2025屆上海市名校高三英語零考模擬卷（含答案解析）

2025屆上海市名校高三英語零考模擬卷（考試時間：120分鐘試卷滿分：115分）I.GrammarandVocabulary（每題1分；共20分）SectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.(A)Areyouafraidofgettingold?1wegetpasttheageof25,manyofusimmediatelyfeeltheurgetostopthesignsofageing—especiallythevisibleones.Menandwomenarenowusingtopical“anti-ageing”creams,spatreatmentsandmedicalprocedures2(oppose)manyofthem.3thesemethodscansomewhataffectthewayyoulook,ageingisaninternalprocess.Anewstudyhasfoundexactlywhenduringyourlifetimethisprocesspeaks.AgroupscientistsbasedoutoftheStanfordUniversitySchoolofMedicinehavediscoveredthat4beingasmooth,continuousprocess,ageingsurgesforwardatthreedistinctstagesoflife:first,attheageof34,thenatage60,andfinallyat78.Thestudy,publishedinNatureMedicine,5(reveal)thatscientistscannotonlypredictyouragebystudyingtheproteome(proteinlevelsintheblood)butalsodeterminewhichorgansareageingfasterthantheothers,andwhichage-relateddiseasesyourbodyis6(likely)todevelop.Thestudymeasuredplasmaproteins(血漿蛋白)collectedfrom4,263adultsbetweentheagesof18-95yearsandstudiedthechangesintheproteomethatoccurredwithage.Theirultimategoalwastounderstandhowtoidentifythechangesassociatedwithcardiovascularissuesandage-relateddiscaseslikeAlzheimer’s7therapeutictreatmentscanbedevisedtoopposetheirattackwhilethere’sstilltime.DrTonyWyss-Coray,oneoftheleadingmembersofthestudy,toldStanfordMedicineNewsCenter,“We’veknownforalongtimethat8(measure)certainproteinscangiveyouinformationaboutaperson’shealthstatus—lipoproteins(脂蛋白)forcardiovascular(心血管的)health,forexample.Butithasn’tbeenappreciatedthatsomanydifferentproteins’levels—roughlyathirdofalltheoneswelookedat—changemarkedlywithadvancingage.”Thisdifferencebetweenthechronological(按時間計算的)andphysiological(生理的)age,accordingtothescientists’“plasma-proteinclock”,showedthatalotofpeopleinthestudyseemedyoungerthantheyactuallyare.What’smore,thestudyalsoconfirmedthatmenandwomen,thoughequally9(represent)inthestudy,agedifferently.Doesthismeanmedicafionsandlifestylemethods,withfurtherresearch,canalsobedevisedtohelp10agestoorapidlyandisatriskofcontractingage-relateddiseaseslikehypertensionandAlzheimer’s?Youneverknow.【答案】1．Assoonas2．tooppose3．Though/Although4．insteadof5．hasrevealed6．morelikely7．sothat8．measuring9．represented10．whoever【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了一項新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了人一生中衰老過程達到頂峰的確切時間以及如何測量衰老情況。1．考查狀語從句。句意：一旦過了25歲，我們中的許多人就會立即感到想要阻止衰老的跡象——尤其是那些看得見的跡象。引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，表示“一旦”應(yīng)用assoonas，首字母大寫。故填A(yù)ssoonas。2．考查非謂語動詞。句意：男性和女性現(xiàn)在都在使用局部“抗衰老”面霜、水療和醫(yī)療程序來對抗其中的許多衰老。短語usesth.todosth.表示“用某物做某事”。故填tooppose。3．考查狀語從句。句意：雖然這些方法會在一定程度上影響你的外表，但衰老是一個內(nèi)在的過程。引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，表示“雖然”應(yīng)用though或although，首字母大寫。故填Though/Although。4．考查固定短語。句意：斯坦福大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院的一組科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)，衰老不是一個平穩(wěn)、連續(xù)的過程，而是在生命的三個不同階段加速：首先是34歲，然后是60歲，最后是78歲。后跟動名詞作賓語，此處表示“而不是”應(yīng)用insteadof。故填insteadof。5．考查時態(tài)。句意：這項發(fā)表在《自然醫(yī)學(xué)》雜志上的研究表明，科學(xué)家不僅可以通過研究蛋白質(zhì)組（血液中的蛋白質(zhì)水平）來預(yù)測你的年齡，還可以確定哪些器官比其他器官衰老得更快，以及你的身體更容易患上哪些與年齡有關(guān)的疾病。此處表示過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生影響應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時，主語為study，助動詞用has。故填hasrevealed。6．考查比較級。句意：這項發(fā)表在《自然醫(yī)學(xué)》雜志上的研究表明，科學(xué)家不僅可以通過研究蛋白質(zhì)組（血液中的蛋白質(zhì)水平）來預(yù)測你的年齡，還可以確定哪些器官比其他器官衰老得更快，以及你的身體更容易患上哪些與年齡有關(guān)的疾病。根據(jù)上文organsareageingfasterthantheothers可知應(yīng)用比較級，在前面加more。故填morelikely。7．考查狀語從句。句意：他們的最終目標(biāo)是了解如何識別與心血管問題和老年癡呆癥等與年齡有關(guān)的疾病相關(guān)的變化，以便在還有時間的時候設(shè)計出治療方法來對抗它們的攻擊。引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句，表示“以便”應(yīng)用sothat，故填sothat。8．考查非謂語動詞。句意：我們早就知道，測量某些蛋白質(zhì)可以提供一個人健康狀況的信息——例如，用于心血管健康的脂蛋白。此處空處作從句的主語，應(yīng)用動名詞形式。故填measuring。9．考查非謂語動詞。句意：更重要的是，該研究還證實，男性和女性雖然在研究中占同等比例，但年齡不同。此處為狀語從句的省略，且從句中主語menandwomen與謂語構(gòu)成被動關(guān)系，故填過去分詞。故填represented。10．考查賓語從句。句意：這是否意味著，通過進一步的研究，藥物和生活方式也可以被設(shè)計出來，幫助那些衰老過快、有患高血壓和阿爾茨海默氏癥等與年齡有關(guān)的疾病風(fēng)險的人？引導(dǎo)賓語從句，從句缺少主語，且表示“無論誰”應(yīng)用whoever。故填whoever。SectionBDirections:ineachblankwithathebox.Eachcanbeonlyonce.NotethatisoneyouA．carved

B．unknowingly

C．ecosystem

D．a(chǎn)rtificial

E.elementalF.changing

G.practically

H.wrinkled

I.unmoving

J.species

K.inspectionMagicalCreatures:ANAPPRECIATIONOFAUTUMNMOTH(蛾)Mothsseemtohaveabitofabadreputation:tosometheyareillindicationsorsomethingscary,tootherstheyaredullincomparisontoourwell-lovedbutterflies.Butmothsareanessentialpartofa(n)11,andimportantfoodsourcesforspecieslikebirdsandbats.Andforme,mothsarefarfromdull.MyfirstmeetingwithanAngleShadesmothwasnearlyanon-encounter.Ialmostpassedbywithoutnoticingit,thinkingitwasafallenleafonafencepost.Buttherewassomethingaboutitthatstoppedmeinmytracks.Itsangularshapeperhaps?Orthewayitsat,12,despitethebreeze.Closer13revealedcreamandbuffshell-shapedwings,paintedwithtrianglesoflightpinkandbrown.Suddenly,ittransformedfroma(n)14leafintoalivingthingbeforemyeyes.I’vebeenfascinatedeversince.TheCanary-shoulderedThorn,withitshairybuttercup-colouredbodyandyellowandorangewings,remindsmeofafallensilverbirch(白樺樹)leaf.Anight-flyer,itfavoursgardensandwoodlands,andisoftendrawnto15light,meaningthatyourtorchbeammaybeattractingmothsaswellaslightingyourwayinthedark.It’salsoworthdouble-checkinganyleavesinfarmhouses,astheseshelteredspotsareafavouritehidingplaceofanotheroverwintering16:theHeraldmoth.Thiselegantcreature’sbeautifulwingslookasthoughthey’vebeen17byhandandpaintedwithbronze.There’smoretotheseimitatorsthanfallenleaves.TheGreen-spottedCrescent,which18disappearsonroughbranches,hasmetallicgreenspotsintegratingwiththemoss(苔蘚).MaybeI’vealready19crossedpathswithone,though.Aswedigoutourbigcoatsandsliponbootsforwalksbeneathbranches,howmanymothsarewemissing?Theseclevercreaturesaren’tbadindications,but20partsofnature,withagiftforfancy-dress.【答案】11．C12．I13．K14．H15．D16．J17．A18．G19．B20．E【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了飛蛾這種生物，飛蛾是生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分，也是鳥類和蝙蝠等物種的重要食物來源。介紹了作者眼中飛蛾的有趣之處。11．考查名詞。句意：但飛蛾是生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分，也是鳥類和蝙蝠等物種的重要食物來源。根據(jù)“importantfoodsourcesforspecieslikebirdsandbats”以及句意“生態(tài)系統(tǒng)”可知應(yīng)填名詞ecosystem，作賓語，故選C。12．考查形容詞。句意：還有它坐著不動的樣子，盡管有風(fēng)。根據(jù)“despitethebreeze”以及句意“不動”可知應(yīng)填unmoving，為形容詞作狀語，故選I。13．考查名詞。句意：仔細觀察會發(fā)現(xiàn)奶油色和水藍色的貝殼狀翅膀上繪有淺粉色和棕色的三角形。根據(jù)“revealedcreamandbuffshell-shapedwings”以及句意“觀察”可知應(yīng)填名詞inspection，作主語，故選K。14．考查形容詞。句意：突然，它從一片皺巴巴的葉子變成了一個活生生的東西。根據(jù)“l(fā)eafintoalivingthingbeforemyeyes”以及句意“皺巴巴的”可知應(yīng)填形容詞wrinkled，作定語修飾leaf，故選H。15．考查形容詞。句意：夜行鳥，喜歡花園和林地，經(jīng)常被人造光吸引，這意味著你的火炬光束可能會吸引飛蛾，并在黑暗中照亮你的路。根據(jù)“meaningthatyourtorchbeammaybeattractingmothsaswellaslightingyourwayinthedark.”以及句意“人造”可知應(yīng)填形容詞artificial，作定語修飾名詞light。故選D。16．考查名詞。句意：此外，還要仔細檢查農(nóng)舍里的樹葉，因為這些隱蔽的地方是另一種越冬物種——先驅(qū)蛾最喜歡的藏身之處。根據(jù)“theHeraldmoth”以及句意“物種”可知應(yīng)填名詞species，作賓語，故選J。17．考查動詞。句意：這只優(yōu)雅的生物美麗的翅膀看起來好像是手工雕刻的，并用青銅涂上了漆。根據(jù)“byhandandpaintedwithbronze”以及句意“雕刻”可知應(yīng)填動詞carve，根據(jù)上文they’vebeen可知為現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)。故選A。18．考查副詞。句意：綠斑新月翅蝶，幾乎消失在粗糙的樹枝上，金屬綠色的斑點與苔蘚融為一體。根據(jù)“hasmetallicgreenspotsintegratingwiththemoss”以及句意“幾乎”可知應(yīng)填副詞practically，修飾動詞disappear。故選G。19．考查副詞。句意：也許我已經(jīng)在不知不覺中遇到過這樣的飛蛾。根據(jù)“crossedpathswithone,though”以及句意“不知不覺”可知應(yīng)填副詞unknowingly，修飾動詞crossed，故選B。20．考查形容詞。句意：這些聰明的生物并不是不好的跡象，而是大自然的基本組成部分，具有化妝的天賦。根據(jù)“partsofnature”以及句意“基本的”可知應(yīng)填形容詞elemental，作定語修飾parts。故選E。III.ReadingComprehension(共45分。21-35每題1分；36-50每題2分)SectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA.B.CandD.FillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontextInmodernsocietylonelinesscanbeseenasasocialphenomenonandpeoplecanexperiencelonelinessformanyreasons.Itisaverycommon,thoughnormallytemporary,21ofabreakup,divorce,orlossofanyimportantlong-termrelationship.Inthesecases,lonelinessmayresultbothfromthelossofaspecificpersonandfromthe22fromsocialcircles.Thelossofasignificantpersoninone’slifewilltypicallyinitiateagriefresponse;inthissituation,onemightfeellonely,evenwhileinthecompanyofothers.Lonelinessmayalsoresultfromanysociallydisruptive(破裂的)event,suchasmovingfromone’shometowninto23communitiesleadingtohomesickness.Lonelinesscanalsooccurinplaceswithlowpopulationdensitiesinwhichtherearecomparativelyfewpeopleto24.Therearemanydifferentwaysusedto25loneliness.Thefirststepthatmostdoctorsrecommendtopatientsistherapy.Shorttermtherapytypicallyoccursoveraperiodoftentotwentyweeks.Duringtherapy,emphasisisputonunderstandingthecauseoftheproblem,26thenegativethoughts,feelings,andattitudesresultingfromtheproblem,andexploringwaystohelpthepatientfeelconnected.Somedoctorsalsorecommend27therapyasameanstoconnectwithothersufferersandestablishasupportsystem.Itmaytakeseveralattemptsbeforeasuitableanti-depressantmedicationisfound.Somepatientsmayalsodeveloparesistancetoacertaintypeofmedicationandneedto28periodically.Anothertreatmentisanimal-assistedtherapy.Studiesandsurveysindicatethatthepresenceofanimalcompanionssuchasdogs,cats,rabbits,andguineapigscan29feelingsoflonelinessordepressionamongsomesufferers.Beyondthecompanionshiptheanimalitselfprovidestheremayalsobeincreasedopportunitiesfor30withotherpetowners.AccordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionthereareanumberofotherhealthbenefitsassociatedwithpetownership,suchasloweredbloodpressure.Inaddition,someotheralternativeapproachesmayincludeexercise,dieting,etc,whichmanypatientsfindhavea31effectonrelievingsymptoms.Resultsofastudyalsosuggestthatcorrectingmaladaptivesocialcognition(認知)offersthebestchanceof32loneliness.Nevertheless,lonelinesscansometimesplayanimportantroleinthe33process.Insomepeople,temporaryorprolongedlonelinesscanleadtonotableartisticandcreativeexpression,forexample,aswasthecasewithpoetEmilyDickinson,andnumerousmusicians.Thisisnottoimplythatlonelinessitselfensuresthiscreativity,34,itmayhaveaninfluenceonthesubjectmatteroftheartistandmorelikelybepresentinindividuals35creativeactivities.21．A．type B．concern C．consequence D．evidence22．A．withdrawal B．a(chǎn)bsence C．disappearance D．presence23．A．informal B．uncertain C．relevant D．unfamiliar24．A．turnto B．interactwith C．longfor D．sharewith25．A．release B．observe C．monitor D．treat26．A．reversing B．directing C．measuring D．pursuing27．A．long-term B．sightseeing C．patient D．group28．A．quit B．evolve C．switch D．exercise29．A．confirm B．protest C．enhance D．ease30．A．socializing B．interfering C．comparing D．coping31．A．historic B．restorative C．decisive D．permanent32．A．promoting B．enhancing C．reducing D．striving33．A．creative B．musical C．a(chǎn)rtistic D．poetic34．A．however B．therefore C．rather D．otherwise35．A．restrictedto B．engagedin C．concernedabout D．a(chǎn)lteredby【答案】21．C22．A23．D24．B25．D26．A27．D28．C29．D30．A31．B32．C33．A34．C35．B【分析】這是一篇議論文。文章講述了產(chǎn)生孤獨的原因，解決孤獨的方法。最后作者還提到，孤獨對創(chuàng)意的工作是有某種程度上的積極作用的。21．考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：這是分手、離婚或失去任何重要的長期關(guān)系的常見后果，但通常是暫時的。A.type類型；B.concern擔(dān)心，關(guān)心；C.consequence結(jié)果，后果；D.evidence證據(jù)。根據(jù)上下文，前句提到“孤獨”有很多種原因。劃線前的it指的就是“孤獨”，而后面提及的“分手，離婚或者失去任何重要的長期關(guān)系”是會造成一個結(jié)果即孤獨。故選C項。22．考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：在這種情況下，孤獨可能是因為失去一個特定的人，也可能是因為退出社交圈。A.withdrawal撤退，收回；B.absence缺席；C.disappearance消失；D.presence存在，出席。分析上下文，上文提到了“失去任何重要的長期關(guān)系”和此處項呼應(yīng)表示退出社交圈。故選A項。23．考查形容詞義辨析。句意：孤獨感也可能是任何社會破壞性事件的結(jié)果，比如從家鄉(xiāng)搬到陌生的社區(qū)導(dǎo)致思鄉(xiāng)。A.informal非正式的；B.uncertain不確定的；C.relevant相關(guān)的；D.unfamiliar不熟悉的。根據(jù)上下文，劃線后面提到了“思鄉(xiāng)”，是因為不熟悉陌生的社區(qū)導(dǎo)致的。故選D項。24．考查動詞短語辨析。句意：孤獨感也可能發(fā)生在人口密度較低的地方，那里與之交往的人相對較少。A.turnto求助于；B.interactwith交流，互動；C.longfor渴望；D.sharewith與……分享。根據(jù)上下文，劃線前提到“人口密度低”，所以與人的互動會比較少。故選B項。25．考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：有許多不同的方法用來治療孤獨。A.release釋放，開放，發(fā)泄；B.observe觀察，遵守，慶祝；C.monitor監(jiān)督；D.treat治療。根據(jù)上下文，從第5空開始，后文再講述治療孤獨的方法。故選D項。26．考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：在治療過程中，重點是了解問題的原因，扭轉(zhuǎn)由問題引起的消極思想、感覺和態(tài)度，并探索幫助患者感到相互聯(lián)系的方法。A.reversing顛倒，完全改變；B.directing指導(dǎo)；C.measuring丈量；D.pursuing追求，追逐。根據(jù)上下文，此處的動詞和前句的“了解問題”以及后句的“探索方法”構(gòu)成內(nèi)在的邏輯。先了解原因，扭轉(zhuǎn)思想，感覺和態(tài)度再探索方法。故選A項。27．考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：一些醫(yī)生還建議將團體治療作為與其他患者聯(lián)系和建立支持系統(tǒng)的手段。A.long-term長期的；B.sightseeing觀光的，旅游的；C.patient耐心的；D.group團體的。分析上下文，根據(jù)劃線后提到“和其他患者的相互聯(lián)系和建立支持系統(tǒng)”可知，這是一種“群體治療方法”。故選D項。28．考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：有些病人可能對某種藥物產(chǎn)生耐藥性，需要定期更換。A.quit離開，放棄；B.evolve發(fā)展，進化；C.switch開關(guān)，轉(zhuǎn)換；D.exercise鍛煉，練習(xí)。分析上下文，劃線前提到因為“可能對某種藥物產(chǎn)生耐藥性”，所才需要定期“更換”。故選C項。29．考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：研究和調(diào)查表明，狗、貓、兔子和豚鼠等動物同伴的存在可以緩解一些患者的孤獨感或抑郁情緒。A.confirm確認，證實；B.protest抗議；C.enhance加強；D.ease減輕。分析上下文，此處講的是另外一種治療辦法---利用動物的陪伴。下文提到養(yǎng)寵物還有很多其他的健康益處，比如降低血壓。所以可知，動物同伴給患者帶來了好處，可以緩解患者的孤獨感或抑郁情緒。故選D項。30．考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：除了動物本身提供的陪伴之外，與其他寵物主人交往的機會也可能增加。A.socializing社交，交際；B.interfering妨礙；C.comparing比較，對照；D.coping復(fù)制，抄寫。分析上下文，養(yǎng)動物的人會和其他寵物主人交流，因此會增加與其他寵物主人交往的機會。故選A項。31．考查形容詞詞義辨析。此外，其他一些替代方法可能包括鍛煉、節(jié)食等，許多患者發(fā)現(xiàn)這些方法對緩解癥狀有恢復(fù)作用。A.historic歷史性的，有歷史意義的；B.restorative有助于復(fù)原的，恢復(fù)健康的；C.decisive決定性的，果斷的；D.permanent永久的，永恒的。分析上下文可知，此處仍在講述治療孤獨癥的方法。此處的鍛煉，節(jié)食等都是有助于緩解孤獨，恢復(fù)健康的。故選B項。32．考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：研究結(jié)果還表明，糾正不適應(yīng)的社會認知提供了減少孤獨的最佳機會。A.promoting促進，晉升；B.enhancing加強；C.reducing減少；D.striving努力，奮斗。分析上下文，根據(jù)劃線前提到“糾正不適應(yīng)的社會認知”可知，也是治療孤獨的方法，可以減少孤獨。故選C項。33．考查形容詞義辨析。句意：然而，孤獨有時在創(chuàng)作過程中扮演著重要的角色。A.creative有創(chuàng)意的；B.musical音樂的；C.artistic藝術(shù)的；D.poetic詩歌的。分析上下文，根據(jù)后文提到了“creativeexpression”和“creativeactivities”可知，第13空A選項和他們相呼應(yīng)，都在強調(diào)創(chuàng)作過程。故選A項。34．考查副詞詞義辨析。句意：這并不意味著孤獨本身就保證了這種創(chuàng)造力，相反，它可能對藝術(shù)家的題材產(chǎn)生影響，更有可能出現(xiàn)在從事創(chuàng)作活動的個人身上。A.however然而；B.therefore因此；C.rather相反；D.otherwise否則。分析上下文，劃線前提到“孤獨本身無法保證創(chuàng)造力”，而后文提到“只是對藝術(shù)家的題材產(chǎn)生影響”。此處前后兩句表示“對立”。故選C項。35．考查動詞短語辨析。句意：更有可能出現(xiàn)在從事創(chuàng)作活動的個人身上。A.restrictedto限制；B.engagedin從事，忙于；C.concernedabout擔(dān)心，關(guān)心；D.alteredby改變。分析上下文，前句提到孤獨對藝術(shù)的影響體現(xiàn)在藝術(shù)家的題材和個人身上，此處的個人是“從事”創(chuàng)作的人。也是和前文提到的poet和musicians等。故選B項。SectionB Directions:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.(A)Inthegeneticage,ecologists’jobsaremademucheasierbytwothings.Oneisthateveryorganismcarriesitsownchemicalidentitycard,intheformofitsgenome(基因組).ThesecondisthattheydroptheseIDcardseverywheretheygo.Urine,bitsoffurstucktoahedge,evenshedskincells:alldepositDNAintotheenvironment.Cheapgenesequencingallowsscientiststoharvestthis“environmentalDNA”(eDNA)fromsoil,sand,waterandthelike,anduseittokeeptrackofwhichspeciesarelivingwhere.“Everyorganism,”ofcourse,includeshumans.InapaperpublishedonMay15thinNatureEcology&Evolution,agroupofresearchersfromAmericaandEuropereportthatsucheDNAsurveyspickuplargequantitiesofhumanDNAaswellastheanimalsort.ThatDNAcanberead—andpotentiallymatchedwithindividuals—byanyonewiththerightequipment.

Theresearchersdidnotsetouttostudy“inadvertenthumangeneticbycatch”,astheycallthephenomenon.TheworkbeganattheWitneySeaTurtleHospitalinFlorida,duringaninvestigationintoaviralturtledisease.Theresearcherssampledwaterfromtheturtle’stanks,aswellasfromoceanwaterandbeachesuponwhichthecreaturesnested,lookingforviralDNA．

TheyexpectedtosweepupDNAfromotherspeciesduringtheirtrawl(拖網(wǎng)).Whatwassurprising,accordingtoJessicaFarrell,abiologistattheWitneyHospitalandoneofthepaper’sauthors,wasjusthowmuchhumanDNAtheyfound.Eventhoughmanyoftheirsamplingsiteswerenotneartownsandcities,theyfoundhumangeneticmaterialineverysampletheyexamined.

Interested,theyexpandedtheirsearch.InbothFloridaandinIrelandtheyfoundhumanDNAinrivers,withconcentrationsespeciallyhighastheyflowedthroughtowns.Theyfounditinbeachsand,andeveninairfromroomsinwhichhumanshadbeenworking.HumanDNAisnotquiteeverywhere:itwasnotdetectableindeepoceanwater,oronremotebeachesclosedtothepublic.Butanywherethathumansare,theirDNAappearstobeaswell.Inonesense,thatisunsurprising.Butadvancesingene-sequencingmeanttherewasenoughinformationinthesamplestodeduceplentyofthingsaboutthehumansinquestion.TheresearcherscouldpickoutmalesthankstoDNAfromtheYchromosome.Theycouldinferanindividual’sancestry,andevenspotmutations(突變)thataffectaperson’sdiseaserisk.DavidDuffy,anotherofthepaper’sauthors,saidtheamountandqualityoftheDNAtheyrecovered“farexceeded”theminimumnecessarytobeincludedinAmerica’sdatabaseofmissingpeople.DrDuffyandhiscolleaguesdidnottrytoidentifyindividualsintheirstudy,formoralreasons.Buttheyhadnodoubtitcouldbedone.36．WhichofthefollowingabouteDNAistrueaccordingtothepassage?A．Itprovidesawaytotrackthemigrationofanimals.B．Itallowsresearcherstorestoreindividualorganisms.C．Itcanbeeasilycollectedfromalltypesofenvironments.D．Itcontainsawealthofgeneticinformationaboutvariousspecies.37．Inthispassage,theword“inadvertent”(paragraph3)isclosestinmeaningto“__________”.A．familiar B．a(chǎn)ccidental C．insensitive D．regular38．Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A．TheapplicationofeDNAforidentityconfirmationhasarousedconcern.B．Asexpected,theresearchersdetectedmuchhumaneDNAintheirsearch.C．Anindividual’sgenderandancestrycanbeconfirmedbymeansofeDNA．D．eDNAisinstrumentalinupgradingAmerica’sdatabaseofmissingpeople.39．Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．UnintendedDiscoveriesinTurtleDiseaseResearchB．TheEcologicalSignificanceofEnvironmentalDNAC．HumanDNA’sPrevalenceinEnvironmentalSamplesD．UsingGeneticInformationtoIdentifyMissingPersons【答案】36．D37．B38．A39．C【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文，主要講的是人類DNA在環(huán)境樣本中的普遍存在及其相關(guān)應(yīng)用。36．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Oneisthateveryorganismcarriesitsownchemicalidentitycard,intheformofitsgenome.(一是每個生物都有自己的化學(xué)身份證，以基因組的形式存在。)”和“Urine,bitsoffurstucktoahedge,evenshedskincells:alldepositDNAintotheenvironment.Cheapgenesequencingallowsscientiststoharvestthis“environmentalDNA”(eDNA)fromsoil,sand,waterandthelike,anduseittokeeptrackofwhichspeciesarelivingwhere.(尿液，粘在樹籬上的皮毛，甚至脫落的皮膚細胞：所有這些都將DNA沉積到環(huán)境中。廉價的基因測序使科學(xué)家能夠從土壤、沙子、水等中獲取這種“環(huán)境DNA”(eDNA)，并用它來跟蹤哪些物種生活在哪里。)”可知，“環(huán)境DNA”里有DNA，而DNA包含了物種的遺傳信息，因此關(guān)于eDNA正確的說法是D選項“Itcontainsawealthofgeneticinformationaboutvariousspecies.(它包含了各種物種的豐富遺傳信息。)”，故選D。37．詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第三段“TheworkbeganattheWitneySeaTurtleHospitalinFlorida,duringaninvestigationintoaviralturtledisease.(這項工作始于佛羅里達州的WitneySeaTurtleHospital，當(dāng)時正在調(diào)查一種海龜病毒性疾病。)”和第四段“Whatwassurprising,accordingtoJessicaFarrell,abiologistattheWitneyHospitalandoneofthepaper’sauthors,wasjusthowmuchhumanDNAtheyfound.(據(jù)惠特尼醫(yī)院的生物學(xué)家、該論文的作者之一JessicaFarrell說，令人驚訝的是他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了如此多的人類DNA。)”可知，人類DNA是無意中被發(fā)現(xiàn)的，劃線詞所在句子表示“研究人員稱這種現(xiàn)象為“無意的人類遺傳副產(chǎn)品”，但他們并沒有開始研究這種現(xiàn)象”，劃線詞inadvertent的意思是“無意的”，和accidental意思相近。故選B。38．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“DavidDuffy,anotherofthepaper’sauthors,saidtheamountandqualityoftheDNAtheyrecovered“farexceeded”theminimumnecessarytobeincludedinAmerica’sdatabaseofmissingpeople.DrDuffyandhiscolleaguesdidnottrytoidentifyindividualsintheirstudy,formoralreasons.(該論文的另一位作者DavidDuffy說，他們找到的DNA的數(shù)量和質(zhì)量“遠遠超過”納入美國失蹤人口數(shù)據(jù)庫的最低要求。出于道德原因，DrDuffy和他的同事們并沒有試圖在他們的研究中識別個體。)”可知，eDNA在身份確認中的應(yīng)用引起了人們的擔(dān)憂。故選A。39．主旨大意題。通讀全文，尤其是第二段“InapaperpublishedonMay15thinNatureEcology&Evolution,agroupofresearchersfromAmericaandEuropereportthatsucheDNAsurveyspickuplargequantitiesofhumanDNAaswellastheanimalsort.(在5月15日發(fā)表在《自然生態(tài)與進化》雜志上的一篇論文中，來自美國和歐洲的一組研究人員報告說，這種eDNA調(diào)查收集了大量的人類和動物DNA。)”可知，本文主要講的是人類DNA在環(huán)境樣本中的普遍存在及其相關(guān)應(yīng)用，因此本文最好的題目是C選項“HumanDNA’sPrevalenceinEnvironmentalSamples(人類DNA在環(huán)境樣本中的普遍存在)”。故選C。(B)There’sanewfrontierin3Dprintingthat’sbeginningtocomeintofocus:food.Recentdevelopmenthasmadepossiblemachinesthatprint,cook,andservefoodsonamassscale.Andtheindustryisn’tstoppingthere.FoodproductionWitha3Dprinter,acookcanprintcomplicatedchocolatesculpturesandbeautifulpiecesfordecorationonaweddingcake.Noteverybodycandothat-ittakesyearsofexperience,butaprintermakesiteasy.ArestaurantinSpainusesaFoodinito“recreateformsandpieces”offoodthatare“exactlythesame,”freeingcookstocompleteothertasks.Inanotherrestaurant,allofthedishesanddessertsitservesare3D-printed,ratherthanfarmtotable.Sustainability(可持續(xù)性)Theglobalpopulationisexpectedtogrowto9.6billionby2050,andsomeanalystsestimatethatfoodproductionwillneedtoberaisedby50percenttomaintaincurrentlevels.Sustainabilityisbecominganecessity.3Dfoodprintingcouldprobablycontributetothesolution.Someexpertsbelieveprinterscouldusehydrocolloids(水解膠體)fromplentifulrenewableslikealgae(藻類)andgrasstoreplacethefamiliaringredients.3Dprintingcanreducefueluseandemissions.Grocerystoresofthefuturemightstock“food”thatlastsyearsonend,freeingupshelfspaceandreducingtransportationandstoragerequirements.NutritionFuture3Dfoodprinterscouldmakeprocessedfoodhealthier.HodLipson,aprofessoratColumbiaUniversity,said,“Foodprintingcouldallowconsumerstoprintfoodwithcustomizednutritionalcontent,likevitamins.Soinsteadofeatingapieceofyesterday’sbreadfromthesupermarket,you’deatsomethingbakedjustforyouondemand.”ChallengesDespiterecentadvancementsin3Dfoodprinting,theindustryhasmanychallengestoovercome.Currently,mostingredientsmustbechangedtoapastebeforeaprintercanusethem,andtheprintingprocessisquitetime-consuming,becauseingredientsinteractwitheachotherinverycomplexways.Ontopofthat,mostofthe3Dfoodprintersnowarerestrictedtodryingredients,becausemeatandmilkproductsmayeasilygobad.Someexpertsareskepticalabout3Dfoodprinters,believingtheyarebettersuitedforfastfoodrestaurantsthanhomesandhigh-endrestaurants.40．Whatbenefitdoes3Dprintingbringtofoodproduction?A．Ithelpscookstocreatenewdishes. B．Itsavestimeandeffortincooking.C．Itimprovesthecookingconditions. D．Itcontributestorestaurantdecorations41．AccordingtoParagraph4,3D-printedfood_______.A．ismoreavailabletoconsumers B．canmeetindividualnutritionalneedsC．ismoretastythanfoodinsupermarkets D．cankeepallthenutritioninrawmaterials42．Whatisthemainfactorthatprevents3Dfoodprintingfromspreadingwidely?A．Theprintingprocessiscomplicated. B．3Dfoodprintersaretooexpensive.C．Foodmaterialshavetobedry D．Someexpertsdoubt3Dfoodprinting【答案】40．B41．B42．C【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇科普類短文閱讀。文章主要介紹了3D打印技術(shù)在食物上的應(yīng)用取得了進展，但目前仍面臨著許多方面的挑戰(zhàn)。40．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章Foodproduction中的“Witha3Dprinter,acookcanprintcomplicatedchocolatesculpturesandbeautifulpiecesfordecorationonaweddingcake.Noteverybodycandothat-ittakesyearsofexperience,butaprintermakesiteasy.ArestaurantinSpainusesaFoodinito“recreateformsandpieces”offoodthatare“exactlythesame,”freeingcookstocompleteothertasks.(有了3D打印機，廚師可以打印復(fù)雜的巧克力雕塑和漂亮的裝飾在婚禮蛋糕上。不是每個人都能做到這一點——這需要多年的經(jīng)驗，但一臺打印機使它變得容易。西班牙一家餐廳使用Foodini來“重新制作”“一模一樣”的食物，讓廚師們騰出時間去完成其他任務(wù)。)”可推斷，3D打印的優(yōu)勢是節(jié)省了做飯的時間和精力。故選B。41．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章Nutrition中的“Foodprintingcouldallowconsumerstoprintfoodwithcustomizednutritionalcontent,likevitamins.（食品打印可以讓消費者打印出具有定制營養(yǎng)成分的食品，比如維生素。）”可知，3D打印出來的食物可以滿足個人營養(yǎng)需求。故選B。42．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Ontopofthat,mostofthe3Dfoodprintersnowarerestrictedtodryingredients,becausemeatandmilkproductsmayeasilygobad.(最重要的是，現(xiàn)在大多數(shù)3D食品打印機都局限于干燥的原料，因為肉類和奶制品很容易變質(zhì)。一些專家對3D食品打印機持懷疑態(tài)度，認為它們更適合快餐店，而不是家庭和高端餐廳。)”可推斷，食品材料必須干燥是阻礙3D食品打印普及的主要因素。故選C。(C)Twothingschangedmylife:mymotherandawhiteplasticbikebasket.Ihavethoughtlongandhardaboutitandit’strue.Iwouldbeadifferentpersonifmymomhadn’tturnedasillybicycleaccessoryintoalifelessonthatIcarrywithmetoday.Mymotherandfatherwereunitedintheirwayofraisingchildren,butitmostlyfelltomymothertoactuallycarryitout.Lookingback,Ihonestlydon’tknowhowshedidit.Managingthefamilybudgetmusthavebeenaveryhardtask,butshemadeitlookeffortless.Ifwecomplainedaboutnothavingwhatanotherkiddid,we’dhearsomethinglike,“Idon’tcarewhatso-and-sogotforhisbirthday,youarenotgettingaTVinyourroom,acarforyourbirthdayoralavishsweet-16party.”Wehadtoearnourallowancebydoingchoresaroundthehouse.Icanstillrememberhowlongittooktopolishthelegsofourcoffeetable.Mybrotherscannodoubtrememberhoursspentcleaningthehouse.LikethetwolittlegirlsgrowingupattheWhiteHouse,wemadeourownbeds(nooneleftthehouseuntilthatwasdone)andpickedupafterourselves.Wehadtokeeptrackofourbelongings,andifsomethingwaslost,itwasnotreplaced.Itwassummerand,oneday,mymotherdrovemetothebikeshoptogetatirefixed—andthereitwasinthewindow.White,shiny,plasticanddecoratedwithflowers,thebasketwinkedatmeandIknew—Iknew—Ihadtohaveit.“It’sbeautiful,”mymothersaidwhenIpointeditouttoher.“Whataneatbasket.”Itriedtoholdoffatfirst.Iplayeditcoolforashortwhile.ButthenIguessIcouldn’tstanditanylonger:“Mom,pleasecanIplease,pleasegetit?I’lldoextrachoresforaslongasyousay.I’lldoanything,butIneedthatbasket.Ilovethatbasket.Please,Mom.Please?”Iwasdesperate.“Youknow,”shesaid,gentlyrubbingmybackwhilewebothstaredatwhatIbelievedwasthecoolestthingever,“Ifyousaveupyoucouldbuythisyourself.”“BythetimeImakeenoughit’llbegone!”“MaybeRogerherecouldholditforyou,”shesmiledatRoger,thebikeguy.“Hecan’tholditforthatlong,Mom.Someoneelsewillbuyit.Please,Mom,please?”“Theremightbeanotherway,”shesaid.Andsoourpayingplanunfolded.MymotherboughtthebeautifulbasketandputitsafelyinsomehidingplaceIc