新高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)考點(diǎn)過關(guān)練考點(diǎn)03-名詞與語法填空（原卷版）

PAGE考點(diǎn)03名詞（原卷版）【命題解讀】 名詞和主謂一致是歷年高考的重要考點(diǎn)，常常出現(xiàn)在完形填空、語法填空和短文改錯題型中。名詞部分主要考查：①名詞的詞義辨析和習(xí)慣搭配②名詞的數(shù)（可數(shù)與不可數(shù)、單數(shù)與復(fù)數(shù)）③名詞的所有格④抽象名詞的具體化⑤名詞和冠詞的搭配 高考關(guān)于主謂一致的考查主要集中在一下三個方面：①語法一致②意義一致③就近原則【命題預(yù)測】 語法填空對名詞的考查仍然會成為高考的重點(diǎn)，主要集中在給出詞根進(jìn)行此類轉(zhuǎn)化，根據(jù)習(xí)慣用法或固定短語確定名詞，名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，所有格形式的變化。主謂一致一般會與名詞、動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)放在一起考查。【名師指導(dǎo)】1.整體把握，注意語境 從近年高考試題看，高考語法填空對名詞的考查離不開具體的語境，在語境中考查名詞的相關(guān)知識。做題時，既要全面、整體地看題干，還要注意分析句子成分，并根據(jù)提示詞來確定名詞的相關(guān)考點(diǎn)。通常，涉及名詞考點(diǎn)的試題包括：（1）根據(jù)語境判斷名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)；（2）提示詞是形容詞、動詞等此類，根據(jù)句子成分和詞綴知識加上相應(yīng)的后綴變成名詞；（3）名詞的固定搭配；（4）名詞的所有格及名詞的其他相關(guān)知識2.確定考點(diǎn)，注意搭配 語法填空對名詞的考查涉及名詞各方面的知識，解題時要注意首先根據(jù)提示信息確定考點(diǎn)，試題是考查名詞的詞類轉(zhuǎn)換，還是考查復(fù)數(shù)名詞、名詞的所有格，還是考查主謂一致、名詞的固定搭配等，確定了考點(diǎn)之后，再結(jié)合其他相關(guān)知識來做出正確解答。3.多記單詞，積累詞綴 高考對名詞的考查注重基礎(chǔ)，我們在平時的復(fù)習(xí)中要打好基礎(chǔ)，掌握足夠的考綱詞匯，并熟知其常見搭配和用法，并注意熟練掌握常用的名詞詞綴知識。4.巧用就近原則 當(dāng)主語是由or,nor,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso連接的并列成分時以及在therebe句型中，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)遵循就近原則?！局匾枷颉恳?、名詞的數(shù)；二、名詞作定語；三、名詞所有格；名詞的數(shù)【典例】【2021全國新高考Ⅰ卷語法填空】Therollingseaofcloudsyouseeonceyouareatthetopwillremindyouhowtinywe______(human)are.【名詞的數(shù)提分秘籍】名詞分為可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞。1．可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)(1)可數(shù)名詞變復(fù)數(shù)一般都是直接加-s；詞尾若是s，x，ch，sh，在詞尾加-esdesk→desks；dish→dishesstomach的復(fù)數(shù)形式是stomachs(2)以”輔音字母＋y”結(jié)尾的詞，要變y為i再加-esstudy→studies(3)以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞，變f或fe為-vesleaf→leaves(4)以字母o結(jié)尾的名詞，多數(shù)加-spiano→pianos(5)單、復(fù)數(shù)同形sheep；deer(6)單、復(fù)數(shù)都要加s的名詞works(工廠)；means(方法)有一些例外情況：(1)巧記以o結(jié)尾加-es的名詞：黑人英雄吃西紅柿和馬鈴薯。(即Negro，hero，tomato和potato四個詞)(2)巧記以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞在變復(fù)數(shù)時直接加-s：海灣(gulf)里的首領(lǐng)(chief)只相信(belief)放在屋頂(roof)保險箱(safe)里的證據(jù)(proof)。2．不可數(shù)名詞一般沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式，如果需要表示量，通常要用“a＋表量的概念的名詞＋of＋名詞”來表示，其中的表量的概念的名詞可以根據(jù)需要用復(fù)數(shù)形式apieceofpaper一張紙；severalpiecesofinformation幾條信息。通常情況下，抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞都是不可數(shù)名詞，如comfort，luck，rain，energy等。3．一些不可數(shù)名詞也有復(fù)數(shù)形式，但詞義不同語意語意brains智力times時代manners禮貌hairs幾根頭發(fā)goods貨物sands沙灘，沙漠a(chǎn)rms武器waters水域，領(lǐng)海snows積雪fruits水果glasses眼鏡papers論文；試卷；報紙greens青菜customs海關(guān)pains努力woods樹林4.抽象名詞、物質(zhì)名詞具體化(1)英語中有一類名詞在表示泛指意義時，它是一種概念，是不可數(shù)名詞，但當(dāng)它們被賦予了具體的含義后，可看作可數(shù)名詞，一般與不定冠詞連用，含有”一個(件、次)……的人或事”。如：beauty(美，美貌)→abeauty(一個美人或一件美物)danger(危險)→adanger(一件危險的事或一個危險的人)failure(失敗)→afailure(一件失敗的事或一個失敗的人)honour(光榮)→anhonour(一個帶來榮譽(yù)的人或一件帶來榮譽(yù)的事)must(必須)→amust(一件必要的事或物)worry(擔(dān)心)→aworry(一件令人擔(dān)心的事或一個令人擔(dān)憂的人)pity(遺憾)→apity(一件可惜的事)service(服務(wù))→aservice(一個服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu))smoke(煙)→asmoke(一縷煙)surprise(驚奇)→asurprise(一件令人吃驚的事)pleasure(樂趣)→apleasure(一件有趣的事)experience(經(jīng)驗(yàn))→anexperience(一次經(jīng)歷)(2)物質(zhì)名詞在表示構(gòu)成物體的基本要素時，是不可數(shù)名詞，但一旦表示具體物品，就變成了可數(shù)名詞。如：coffee(咖啡)→acoffee(一杯咖啡)sand(沙子)→asand(一片沙灘)iron(鐵)→aniron(一個熨斗)water(水)→awater(一片水域)抽象名詞有時還可用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：comfort(安慰)→comforts(舒適的設(shè)施)；joy(樂趣)→joys(樂事)；difficulty(困難)→difficulties(困難，難做的事)。還有的用在某些固定短語中，如：havealook(看一下)；afew，alittle(一些)；allofasudden(突然)；makeastudyof…(對……進(jìn)行研究)；inahurry(匆忙)等。5．有些可數(shù)名詞抽象為“某一概念”時，便轉(zhuǎn)化為不可數(shù)名詞aroom(房間)→room(空間)；aword(話，詞)→word(消息)；aspace(空地)→space(宇宙,空間);gotoschool/church/bed/college，etc(去上學(xué)/做禮拜/上床睡覺/上大學(xué)等)。6．有些詞只用作不可數(shù)名詞Fun,advice,news,information,furniture，equipment，baggage/luggage，bread,homework，housework，juice，weather，progress，practice等。7．常見復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)looker-on→lookers-on旁觀者；passer-by→passers-by過路人；father-in-law→fathers-in-law岳父；comrade-in-arms→comrades-in-arms戰(zhàn)友；go-between→go-betweens中間人；grown-up→grown-ups成年人；store-keeper→store-keepers店主；tooth-brush→tooth-brushes牙刷。8．英語中集合名詞的”數(shù)”有三種情況(1)“形單義復(fù)”的名詞：這類集合名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如：cattle牛；police警察；people人們(作民族、種族講時復(fù)數(shù)為peoples)；youth青年人(youths指青年們)。(2)“形單義單”的名詞：這類集合名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。如：baggage/luggage行李；clothing衣服；furniture家具；machinery機(jī)械；man/mankind人類。(3)有些集合名詞作整體看時，當(dāng)單數(shù)用，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；作其“成員”解時，當(dāng)復(fù)數(shù)用，且形式不變，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如：family家；government政府；group組；team隊(duì)；class班級；audience聽眾。名詞作定語【典例】【2021浙江卷6月語法填空】In1844theyboughtitfor$1,200andsomelandfromCharlesDresser,whoperformedtheir______（marry）ceremonyin1842.【名詞作定語提分秘籍】1．名詞作定語時，幾乎總是用單數(shù)形式(即使在意義上是復(fù)數(shù))。如：radioprograms電臺節(jié)目。2．man/woman作定語修飾名詞時，隨名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)變化一起變化。如：amandoctor一名男大夫；twomendoctors兩名男大夫。但girl與boy作定語仍用單數(shù)形式，如manyboystudents許多男學(xué)生。3．還有少數(shù)名詞作定語時，形式不變。如：aclothesshop一個服裝店；asportsman一位運(yùn)動員；acustomsofficer一位海關(guān)官員；agoodstrain一列貨車；asalesmanager一個營銷經(jīng)理；asavingsoffice一個儲蓄所。名詞所有格【典例】【2021浙江卷語法填空】Itiscalculatedbydividinga______(person)weightinkgbytheirheightinmeterssquared,andaBMIofbetween19and25isconsideredhealthy.【名詞作定語提分秘籍】英語名詞的所有格構(gòu)成如下：構(gòu)成情況舉例單數(shù)名詞后加“’s”aboy’sseat，thestudent’sbag以-s結(jié)尾的人名只加“’”Charles’home詞尾為-s的復(fù)數(shù)名詞后只加“’”thegirls’names，Teachers’Day表示時間、距離、機(jī)構(gòu)、團(tuán)體、地名以及可擬人化的名詞后加“’s”today’snewspaper，anhour’swork，China’sindustry數(shù)量詞(a，two，some，no...)＋名詞＋of＋名詞所有格somefriendsofmyfather’s名詞＋of＋名詞所有格(往往含有感情色彩)thelectureofMr.Yang’s注意：無生命的名詞(能擬人化的名詞除外)可用of表示所屬關(guān)系。如：thewindowsoftheclassroom，thetopofthemountain。所修飾的名詞為“診所、住宅或其他處所”時，被修飾的名詞常省略。如：atthedoctor’s(clinic)在診所；tomyuncle’s(house)到我叔叔家；inthemanager’s(office)在經(jīng)理辦公室；atthebarber’s/tailor’s(shop)在理發(fā)店/裁縫鋪。另外，表示并列的名詞“共有某物”時，只在最后一個名詞后加“‘s”；如果表示“各自所有”，則在每個名詞后加’s。如：LucyandMary’sdesk露西和瑪麗共用的課桌；Lucy’sandMary’sdesks露西和瑪麗各自的課桌。（2022.1浙江卷語法填空）Whentheanswerwasno,shedeclinedthe

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(invite).（2021.6新高考1卷語法填空）Whileyou'reinChina,MountHuangshanis

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musttovisit!（2021.6新高考二卷）Acompany____44____(represent)wrotebackandtoldmetheairlinewasswitchingover_____45_____plastictopapercupsonallofits1,200dailyflights.（2021.6新高考1卷語法填空）Therollingseaofcloudsyouseeonceyouareatthetopwillremindyouhowtinywe

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(human)are.（2021.6全國甲卷語法填空）Supposedlyyoucandoitintwohours,butwestoppedatthedifferentgatesand

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(activity)thererangefromwhalewatchingtohiking（遠(yuǎn)足）andaccommodationsaim

tohavealowimpactonthenaturalenvironment.（2021.1浙江卷語法填空）Itiscalculatedbydividinga

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(person)weightinkgbytheirheightinmeterssquared,andaBMIofbetween19and25

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(consider)healthy.（2021.6全國甲卷語法填空）Ittookusabout3hourstogoall

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wayaroundtheXi'anCityWall.（2021.6全國乙卷語法填空）Dueto

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growingpopularityofenvironmentally-relatedandadventuretravel,varioustypes

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tripsarenowbeingclassifiedasecotourism.Actually,atrueeco-friendlytripmustmeetthefollowingprinciples:（2021.6浙江卷語法填空）

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Lincolnsenlargedthehousetoafulltwostoriesin1856tomeettheneedsoftheirgrowingfamily.（2021.6浙江卷語法填空）In1844theyboughtit

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(marry)ceremonyin1842.（2021.6全國乙卷語法填空）Itisdifferentfromtraditionaltourismbecauseitallowsthetravelertobecome

educatedabouttheareas—bothintermsofgeographicalconditionsandculturalcharacteristics,andoftenprovidesmoneyforconservationandbenefitsthe

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(develop)ofthelocalareas.（2020·新課標(biāo)=1\*ROMANI卷語法填空）Thefarsideofthemoonisofparticular64(interesting)toscientistsbecauseithasalotofdeepcraters(環(huán)形山),moreso65thefamiliarnearside.（2020·新課標(biāo)=2\*ROMANII卷語法填空）ChineseNewYearisa61(celebrate)markingtheendofthewinterseasonandthebeginningofspring.【2019·浙江卷·語法填空】Everybodywears___57___samestyleofclothes.【2018·新課標(biāo)卷I·語法填空】Twooftheauthorsofthereviewalsomadeastudypublishedin2014that/whichshowedamerefiveto10【2018·新課標(biāo)卷II·語法填空】Cornproductionhasjumpednearly125percentover___62___past25years,whilericehasincreasedonly7percent.【2018·新課標(biāo)卷III·語法填空】Unexpectedly,I'mface-to-facewiththegorilla,whobeginsscreamingat____62____topofherlungs.Thatmakesherbabyscream,andthena400-poundmaleappears.【2018·新課標(biāo)卷III·語法填空】MynameisMireyaMayor.I'ma___66___(science)whostudiesanimalssuchasapesandmonkeys.【2018·浙江卷·語法填空】FewpeopleIknowseemtohavemuchdesireortimetocook.MakingChinese56(dish)isseenasespeciallytroublesome.【2018·浙江卷·語法填空】FResearchershavefoundthatthereisadirectlinkbetweentheincreaseinfoodeatenoutsidethehomeandtherisein64(weigh)problems.【2017·新課標(biāo)卷II·語法填空】Itranforjustundersevenkilometersandallowedpeopletoavoidterrible61(crowd)ontheroadsaboveastheytravelledtoandfromwork.【2017·新課標(biāo)卷II·語法填空】Thisincludeddigginguptheroad,laying(lay)thetrackandthenbuildingastrongroofover64top.（2022·重慶·一模）Theprojectwascompletedsoquicklybecausetheworkershadbeenarrangedintosevenunitstoundertakedifferent___57___(task)atthesametime.（2022·新疆·布爾津縣高級中學(xué)一模）Eachperson'shandwritingisuniqueandconveysanindividual's_____10_____(personal)andemotion.（2022·云南·一模）TheopeningoftheChina-LaosRailwaywillthushelpspeedthe___19___(develop)oftheChina-LaosEconomicCorridor,andwillfurtheradvancethebuildingofaChina-Laoscommunitywith_a_sharedfuture.（2022·陜西省榆林中學(xué)二模）IntheRepublicofKorea,youngpeoplearegivingupon____27____(marry)andhomeowner-ship.（2022·河南·模擬預(yù)測）Thisgameadoptedwater____50____(conserve)andusedotherrecyclingmaterialstoensuretheecosystemwaswellprotected.（2022·重慶·一模）Measuring246kilometresin___58___(long),thenewNanlongRailwayisamaintransportlinkbetweensouth-eastChinaand___59___(center)China.（2021·諸暨市5月模擬·語法填空·T8）…butifyouconvenientlythrowitout,windandrun-offcarrythewastedownthesewer(污水管)anddirectlytotheocean,affectingthemarinelifeincludingthefish,amainsourceoffoodfor___8___(human).（2021·成都三診·語法填空·T2）Itseemsthatpeopleinwesterncountriesarebecomingincreasinglyworriedaboutthesideeffectsofdrugs,andareturningtovarious___2___(treatment)suchasyoga,reflexologyandacupuncture(針灸)tocomplement,orsometimesevenreplace,westernmedicine.（2021·成都三診·語法填空·T7）Imadean___7___(appoint)withtheacupuncturistinmyareaandturnedupathisroomthefollowingmorning.（2021·臺州市4月調(diào)考·語法填空·T4）Ifwechooselong-lastingclothes,ithelpssolvetwokey______4______(issue)atonce-overconsumptionandthedecliningqualityofmanyclothesinstoresthesedays.（2021?珠海市二模?語法填空?T3）Discoveriesmadeatthesitecandatebacktothe12thand11hcenturiesBC,andmanyofthe____3____(item)arenowondisplayatanon-sitemuseum.（2021?珠海市二模?語法填空?T4）Thesitehasrevolutionizedexperts'understandingofhowcivilizationevolvedinancientChina.Inparticular,____4____(evident)ofauniqueShuculturesuggeststhatthekingdomdevelopedindependentlyofneighboringsocietiesintheYellowRiverValley,whichwastraditionallyconsideredtobethecradleofChinesecivilization.（2021?肇慶市三模?語法填空?T10）Extremeweathereventscanworsenmanyofthesehealth____10_____(threat).（2021?漳州一中新高考模擬?語法填空?T5）Bythetimeofhisdeathhewasthebest-sellingChineseauthor,andover100million___5__(copy)ofhisworkshavebeensoldworldwide.（2021?玉林市一模?語法填空?T9）McKinstryholdsthe____9____(believe)thattheBritisharefunny.（2021?永春縣第三次聯(lián)考?語法填空?T9）OnWeibo,thebreakingnewshasbeensentbyatleasttensofthousandsofusersandreceivedcountless____9____(thumb-up).【遼寧省葫蘆島市2021屆高三模擬】Itrunson______(battery)andisprogramedtoreturntowhereitstartedfromwhenitspassengergetsoff.【江蘇省如皋市2021屆高三調(diào)研】Accordingtothestudy,theaccidentsofforeignobjectsinchildrenisgenerallyattributedto______(curious).【江蘇省如皋市2021屆高三調(diào)研】Thisiswhymanytoyscontain______(warn)aboutsmallparts.【江蘇省南通市通州區(qū)2021屆高三質(zhì)量監(jiān)測】Asaresult,itprovidesaterrificfull-bodyworkout,improvingcoordination,flexibility,balanceandmuscle______（strong).【江蘇省海安高級中學(xué)2021屆高三五調(diào)】KatariaLaughterClubsarepoppingupinresponsetopeople’sneedtohandle______(press).【江蘇省常州高級中學(xué)2021屆高三調(diào)研】ThroughWesterncolorandChinesepaintingtechniques,DenghasbeenlookingforacrossingbetweenEasternandWesternart______(style).【湖南省長沙市一中2021屆高三三調(diào)】Don'tdothisinanobviouswaybecausethisisannoying，butdoitwithouthisawarenessofyour______(intend)．【湖南省長沙市一中2021屆高三三調(diào)】Occupyhimwith______(activity)andappointments.【湖北省宜昌市2021屆高三聯(lián)考】DespitetheCOVID-19pandemic,Beijing2022reportedthat______(construct)ofcompetitionvenues(場館)remainedontracktobecompletedbytheendofthisyear.【湖北省宜昌市2021屆高三聯(lián)考】Asglobaltravelrestrictionsarelikelytoremainforthecomingmonths,Beijing2022organizershavedecidedtocancelaseriesoftest______(event).【湖北省孝感高中2021屆高三模擬】Manycompetitorsspendbigmoneytogettheir______(hand)ontop-performingbirds.【湖北省孝感高級中學(xué)2021屆高三調(diào)研】Butofallthe______(challenge),makinggoodfriendsmightbethemostimportant.【湖北省孝感高級中學(xué)2021屆高三調(diào)研】Researchersfoundthatthosewithstrong.closebondswiththeirfriendsatagefifteenweremorelikelytobehealthyandhappylater.Importantly,______(popular),definedaslotsofpeoplelikingyougenerallybutnotclosely,wasn'tfoundtohavethesamebenefitasclosefriends.【湖北省武漢外國語學(xué)校2021屆高三調(diào)研】Withalltheevidencehegather