新課標(biāo)高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法系統(tǒng)全解被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(一)

第二章被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（一）第二章被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（一）語(yǔ)態(tài)也是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，表示主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系。英語(yǔ)有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(activevoice)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(passivevoice)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則表示主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的承受者。一、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是由助動(dòng)詞be加及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成，如果有必要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者可以由介詞by引出的短語(yǔ)表示。助動(dòng)詞be隨主語(yǔ)的人稱、數(shù)、時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)氣的不同而變化。A.十種常見(jiàn)時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：do被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：amisaredoneWecleantheclassroomeveryday.我們每天打掃教室。Theclassroomiscleanedbyuseveryday.教室每天都由我們打掃。Suchsongsareusuallysungbygirls.這些歌通常是女孩子們唱的。Russianisnottaughtinourschool.我們學(xué)校不教俄語(yǔ)。Aremanygoodsshippedabroadeveryday每天都有許多貨物運(yùn)往國(guó)外嗎2.一般過(guò)去時(shí)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：did被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：wasweredoneWecleanedtheclassroomyesterday.昨天我們打掃了教室。Theclassroomwascleanedbyusyesterday.昨天教室被我們打掃了。Thewindowwasbrokenbymyson.窗子是我兒子打破的。Weremanytreesplantedonthehillyesterday昨天山上種了許多樹(shù)嗎？Howmuchmoneywasstoleninall一共被偷了多少錢？3.一般將來(lái)時(shí)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：willshalldo被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：willshallbedoneWewillcleantheclassroomsoon.我們很快要打掃教室。Theclassroomwillbecleanedsoon.教室很快要被打掃了。Theworkwillbedoneimmediately.這工作將馬上做。Willtheschoolsportsmeetingbeheldnextweek？校運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)將在下星期舉行嗎？WhenshallwebegivenalectureontheInternet什么時(shí)候給我們作有關(guān)因特網(wǎng)的講座？4.一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：woulddo被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：wouldbedoneWetoldhimthatwewouldcleantheclassroomsoon.我們告訴他我們馬上就打掃教室。Wetoldhimthattheclassroomwouldbecleanedsoon.我們告訴他教室很快就會(huì)被打掃的。Hesaidthatanewtradecenterwouldbebuiltinthecentreofthecity.他說(shuō)一個(gè)新的貿(mào)易中心將在市中心建起來(lái)。Sheaskedwhethertheirplanwouldbeconsideredwithgreatcare.她問(wèn)他們的計(jì)劃會(huì)不會(huì)得到仔細(xì)的考慮。Iwasn'ttoldthatIshouldbeinvitedtotheparty.沒(méi)人告訴我要被邀請(qǐng)出席晚會(huì)。5.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：amisaredoing被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：amisarebeingdoneWearecleaningtheclassroomnow.我們現(xiàn)在正在打掃教室。Theclassroomisbeingcleanednow.教室現(xiàn)在正在被打掃。Ahospitalisbeingbuiltinthecentreofthetown.鎮(zhèn)中心正在興建一家醫(yī)院。Arethebabiesbeingtakencareofbythisnurse這些嬰兒正由這個(gè)護(hù)士照看嗎？Howisthenewteachingmethodbeingtriedthere那里是怎樣試行這種新教學(xué)方法的？6.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：wasweredoing被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：waswerebeingdoneWewerecleaningtheclassroomthistimeyesterday.昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候我們?cè)诖驋呓淌?。Theclassroomwasbeingcleanedthistimeyesterday.昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候教室正在被打掃Theteachingplanwasbeingdiscussedatthattime.那時(shí)正在討論教學(xué)計(jì)劃。WastheTVsetbeingfixedthistimeyesterday昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候電視機(jī)正在被修理嗎？Thehousewasbeingpaintedwhenwearrivedathishome.我們到他家時(shí)，他家房子正在粉刷。7.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：hashavedone被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：hashavebeendoneTheclassroomlookstidy.Wehavecleanedit.教室看起來(lái)很整潔。我們已經(jīng)打掃了。Theclassroomlookstidy.Ithasbeencleaned.教室看起來(lái)很整潔。它已經(jīng)被打掃了ManyforeignfilmshavebeenshownonTVsincelastmonth.上個(gè)月以來(lái)，電視中播放了許多外國(guó)影片。Theradiohasnotbeenturnedonyet.收音機(jī)還沒(méi)開(kāi)。Hasanewtrainingcentrebeensetupinourtown我們鎮(zhèn)上新的培訓(xùn)中心建好了嗎？8.過(guò)去完成時(shí)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：haddone被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：hadbeendoneTheclassroomlookedtidy.Wehadcleanedit.教室看起來(lái)很整潔。我們已經(jīng)打掃過(guò)了。Theclassroomlookedtidy.Ithadbeencleaned.教室看起來(lái)很整潔。它已經(jīng)被打掃過(guò)了。HisnewlywrittennovelhadbeentranslatedintoEnglishbytheendoflastmonth.上個(gè)月末，他剛寫的小說(shuō)已被翻譯成了英語(yǔ)。Shetoldmethatshehadbeendismissedbyherboss.她告訴我，她的老板已把她解雇了。HerhomeworkhadnotbeenfinishedwhenIgothome.我到家的時(shí)候，她的作業(yè)還沒(méi)有完成。9.將來(lái)完成時(shí)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：willshallhavedone被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：willshallhavebeendoneWewillhavecleanedtheclassroombyfiveo'clock.我們將在五點(diǎn)之前打掃完教室。Theclassroomwillhavebeencleanedbyfiveo'clock.教室將在五點(diǎn)以前打掃完。Thenewbookswillhavebeenenteredintheregisterbeforeanotherparcelarrives.這些新書在下一批書到來(lái)前將登記完畢。Howmanyexpresswayswillhavebeencompletedbytheendofnextyear到明年年底將建成多少條高速公路？Beforeyoureturnmyworkwillhavebeendone.你回來(lái)前我的工作將會(huì)做完。10.過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：wouldhavedone被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：wouldhavebeendoneIsaidwewouldhavecleanedtheclassroomby500.我說(shuō)我們將在五點(diǎn)之前打掃完教室。Isaidtheclassroomwouldhavebeencleanedby500.我說(shuō)教室將在五點(diǎn)以前打掃完。Theheadmastersaidthearticlewouldhavebeentranslatedbytheendofnextmonth.校長(zhǎng)說(shuō)文章將在下月底翻譯好。Thedaywasdrawingnearwhenthedamwouldhavebeencompleted.大壩完工的日子不遠(yuǎn)了。Hetoldmethatpreparationswouldhavebeenfinishedby600.他告訴我準(zhǔn)備工作將在六點(diǎn)前完成。B.“get+過(guò)去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)除常用“be+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成外，還可用“get+過(guò)去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)多用在口語(yǔ)中，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果。Theboygothurtwhenhewasridingtoschool.那孩子騎車上學(xué)時(shí)受傷了。Didyourlettergetanswered你收到回信了嗎？注意：用“get+過(guò)去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，其后的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者（即by短語(yǔ)）一般不表示出來(lái)。Finallyhisbikegotrepaired.最后他的自行車得到了修理。AsIpassedby,myskirtgotcaughtonanail.我經(jīng)過(guò)的時(shí)候，我的裙子被釘子掛住了。C．“seemappear+過(guò)去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)“seemappear+過(guò)去分詞”也可以構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。Sheseemedannoyedbyhiswords.她似乎被他的話搞得很惱火。Thehouseappearsdeserted.這房子好像沒(méi)人居住。提示：并不是所有的“be+過(guò)去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中的be都能被get或seem,appear等詞代替?！菊`】Shegotborninasmallvillage.【正】Shewasborninasmallvillage.她出生在一個(gè)小村莊?！菊`】Theoldmangotofferedalargesumofmoney.【正】Theoldmanwasofferedalargesumofmoney.這位老人獲得了一大筆錢?！菊`】Colingotcaughtcheatingintheexam.【正】Colinwerecaughtcheatingintheexam.科林考試作弊被抓住了。D．被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中常用的介詞1．by表示動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或施加者Bywhomisthebookwritten這本書是誰(shuí)寫的？Thechildrenweredrivenindoorsbytherain.孩子們被雨趕進(jìn)了室內(nèi)。2．with表示用某種工具Thewolfwaskilledwithagun.狼被槍打死了