincludedtopandbottomofbanks,atbreakpointsandatcenteroftherivers.Thecrosssectionswillextended200mandabovemetersbothupstreamanddownstream.在斷點處和河流的中心處，采集詳細的橫斷面點包括河堤的頂部和底部。橫斷面局部將沿著河流上下游延伸至200米以上。4.3LongitudinalSection縱斷面測量局部Collectionoflongitudinalcenterlinepointswillbecarriedoutatintervalsof20minstraightsectionsand10mto15mapartonhorizontalandverticalcurvesdependingonthedegreeofsharpnessofthecurves.Incaseofbridgeandculvertandriverbedsthepointscollectedincludedthebottomofthecoursewaysandriverbeds.縱向中心線點的采集:在直邊段每間隔20米進展，水平和垂直的