英語四級語法集萃

英語四級語法集萃虛擬語氣一.普通型普通虛擬語氣既if引導(dǎo)的主從復(fù)合句中的虛擬語氣,它有三種形式;一是與現(xiàn)在事實相反,其構(gòu)成形式為:從句過去式(be常用were主句would/should/could/might+動詞原形例如:IftherewerelifeonMars,suchlifeformswouldbeunabletosurviveonearth.二是與過去事實相反,其構(gòu)成形式為:從句had+過去分詞主句would/should/could/might+have+過去分詞例如:Ifhehadworkedharder,hewouldhavegotthroughtheexam.三是與將來事實相反,其構(gòu)成形式為:從句should/wereto+動詞原形主句would/should/could/might+動詞原形例如:Wewouldn’tloseourcourageevenifweshould(wereto)failagain.二.wish型.wish型虛擬語氣是指動詞wish后的賓語從句中虛擬語氣的形式,像普通型一樣,它也包括與現(xiàn)在,將來,過去時間相反的三種謂語動詞形式.1.過去式(be用were)與現(xiàn)在事實相反2.主語+wish+(that從句)would/should/could/might+動詞原形或were+動詞ing與將來事實相反3.had+過去分詞或could+have+過去分詞與過去事實相反例如:IwishIwereasstrongasyou.Hewishesherememberedtheaddress.Iwishhewouldtryagain.Wewishwehadpaidmoreattentiontoourpronunciation.三.省略型省略型虛擬語氣是指非真實條件句中if的省略.當條件從句中包含有were,had,should,could時,省略if后,須把從句的助動詞提前(即were,had,should,could);例如:Wereshetoleaverightnow,shewouldgetthereonSunday.Hadwemadeadequatepreparations,wemighthavesucceeded.Shouldtherebeaflood,whatshouldwedo?Couldthedeadmanhavespoken,hewouldhaveidentifiedhismurderer.四“堅決要命”題型(be型)“堅決要命”題型即名詞性從句(包括主語從句,賓語從句,表語從句和同位語從句)中的虛擬語氣用法.句中的動詞,名詞或形容詞若有“堅決要命”等含義(堅堅持,建議,推薦;決是指決心,決定等;要是指要求,重要的,必要的等;命則是指命令,致命的等),則名稱性從句的謂語動詞用虛擬語氣形式,即用should+動詞原形或省略should,直接用動詞原形.主語從句通常用于it+is+形容詞+that主語從句結(jié)構(gòu).常見的引起虛擬的主語從句的形容詞或過去分詞有:demanded(要求的)essential(必要的)l,important,necessary,ordered,required,vital,strange等.常見的引起虛擬的賓語從句的動詞有:advise,suggest,command,decide,demand,desire,insist,order,require,recommend,prefer等主句中的一些名詞要求表語從句和同位語從句采用虛擬語氣,這些名詞常見的有:advice,command,demand,desireimportant,motion建議,necessity,proposal提議recommendation,suggestion等等.五,狀語從句型一)在asif(asthough)引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中,其虛擬語氣的謂語動詞比較固定,只有兩種形式:一是如果主句的謂語動詞是現(xiàn)在時,則從句的謂語動詞是過去時;二是如果如果主句的謂語動詞是過去時,則從句的謂語動詞為過去完成時.例如:Itseemsasifitwas(were)springalready.Heactedasif(though)hehadbeenanexpert.二)lest(惟恐),incase,(假設(shè),萬一),forfearthat(以免)引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句.這時謂語動詞多用should,例如:Hetookhisraincoatwithhimlestit(should)rain.Heburnedalltheimportantdocumentsforfearthattheyshouldfallintotheenemy‘shands.Hereissomemoneyincaseyoushouldneedit.六.特殊型一)Itistime…….,It‘s(high,about)timethat……的句型中應(yīng)采用虛擬語氣,表示早該做還未做的一種意思,其從句謂語用過去時或should+動詞原形.be為單數(shù)時多用was,that常省略.例如:Itishightimeshewent(shouldgo).二)wouldrather型虛擬語氣是指would(had)rather,would(just)assoon,hadbetter,wouldsooner后接that從句中,動詞用過去時,表示當時或?qū)砬闆r的的虛擬語氣形式,可譯作”寧愿……..”,從句中的謂語動詞用過去時.例如:Themanagerwouldratherhisdaughterdidnotworkinthesameoffice.IcouldgomyselfbutIwouldsooneryouwent.Ihadrather(that)youtoldhimthanIdid.三)含蓄型虛擬語氣是指if條件句不出現(xiàn),而某些詞或短語表示虛擬條件(主句不變),或靠上下文的襯托表示虛擬條件的形式.因從句不出現(xiàn),故稱含蓄型虛擬語氣.通常由without,butfor,wereitnotfor連接的短語和otherwise,or為標志.起主要涉及主句的謂語動詞形式,并且與普通型主句的謂語動詞相同,也分為與現(xiàn)在,過去和將來事實相反的三種情形.例如:Butforyourhelp,wewouldnothavearrivedintime.七、實戰(zhàn)演習(xí)1.Iftheguaranteedyield()，Wewouldmakeuptheloss．AhadnotbeenreachedB.werenotreachedChasnotbeenreachedDwouldnotbereached2．Itishighlydesirablethateveryeffort()toreducepollutioninBeijing．AwasmadeB.bemadeCwillbemadeDwouldbemade3．IftheSouthhadwonthewar，whatisnowtheUnitedStates()dividedintoseveralcountries．AwillbeBshouldbeCmusthavebeenD.mighthavebeen．4．Icarn’tspeakJapanese，butIdowishI()．AcanB.couldChadDspoke5．Withoutelectricity，humanlife()quitedifferenttoday．AisBwillC.wouldbeDwouldhavebeen6．Iwasillthatday．OtherwiseI()partintheparade．AwouldtakeB.wouldhavetakenCtookDhadtaken7．()yourhelp，1wouldnothavesucceeded．ABecauseBBecauseofCButD.Butfor8．IwishSusanknewhowtoapplygrammaticalrulesproperlyand()thefactthatsheisnearlyalwaysinthewrong．A.recognizeB.recognizedCrecognizingDtorecognize9．IfIhadbeentothepartylastweek，I()sorryforitnow．A.wouldnotbefeelingBwouldn’thaveleftCmustn’tfeelDshouldhavefeel10．Nancysometimeswishesthatshe()inasmalltown.AisnotlivingBwasnotlivingC.werenotlivingDdidnotlive11.Thehousemasterwasstrict．Herequestedthatwe()televisiononweeknights．A.notwatchBmustnottowatchCnotbewatchingDhavenotwatchedl2．()Iknownit，Iwouldhavetoldyou．AHaveBIfC.HadDHaving13．Itishightimewe()severemeasuresagainstsuchviolence．AaretotakeBshouldtakeCcantakeD.took14．Thakla’svisittoEnglandmadeitnecessarythathersister()moreinthehouse．A.woulddoBwilldoCdoDdoes15．Whatdoyouthinkofhismotionthatwe()aplayattheEnglishevening?A.shouldputonBshallputonCwouldputonDwillhaveputon16．Itisnotnecessarythatasecondaryschoolgraduate()anentranceexamtobeadmittedtotheAmericanuniversity．ApassesB.passCwouldpassDpassed17．Everyattentionmustbepaidtohim，lesthe()thatheisinferiortomyotherguests．AwouldfeelBfeelsCfeltD.shouldfeell8．Ifonlyshe()notsoterriblyfrightenedofAuntRuth．AisBhasbeenC.wereDwouldbe19．ThemanshowedushisIDcard.Withoutthat,we()stoppedhimfromgettingin．A.wouldhaveBBwonldChadDhave20．Ido()Icouldplaychessmoreproficientlythanmybrother．A.wishBwantCknowD.hope21．()today，wouldwebeabletogettherebyTuesday?AWereweleavingBIfweleaveCWouldweleaveD.Werewetoleave22．Whatwouldyoudoifyou()liveyourlifeoveragain?AdoBcanC.couldDareableto23．()totelluseverything，wecouldtrytosolvehisproblem．AIfheisB.WereheCHadheDBehe24．()wewillsetoffasweplanned．AWereitgoodorbadB.BeitgoodorbadCBeingsoedorbadDWhethergoodorbad25．He’ssortofChineseShakespeare()．AitisBaswasitCasitwasD.asitwere26．Themanagerwouldratherthathiswife()workinthesameofficeashedoes．AdoesnotB.didnotCwouldnotDwillnot27．Youlooksotiredtonight．Itistimeyou()．AgotosleepBgotobedCwenttosleepD.wenttobed28．(),wecouldnothavefinishedtlleworkontime．A.ButfortheirhelpBIftheydonothelpusCWasitnotfortheirhelpDShouldtheyoffertohelp29．Hemakesanoteoftheassignmentlesthe()it．AforgetsB.forgetCwillforgetDwillnotforget30．Thereisalawthatdrunkendrivers()severelypunished．AwereBareC.beDwillbe31．Wereitnotforfriction，we()towalkonthisearthofours．AwouldnotbeableBshouldnothavebeenableCwerenotableDarenotable32．Itisstrangethatshe()inthelastexamination．AshouldhavefailedBhasfailedChadfailedDfails33．“Hewasshortofmoney，sohecouldnotaffordtotravelbyair．”“Youmeantosay()?”Aifhehadnotbeenshortofmoney，hecouldhaveaffordedtotravelbyairBevenifhehadbeenshortofmoney，hecouldhaveaffordedtotravelbyairCthoughhewasshortofmoney，hecouldaffordtotravelbyairDifhewereshortofmoney，hecouldhaveaffordedtotravelbyair34．IhadhopedthatI()youbytalkingaboutmychildren．Ashouldn’tboreBwouldn’tboreCdidn’tboreDhadn’tbored35．Maythisbookinasmallway()toenhancetheunderstandingandfriendshipbetweenthetwopeoples．AhelpBhelpsCwillhelpDshouldhelp36．“Whydidn’tyouhelphim?”“Iwouldhave()Ididnothavethemoney．”AstillB.butCotherwiseDor37．Theideaisthatwe()allunmannedspacecrafttoexploretheplanetfirst.AwillsendBhadsentC.sendDbesent38．Ifwehadn’tpreservedsomuchfood，we()ingreattroublenow.AA.wouldbeBwouldhavebeenCareDwere39．Givehermybestregards，().A.shouldyouseehertodayBifyousawhertodayCifyouwouldseehertodayDshouldyouhaveseenhertoday40．He’sworkinghardforfearthathe()．A.shouldfallbehindBfallbehindCmayfallbehindDwouldfallbehindKeytotheExercises1．B2．B3．D4．B5．C6．B7．D8．B9．A10．C11．A12．C13．D14．A15．A16．B17．D18．C19．A20．A21.D22.C23.B24．B25．D26．B27D28．A29．B30．C31.A32．A33．A34．B35．A36.B37．C38．A39．A40．A非謂語動詞非謂語動詞又稱作是非限定動詞,這樣的非謂語動詞,顧名思義是指在句中不能充當謂語的一種動詞形式.它有三種形式,即動詞不定式,動名詞和分詞.動詞不定式一)動詞不定式有3點屬性:1.在詞性上具有名詞,形容詞和副詞的功能,(名詞可作主語,賓語和表語,形容詞可作定語,表語和賓補.而副詞則可以作狀語.)2.其又具有動詞的三個特征:即可帶賓語或表語;可由狀語來修飾;有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化.3.它還帶有某種具體性,目的性特定性和未來的特征.作主語ItisdifficulttoanswersuchacomplicatedquestioninEnglish.ToanswersuchacomplicatedquestioninEnglishisdifficult.但在大多數(shù)情況下,動詞不定式作主語時,通常用形式主語it代替.(二)作賓語Ifyoupromisenottogetangrywithme,I‘lltellyouwhatIbroke.動詞不定式作賓語時要注意以下語法點:1.在及物動詞begin,cease,choose,continue,describe,expect,fail,happen,hate,help,hope,intend,like,love,manage,offer,plan,prefer,promise,refuse,want,wish,forget,remember,mean,try,stop等后面常接動詞不定式作賓語.2.某些特定的動詞后要求用動詞+wh-型疑問副詞/how+動詞不定式結(jié)構(gòu),如:Theyaskedhowtogettotherailwaystation.這類動詞可以分為兩類:第一類是與思維活動有關(guān)的動詞:consider,know,imagine,think,understand,learn,forget等.第二類是表示感覺的動詞:let.make,see;watch,hear,feel;notice,observe.此類動詞后接賓語時to常常省略.3.當不定式作直接賓語,它后面還有補足語時,需要用形式賓語it代替不定式.而把不定式放在補足語之后.如:Ifounditdifficulttosolvetheproblem.4. 動詞不定式可作but,except,save(除……之外)的賓語.但當but,except,save(除……之外)前有do的某種形式時(包括did,does,done)不定式符號to必須省略.如果無do的某種形式時則不能省略.如:Hecoulddonothingbutwait.但Thereisnochoicebuttowait.(三)作賓語補足語,主語補足語如:Adreamoftheredchamberissaidtohavebeentranslatedintodozensoflanguagesinthelastdecade.動詞不定式作賓語補足語,主語補足語時注意以下兩點:1.有些動詞后要求用不定式作賓補,如:allowadvise,ask,choose,enable,expect,fail,have,hear,order,tell,wish等.例如:Harryinvitedmetocometohisparty.在此不定式做賓補,而Iwasinvited(byHarry)tocometohisparty.則作主補.當謂語動詞為believe,report,say,suppose等時,其后作主語的動詞不定式用完成時表示動作的完成或提前.如:Mr.BrownissupposedtohaveleftforItalylastweek.2.在consider,prove,think,know,feel,suppose之后也可跟賓語+tobe/tohave的形式,如:Weallknowhimtobedead.(我們都以為他死了.)(四)作定語如:Sheisalwaysthefirsttoarriveandthelasttoleave.動詞不定式作定語時注意:1.當不定式修飾的名詞與不定式有動賓關(guān)系(即邏輯賓語),該不定式的動詞又是不及物動詞時,不定式結(jié)尾表示動賓關(guān)系的介詞不要丟掉.如:Ihaven‘tgotachairtositon.2.由only,last,next序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級的名詞常用不定式作定語.另外有些名詞后固定地要求用不定式作定語,像ability,right,effort等,如:Energyistheabilitytowork.(五)作狀語如:Couldyoufindsomeoneformetoplaytenniswith.一．動詞不定式作狀語時常表示目的,結(jié)果,原因等,常有以下幾種情況:1. to+動詞原形Tomeetneedsofourindustry,wemustworkhard.(表目的)2.Iamverygladtocomehere..(表原因)3.Thetemperatureissohighastochangewaterintosteam.(表結(jié)果)二.)動詞不定式時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化動詞不定式保留了動詞的一些特征,具有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化,其時態(tài)有:1.一般式:不定式的一般式表示的動作或狀態(tài)與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生或在其后發(fā)生.如:Wehopetohavealotofstory-books.2. 進行時:動詞不定式進行時表示的動作在謂語動詞表示的動作發(fā)生時正在進行.如:Thetrainseemstobemoving.3.完成式:動詞不定式的完成時表示的動作在謂語動詞表示的動作之前發(fā)生.如果動詞不定式的完成時用在表示”需要,希望,打算”等意義的動詞時,如hope,wish,expect,intend,mean后時,則說明動作沒有實現(xiàn).例如:Weintendedtohaveattendedthatactivity.(我們本來打算參加那項活動.)若表示過去未實現(xiàn)的動作則用shouldlike/wouldlike+不定式的完成時.三) 語態(tài)如:Mr.Johnsonpreferredtobegivenheavierworktodo.注意以下3點:1當動詞不定式的邏輯主語是不定式表示的動作的承受者時,則用其被動形式,如:Themotorseemstohavebeenrepaired.2.當用在easy,difficult,hard,heavy,good等形容詞作表語的系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的形容詞后,不定式要用主動形式表示被動的意思,說明謂語所表示的情況.如:Thisquestionishardtoanswer.另外,一般而言,當不定式與所修飾的名詞有邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系時,也可用不定式的主動形式表示被動的意思.如:Hegavemesomethingtoeat.3.toblame,tolet本身已包含被動意義,無需使用動詞不定式的被動形式.如:Nobodywastoblamefortheaccident.四)特殊的不定式1.定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu):for+名詞(代詞)+不定式(短語).一般而言,句中謂語動詞的主語就是動詞不定式(短語)的邏輯主語.但有時它還有自己的邏輯主語,由介詞for引出,但如果句中的形容詞即指行為的性質(zhì)又指人的品質(zhì),則由of引出這一結(jié)構(gòu).(如:Itiskindofyoutohelpme.)例如:ItisimportantforustolearnEnglish.(作主語)Thechalkisfortheteachertouse.(作表語)Wefounditimpossibleforthestudentstoanswerthequestion.(作賓語)Therearemanyproblemsfortheresearcherstodealwith..(作定語)Foramachinetodowork,wemustdoworkonthemachine.(作狀語)2.獨立的動詞不定式:1.)獨立的動詞不定式具有插入語的性質(zhì),表示說話人的態(tài)度或看法.例如:Totellthetruth,thatisallIknowabouthim.Tobeginwith,Iwouldliketotalkaboutmyplan.2)too+adj(adv)+todosth結(jié)構(gòu)表示否定的含義,意為“太…..以至于不”.enough……..to結(jié)構(gòu)表示肯定含義,意為”足夠能……”注意.enough用于名詞之前,而用于形容詞或副詞之后.五) to的省略1. 在hadbetter,hadbest,wouldrather(寧愿),wouldjustassoon(寧愿),cannotbut(不得不),cannothelpbut(只得),donothingbut(不得不),letalone(更不用說)等搭配后,如:Iwouldrathernothaveeggsforbreakfast.2. 在表示感覺的動詞:let.make,see;watch,hear,feel;notice,observe.此類動詞后接賓語時to常常省略.如:Johnmadehertellhimeverything.但當不定式變?yōu)橹餮a時,to不能省略.如:Shewasmade(byJohn)totellhimeverything.3. 在help后可用to也可不用to,如:CanIhelpyou(to)liftthisheavybox?4. 在except,but(除…..之外),save(除…..之外)之后的動詞不定式,如果其前有do的某種形式,一般不帶to,反之則須帶to.如:Hedoesnothingbutwait.但Thereisnochoicebuttowait.5.當連詞ratherthan(而不是),soonerthan(而不是)置于句首時,其后的不定式不帶to.如:Ratherthanpushthebookbackashewantedtodo,heforcedhimselftopickitup.6.當and,or等連接兩個不定式結(jié)構(gòu)時Allyoucandointhediscussionistodebateandargue.7.在Why……?或Whynot……?結(jié)構(gòu)中,可省略.如：Whyarguewithhim?Whynotgivehimsomeflowers?二.動名詞.動名詞的三點屬性:1).動名詞在性質(zhì)上比較單一,只有名詞的功能,因此只能作主語,表語和賓語.2).動名詞不是簡單地等同于名詞,之所以稱為.動名詞是因為它還具有三個特征,即:可以帶賓語或表語;可以由狀語修飾;如:learningEnglishwell.可以有自己的時態(tài)和語態(tài).3)從更深的層次上講,.動名詞具有一般性,習(xí)慣性和過去性的含義.1.作主語:Doingworkmeansmovingabodythroughadistancebyaforce.當動名詞作主語且此短語較長時,常用it作形式主語,特別在一些習(xí)慣用法中.Itisnousedoingthatwork..動名詞還可以用在Thereisno…….結(jié)構(gòu)中作主語.2.作賓語:Theyoungmanstilldenieshavingstartedthefirebehindthestore.在某些動詞之后,有些只能接動名詞作賓語,而不能接不定式,為方便記憶,這些動詞我們可以統(tǒng)稱為”妹不吃咖啡的”.即:Mepskarfdi:mind(miss),enjoy(escape),postpone,(permit,pardon,practice),suggest,consider(can‘thelp,complete),keepavoid(admit,advise,appreciate,acknowledge)risk(resent,resist),finish,deny(delay,deserve,dislike),imagine.3.動名詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài):1)一般式:動名詞一般式表示的動作與句中謂語的動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生或在謂語動詞表示的動詞之后發(fā)生,如用一般式表示其發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前,則在動名詞之前用介詞on,upon或after.2)完成式:動名詞完成式表示其動作在謂語動詞表示的動作之前發(fā)生.3)被動式:當動名詞的邏輯主語是動名詞動作對象時,該動名詞要求用被動形式.4.動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu):由動名詞的邏輯主語+動名詞短語構(gòu)成的動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),在句中作主語或賓語等,邏輯主語與動名詞存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系.邏輯主語的形式有四種:1) 邏輯主語是表示有生命的名詞,用所有格(加‘s).2) 邏輯主語是表示無生命的名詞,用所有格則直接用普通格(不加‘s).3) 當邏輯主語是代詞時,可用物主代詞或代詞賓格.4) 當邏輯主語不是代詞或指示代詞時,只用賓格,不用所有格.例如:Smith‘slackinginexperienceworriedheragreatdeal.WhatIknowisthewindowbeingopen.Wearelookingforwardtohercomingback.Iwasafraidofthetentfallingdownduringthenight.5.動名詞與不定式比較:由于動名詞也具有名詞的性質(zhì)和功能,因此,其用法在三個位置上與動詞不定式發(fā)生了重合,既主語位置,賓語位置,和表語位置,故有必要對此予以比較.一.賓語位置上的區(qū)別1)有些動詞要求跟動名詞作賓語,有些要求跟動詞不定式作賓語.2)有些動詞后既可跟動名詞又可跟不定式,但意義不同.如:1.IfIhadremembered______thewindow,thethiefwouldnothavegotin.A)toclose.B)closingC)tohaveclosedD)havingclosed2.I‘llneverforget_____youforthefirsttime.A)tomeetB)tohavemeetC)meeting.D)havingtobemeeting3.Weregret_____youthatthebooksyouwanttobuyaresoldout.A)informingB)toinform.C)tohaveinformedD)informed4.WhenIcamein,hewenton_______withme.A)talkingB)havetalkedC)talkD)totalk.5.Thedriverhasbeentrying______thecarfornearlyanhour.A)startB)startedC)tostart.D)starting6.ThereisamanatthereceptiondeskwhoseemsveryangryandIthinkhemeans____trouble.A)makingB)tomake.C)tohavemadeD)havingmade考題注釋1.remember后即可接不定式又可接動名詞,前者意思是:記住做某事(還沒做),后者的意思為:記得做了某事(做過了).Irememberseeingherbefore.根據(jù)題意,窗戶未關(guān),因此小偷進來了.2.forget后即可接不定式又可接動名詞,前者指”忘記要做某事”,后者指”忘記過去作過的一件事”.題意為”我永遠也不會忘記我們第一次見面的情景”.3.regret后即可接不定式又可接動名詞,前者指”對尚未做,或正在做的事情的遺憾”,后者指”對過去作過的事情的遺憾”.如:Iregretnothavingacceptedyouradvice,本題譯文為:很遺憾的通知你,你想買的書賣完了.4.togoontalking意思為一直持續(xù)做某事,而togoontotalk意思為在被中斷做某事后繼續(xù)原來的動作.5.Wemusttrytogeteverythingdoneintime.我們必須設(shè)法及時把一切搞好.Letustrydoingtheworksomeotherway.我們用另外一個方法做這個工作試試.6.Idonotmeantohurtyoubysayingthis.我這樣說并不是想傷害你.Missingthisbusmeanswaitingforananotherhour.錯過這次車意味著又要再等一個小時.3)1.在動詞hear,deserve,need,want,require之后,若用動名詞作賓語,則表示被動,其意義與動詞不定式的被動形式相同.注意:在require之后只用動名詞表被動.2.在動詞begin,start,continue,hate,like,love,prefer后跟不定式或動名詞含義基本相同,只不過跟動名詞表習(xí)慣性動作,跟不定式表示一次具體的動作.注意:這些動詞用在should,would之后,后面只跟不定式。三、分詞一)屬性切記分詞的兩點性質(zhì)：1、分詞在性質(zhì)上具有形容詞和副詞的功能，形容詞可作定語、表語和賓補，而副詞可作狀語，由此推知，分詞也可以作定語、表語賓補和狀語。分詞有兩類，現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。2、分詞并不是簡單地等同于形容詞和副詞，它還具有動詞的特征，即可以帶賓語或表語，如：Hestopped,realizingmistakesinhiswriting.也可以用狀語修飾，如：Hefoundthefireburningbrightly.另外，分詞還有自己的時態(tài)和語態(tài)：現(xiàn)在分詞有主動和被動，有一般法和完成式，而過去分詞本身便含有被動或完成的意義，故沒有形式上的變化。A)現(xiàn)在分詞時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化(以study)為例)：主動式被動式一般式studyingbeingstudied完成式havingstudiedhavingbeenstudiedB)過去分詞(以study為例)：studied(一)作表語1.He’s()becausehehaswontheprize.AnervousBexcited.CsatisfyingDexciting2.Thattheywouldgetmarriedis().AsurprisedBsurprisinglyCsurprising.Dsurprise考點分析現(xiàn)在分詞做表語時多表示主語所具有的特征；過去分詞做表語時多表示主語的狀態(tài)。故一般而言，當主語是“人”時，用過去分詞做表語，表求“感到……”當表示主語的性質(zhì)時，一般用現(xiàn)在分詞做表語，意為“令人……”，此時主語多為“事物”。如boring(令人厭煩的)，bored(感到厭煩)。(二) 作定語1.Youwillseethisproduct()whereveryougo.AtobeadvertisedBadvertised.CadvertiseDadvertising2.Catshavesharpteeth()mice.Ausedforcatching.BwhichusedtocatchCtheiruseistocatchDtheyareusedforcatching3.Thespeaker,()forherspeeches,waswarmlyreceivedbytheaudience.AhavingknownBbeingknownCknowingDknown.4.IfIcorrectsomeone,Iwilldoitwithasmuchgoodhumorandself-restraintasifIweretheone().AtocorrectBcorrectingChavingcorrectedDbeingcorrected.考點分析1)單個分詞作定語一般放在它所修飾的名詞前；但也可以放在名詞后，其作用是強調(diào)分詞的動作性，但一般僅限于過去分詞，如考題1。2)分詞短語做定語必須放在被修飾的名詞后，除“副詞+分詞”構(gòu)成的短語外。3)如果被修飾的中心詞與分詞的關(guān)系是主動關(guān)系，用現(xiàn)在分詞；如果被修飾的中心詞與分詞的關(guān)系是被動關(guān)系，則用過去分詞。如：ThewomanteachergivingusorallessonsisfromAmerica.Thestorydescribedinthebookiseasytounderstand.4)現(xiàn)在分詞與去分詞做定語時的區(qū)別：兩者的區(qū)別應(yīng)從時態(tài)和語態(tài)兩個方面予以區(qū)分。從量才而為的角度看，現(xiàn)在分詞表示進行，而過去分詞表示完成。如：thechangingworld(變化中的世界)；thechangedworld(變化了的世界)；從語態(tài)角度而言，現(xiàn)在分詞表主動，而過去分詞表被動，如：theexploitingclass(剝削階級)，theexploitedclass(被剝削階級)5)分詞做定語與動詞不定式做定語的區(qū)別是：現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動進行之意，過去分詞表示被動與完成，而不定式表示在謂語詞表示的動作之后即將發(fā)生的動作。例如：Theproblemdiscussed/beingdiscussed/tobediscussedatthemeetingisquitesecret.(會上所討論的問題/正在討論的問題/將討論的問題是十分秘密的。)(三)作狀語1.Thesesurveysindicatethatmanycrimesgo()bythepolice,mainlybecausenotallvictimsreportthem.Aunrecorded.BtobeunrecordedCunrecordingDtohavebeenunrecorded2.()inthisway,thesituationdoesn’tseemsodisappointing.ATolookatBLookingatCLookedat.DTothelookedat3.Michaelusedtolookhurtandsurprisedwhen().AscoldingBtoscoldChavingscoldedDscolded.4. ()theearthtobeflat,manyfearedthatColumbuswouldfallofftheedgeoftheearth.AHavingbelievedBBelieving.CBelievedDBeingbelieved考點分析分詞及分詞短語作狀語可表示時間、原因、條件、結(jié)果、方式或伴隨情況，即可以放在句首也可以放在句末，通常用逗號與句子其他部分分開。分詞前可帶when,while,as,once,until,if等連接詞。注意分詞及其邏輯主語(即主句主語)的一致性。如分詞與邏輯主語的關(guān)系是主動關(guān)系，分詞用現(xiàn)在分詞，如為被動關(guān)系，則用過去分詞。(四)作賓語補足語1. Hisremarksleftme()abouthisrealpurpose.AwonderedBwonderCtowonderDwondering.2. Thepresidentpromisedtokeepalltheboardmembers()ofhowthenegotiationsweregoingon.AinformBinformingCbeinformedDinformed.考點分析有些及物動詞之后要求分詞作賓補才能表達一個完整的意思。有些動詞之后既可用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補，也可用過去分詞，這就要看動詞之后的名詞或代詞能否執(zhí)行分詞的動作來確定能執(zhí)行的用現(xiàn)在分詞，否則，用過去分詞。此類動詞常見的有：see,hear,feel,catch,watch,notice,make,think,have,keep,want,order等。三) 分詞時態(tài)、語態(tài)的變化1. ()inaseeminglyendlesswar,thegeneralwasforcedtoevaluatethesituationagain.ASincethelossof50,000soldiersBBecauseof50,000soldiershavinglostCHavinglostover50,000soldiers.D50,000soldierswerelost2. ()differentkindsofcars,theworkersfurtherimprovedtheirtechnique.AHavingbeenproducedBBeingproducedCHavingproduced.DProducing3. After()forthejob,youwillberequiredtotakealanguagetest.Abeinginterviewed.BinterviewedCinterviewingDhavinginterviewed考點分析分詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)的重點和核心是掌握其完成式的用法。1) 一般式：現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式說明分詞表示的動作和句中謂語動作同時發(fā)生或表示分詞表示的動作發(fā)生在后；過去分詞的一般式說明分詞表示的動作在句中謂語動作之前發(fā)生或者某些持續(xù)性動詞的分詞表示與句中謂語動作同時發(fā)生。2) 現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式：現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式表示的動作在句中謂語動作之前發(fā)生，具有主動意義。如：Havingfinishedreadingthebook,sheputitaside.3) 現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式：一般式現(xiàn)在分詞的被動語態(tài)表示的動作和句子謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生；完成式現(xiàn)在分詞被動語態(tài)表示的動作在謂語動詞表示的動作之前發(fā)生。四) 分詞的特殊形式分詞的特殊形式主要指的是分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，即分詞的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)。一般而言，作狀語用的分詞短語的邏輯主語為整個句子的主語，但有時，分詞的邏輯主語卻與句子的主語不一致，這時，分詞必須帶上自己的主語，稱為獨立結(jié)構(gòu)，可以表示原因、時間、伴隨等。歸納起來，分詞的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)有以下幾類：(一) 分詞邏輯主語+分詞1. Allthetasks()aheadoftime,theydecidedtogoonholidayforaweek.AbeenfulfilledBhavingbeenfulfilled.CwerefulfilledDhadbeenfulfilled2. Somanydirectors(),theplannedtripwillhavetobecalledoff.AwereabsentBbeingabsent.CbeenabsentDhadbeenabsent3. Allthings(),theplannedtripwillhavetobecalledoff.Aconsidered.BbeconsideredCconsideringDtoconsidered4. Allflights()becauseofthesnowstorm,manypassengerscoulddonothingbuttakethetrain.AwerecanceledBhavingbeencanceled.ChadbeencanceledDhavebeencanceled考點分析這是一種非常重要的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)，是四經(jīng)考試語法測試的重點。它通常表示原因、時間、條件等，注意做題時應(yīng)慮以下步驟：①邏輯主語與分詞的關(guān)系。若為主動關(guān)系，則用現(xiàn)在分詞，若為被動關(guān)系，則用過去分詞(或現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式的被動形式)；②分詞與整句話謂語的動作先后關(guān)系。若兩者無先后關(guān)系，用分詞的一般式，若分詞發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前，則用一般式的完成式。(二)由“There+being+主語”構(gòu)成(),thepolicewentbacktotheiroffice．ATherewasnodangerBTherebeingnodanger.CBeingwithoutdangerDWithouthavingdanger(三)由“with(without+加分詞邏輯主語+分詞”構(gòu)成1．Thesaleusuallytakesplaceoutsidethehouse，withtheaudience()onbenches,chairsorboxes．AhavingseatedBseatingCseated.Dhavingbeenseated2．WithDick(),hefinishedhiswork．AhelpedBtohelpChelping.Dbeinghelped3．()thetemperaturefallingsorapidly.wecouldn’tgoonwiththeexperiment．AWith.BForCAsDSince考點分析這種結(jié)構(gòu)一般表示伴隨情況或補充說明。做題時，應(yīng)考慮以下步驟：(1)邏輯主語與分詞的關(guān)系。若為主動關(guān)系，則用現(xiàn)在分詞；若為被動關(guān)系，則一般用過去分詞。(2)分詞與整句話謂語動詞的時間先后關(guān)系，若分詞的動作與謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生，則用分詞的一般式；若分詞的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前，則用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式。四、實戰(zhàn)演習(xí)1．Itisnouncommonthingnowadays()tolearnaforeignlanguage．ApeoplegoingtoeveningclassesBthatpeoplegotoeveningclassesCforpeopletogotoeveningclasses.Dtopeoplegotoeveningclasses2．Weshouldbedelightedto()amemberoftheinstitute．AhaveyoutobecomeBhaveyoubecome.\ChavingyoubecomeDhavingyoutobecome3．Shehasgotnoidea()withherforthetrip．Awhatclothestotake.BoftotakewhatclothesCtotakewhatclothesDwhatclothesbetaken4．Theteacherwasbusy()sumsupontheblackboard．Shewastoobusy()thestudents’questions．Atowriteout；answeringBtowriteout；toanswerCwritingout；toanswer.Dwritingout；answering5.Theengineerfound()tomeasuretheoiltemperature．AthatdifficultBitdifficult.CthatwasdifficultDdifficult6.CaptainHenry,()，creptslowlythroughtheunderbrush．AbeingremotefromtheenemyBtryingtoavoidtheenemy..CattemptingtonotencountertheenemyDnotinvolvinghimselfintheenemy7．TherevolutionarywavethatwassweepingoverthewholeofEuropemadeitseffects()intheBritishLabourMovement．AtobefeltBfeelingCbeingfeltDfelt.8.()Iamnotinfavourofyourplan．ATellingyouthetruthBTotellyouthetruth.CFortellingyouthetruthDTotellyouatruth9．Theyexchangedviewsonthequestionof().AelectingwhomBwhomtobeelectedCwhomtoelect.Dtoelectwhom10．Theyweremade()likeadog．AworkingBtowork.CworkDforworking11．What’stroublingthemis()enoughmachinetools．AtheirnottohaveBthemtonothaveCtheirnothaving.Dnottheirhaving12．IamsorryImissed()youwhileinBeijing．AtoseeBseeing.CofseeingDatseeing13．Itiswellworth()tolearnhowtodriveacar．Amakingtheeffort.BmakingeffortCtomaketheeffortDtomakeaneffort14．“Hasthequestionbeensettled?”“No，itis()．”AfarfromtobesettledBnotyettobesettledCgoingtosettleitDfarfrombeingsettled.l5.Agoodadministermustknow()．AtobefirmBhowtobefirm.CtohavefirmnessDthewayoffirmness16．()abusstopsonearourcollegeisagreatadvantage．ATherebeing.BThereistobeCTherebeDThereis17．Youarecordiallyinvitedtoaparty()atourinstituteat7：30p.m.Dec．2．AbeinggivenBgivenCwillbegivenDtobegiven.18．()ahotday，wedecidedtogoforaswim．ABeingBItbeing..CWhatDSuch19．Allflights()becauseofthestorm，theydecidedtotakethetrain-AhavingcanceledBhavingbeencanceled.CwerecanceledDhavebeencanceled20．Thefarmercaughttheboys()hisapples.Astealing.BstoleCtostealDwouldsteal21．()adequatepreparations，theythoughtitbettertopostponetheexcursiontillnextweek.ANottohavemadeBNotmaking..CNothavingmadeDHavingnotmade22．Hetoldustokeepasecretofthethings()．Abeingdiscussed.BtodiscussCordiscussingDdiscussing23．()toaliquid,naturalgascaneasilybetransportedbysea.AHavingbeencompressed.BHavecompressedCCompressingDBeingcompressed24．Thegovernmentwarnedpeople()cranberriesbecausetheywerecontaminatedwithinsecticides．Anottoeat.BtonoteatCinnoteatingDtoeatnot25．Annasaidinherletterthatshe’dappreciate()fromyou.AtohearBhavingheardChearing.Dtohearing26．Idon’tremember()totrythismethod.AhavinggivenachanceBtohaveeverbeengivenachanceChavingeverbeengivenachance.Dtobegivenachance27．“Whatdoyouexpectmetodo?”“Theroomneeds().”AtobecleanBtocleaningCcleaning.Dcleaned28．WhenIreadtheplaynowIcan’thelp()Cyril.Atothink0fBthinkingof.CthinkofDIthinkof29．Peterdevelopedamethodtobringsubstancestothelowesttemperatures().AknowscienceBknowings