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專題07閱讀理解之細(xì)節(jié)題(原卷版)文章主題和中心思想的闡述往往需要大量細(xì)節(jié)信息的支持,這些細(xì)節(jié)對于理解全文內(nèi)容至關(guān)重要,同時也是歸納和概括文章中心思想的基礎(chǔ)。命題人員往往會要求考生根據(jù)不同的要求,閱讀文章以獲得某些特定的信息或準(zhǔn)確地尋求所需的細(xì)節(jié)。這類試題有時比較直接,理解字面意思即可;有時則較為間接,需要?dú)w納、概括和推理才能答題。一、思維導(dǎo)圖二、方法點(diǎn)撥 1.設(shè)問方式和考題類型常針對文中細(xì)節(jié)提問,可直接或間接在文章中找到答案。1.是非題形式:true/false或except?AllofthefollowingaretrueEXCEPT_____.2.特殊疑問句形式:Accordingtothepassage,who/what/when/where/why/how…3.填空題形式,如:Toavoidattractingmountainlions,peopleareadvised_____ 2.題目類型1.Wh-細(xì)節(jié)型2.是非型3.計(jì)算型4.排序型5.圖標(biāo)型 3.細(xì)節(jié)題選項(xiàng)特征(一)細(xì)節(jié)理解題正確選項(xiàng)特征同義替換指對原文句子中的關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行同義替換。如把loseone'sjob換成了beoutofwork。有些細(xì)節(jié)理解題把原文中的一些詞變換一下詞性,如把important變換成ofimportance;改變原文中句子的語態(tài),如主動語態(tài)與被動語態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換。信息歸納用精煉的語言來概括原文中比較分散或復(fù)雜的信息,設(shè)置為正確答案。正話反說把原文中的意思反過來表達(dá)而成為正確選項(xiàng)。原文原詞利用原文原詞作為正確選項(xiàng)。(二)細(xì)節(jié)理解題干擾選項(xiàng)特征張冠李戴是原文信息,但不是題目要求的內(nèi)容。無中生有符合常識,但不是文章的內(nèi)容。曲解文意與原文的內(nèi)容極其相似,只是在某個細(xì)節(jié)處有些變動。顛倒是非在意思上與原文大相徑庭甚至完全相反。正誤參半部分正確,部分錯誤。 4.定位詞尋找技巧1.定位詞的選用(1)特殊定位詞在很多題目當(dāng)中會出現(xiàn)人名、地名、數(shù)字、年份和大寫字母縮寫這五類特殊詞。因?yàn)樗鼈兊奶攸c(diǎn)是在一篇多數(shù)是英文小寫字母的文章里非常的醒目,所以很快就能夠做到精確定位。[示例1]HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengineers.Forthepasttwoyears,Gordon’sstudentshavebeenstudyingwaystokillbacteriainzerogravity,andtheythinkthey’reclosetoasolution(解決方案).“Wedon’tgivethestudentsanybreaks.TheyhavetodoitjustlikeNASAengineers,”saysFlorenceGold,aprojectmanager.33.WhatisthepurposeoftheHUNCHprogram?A.Tostrengthenteacher-studentrelationships.B.Tosharpenstudents’communicationskills.C.Toallowstudentstoexperiencezerogravity.D.Tolinkspacetechnologywithschooleducation.(2)普通定位詞普通定位詞與特殊定位詞相比,出現(xiàn)的幾率更高。當(dāng)我們看到題中沒有特殊定位詞的情況下,要思考的就是在這道似乎沒有啥重點(diǎn)的詞語中挑選出最能幫助我們快速找到定位的詞語??梢援?dāng)做定位詞的首選是名詞,其次是動詞。[示例2]InSaveMoney:GoodFood,shevisitsadifferenthomeeachweekandwiththehelpofchefMattTebbuttofferstoptipsonhowtoreducefoodwaste,whilepreparingrecipesforunder£5perfamilyaday.AndtheGoodMorningBritainpresentersaysshe’sbeenabletoputalotofwhatshe’slearntintopracticeinherownhome,preparingmealsforsons,Sam,14,F(xiàn)inn,13,andJack,11.25.HowdoesMattTebbutthelpSusanna?A.Hebuyscookingmaterialsforher.B.Hepreparesfoodforherkids.C.Heassistsherincookingmatters.D.Heinvitesguestfamiliesforher.2.挑選定位詞的注意點(diǎn)(1)文章中的高頻詞不能作為定位詞定位詞的最大優(yōu)勢就是可以縮小閱讀范圍,如果我們定位了一個在文章中處處可能出現(xiàn)的詞語,那就失去了定位的意義。(2)定位詞和文中詞有可能是詞義轉(zhuǎn)換在實(shí)際做題過程中還要注意,不是所有的題目都可以用定位詞來定位的。而且如果是遇到細(xì)節(jié)信息定位題,很多時候定位詞的作用被削弱了,因?yàn)轭}目中的詞和文中的詞會以同義詞替換的形式出現(xiàn)。所以建議考生一方面要掌握如何去找定位詞,另外一方面要提高自己的閱讀詞匯量,尤其是同義詞轉(zhuǎn)換,這樣才能一擊必中,快速找到答案出現(xiàn)的地方解決問題。[示例1]CherryBlossomBikeTourinWashington,D.C.Duration:3hoursThissmallgroupbiketourisafantasticwaytoseetheworld-famouscherrytreeswithbeautifulflowersofWashington,D.C.Yourguidewillprovideahistorylessonaboutthetreesandthefamousmonumentswheretheyblossom.Reserveyourspotbeforeavailability—andthecherryblossoms—disappear!21.Whichtourdoyouneedtobookinadvance?A.CherryBlossomBikeTourinWashington,D.C.B.WashingtonCapitalMonumentsBicycleTour.C.CapitalCityBikeTourinWashington,D.C.D.WashingtonCapitalSitesatNightBicycleTour. 5.解題流程細(xì)節(jié)理解題有時比較直接,理解字面意思即可答題;有時則較為間接,需要?dú)w納、概括和推理才能答題。細(xì)節(jié)理解題占閱讀理解總題量的60%左右,是最重要的得分點(diǎn)。細(xì)節(jié)理解題無論以怎樣的方式提問,考生都要記住一個解題原則——“本本主義”,一切從原文出發(fā),無須讀很多段落甚至全文后去歸納總結(jié)、分析推理,正確答案就對應(yīng)原文的某一處具體信息??梢杂脙刹椒ń忸}。一.直接信息題考生可以采取“關(guān)鍵詞定位法”,即“帶著問題找答案”的方法,通過定位找題眼。先從題干中提取關(guān)鍵性詞語(題眼),然后以此為線索,運(yùn)用略讀及尋讀的技巧快速在文章中尋找與此關(guān)鍵詞相關(guān)的段落、語句,快速定位該題與哪一段哪一句有關(guān),然后仔細(xì)推敲,仔細(xì)比較所給選項(xiàng)與文中細(xì)節(jié)的細(xì)微區(qū)別,在準(zhǔn)確理解細(xì)節(jié)的前提下,最后確定答案。簡言之,可采用“一找二定三比對”的方法。解題流程如下:做題小技巧:1.若針對特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號,舉例子,名人名言出題,只需要閱讀符號,例子,名言前后的內(nèi)容,然后與選項(xiàng)核對。2.在出現(xiàn)一些關(guān)鍵詞,如however、but、moreover、therefore、thus時,要特別注意句子前后意義的轉(zhuǎn)折,遞進(jìn),因果等關(guān)系。3.細(xì)節(jié)題的答案一般是同義替換項(xiàng)或者同義轉(zhuǎn)換項(xiàng)4.選項(xiàng)中有絕對語氣詞的一般不是答案。如:must,never,themost,all,merely,only,haveto,any,no,completely,none,等。但不是絕對,也有例外。5.注意選項(xiàng)中的副詞,形容詞和介詞短語等與原文是否一致。如:must,may,often,should,usually,might,most,moreorless,likely,all,never,few等存在程度不同,經(jīng)常被偷換,往往被忽視。6.細(xì)節(jié)題干擾項(xiàng)特點(diǎn):與原文內(nèi)容相反;與原文內(nèi)容一半相符,一半不同;敘述過于絕對化;原文沒有提及.例子1…Ifoundthepre-holidaysagoodtimetoencourageyoungchildrentodonateless-usedthings,anditworked.Becauseofourefforts,ourdaughterGeorgiadiddecidetodonatealargebagoftoystoalittlegirlwhosemotherwasunabletopayforherholidayduetoillness.Shechosetosellafewlargerobjectsthatwerelessoftenusedwhenwepromisedtoputthemoneyintoherschoolfund(基金)(ourkindergartendaughterisseriousaboutbecomingadoctor).…33.WhatmadeGeorgiaagreetosellsomeofherobjects?A.Savingupforherholiday.B.Raisingmoneyforapoorgirl.C.Addingthemoneytoherfund.D.Givingthemoneytoasickmother.[解題示范]第一步:定信息區(qū)間抓關(guān)鍵題干中的關(guān)鍵詞:Georgia,sell,objects鎖信息定位:用Georgia,sell,objects尋讀,在文中找到信息源——Shechosetosellafewlargerobjectsthatwerelessoftenusedwhenwepromisedtoputthemoneyintoherschoolfund(基金)(ourkindergartendaughterisseriousaboutbecomingadoctor).第二步:比對定答案選項(xiàng)選項(xiàng)意思定位A為她的假期儲蓄。曲解文意B為一個貧困女孩募捐。曲解文意C把錢放入她的基金。同義替換D把錢送給一個生病的媽媽。無中生有[分析]選C比對選項(xiàng)和信息句可知,女兒愿意賣幾件玩具,是因?yàn)槲覀兂兄Z把錢放入她的求學(xué)基金;選項(xiàng)和原文中均出現(xiàn)fund一詞,故為直接細(xì)節(jié)理解題。故選C。二.間接信息題相比直接信息題,命題的隱蔽性更強(qiáng),正確選項(xiàng)一般都會在原文基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行改造。此類題目需要考生將題目信息與原文相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行語義上的轉(zhuǎn)換,有時還需要進(jìn)一步的加工或整理。例子2…Ofthecommonberries,strawberriesarehighestinvitaminC,although,becauseoftheirseeds,raspberriescontainalittlemoreprotein(蛋白質(zhì)),ironandzinc(notthatfruitshavemuchprotein).Blueberriesareparticularlyhighinantioxidants(抗氧化物質(zhì)).TheyellowandorangestonefruitssuchaspeachesarehighinthecarotenoidsweturnintovitaminAandwhichareantioxidants.Asforcherries(櫻桃),theyaresodeliciouswhocares?However,theyarerichinvitaminC.…24.Whatdoestheauthorseemtolikeaboutcherries?A.Theycontainprotein.B.TheyarehighinvitaminA.C.Theyhaveapleasanttaste.D.Theyarerichinantioxidants.[解題示范]第一步:定信息區(qū)間抓關(guān)鍵題干中的關(guān)鍵詞:cherries鎖信息定位:用cherries尋讀,在文中找到信息源——Asforcherries(櫻桃),theyaresodeliciouswhocares?However,theyarerichinvitaminC.第二步:比對定答案選項(xiàng)選項(xiàng)意思定位A它們含有蛋白質(zhì)。張冠李戴B它們富含維生素A。張冠李戴C它們口感好。同義替換D它們含有豐富的抗氧化物質(zhì)。張冠李戴[分析]選C根據(jù)該段最后一句“Asforcherries(櫻桃),theyaresodeliciouswhocares?However,theyarerichinvitaminC.”可知,原文中的theyaresodelicious被替換成選項(xiàng)中的Theyhaveapleasanttaste,為間接細(xì)節(jié)理解題。故選C。三.概括、歸納信息題是指命題人用精煉的語言來概括原文中比較分散或復(fù)雜的信息,這是命題人設(shè)計(jì)細(xì)節(jié)理解題的正確選項(xiàng)時經(jīng)常使用的手段之一。考生首先應(yīng)依據(jù)題干指向,找到文中相應(yīng)的信息區(qū)間,然后嘗試用自己的語言去歸納總結(jié)文中的信息或事實(shí),然后再看選項(xiàng),挑選出和自己所歸納總結(jié)的信息最接近的選項(xiàng)作為正確答案。例子3…Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200languages;theAmericasabout1,000;Africa2,400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber(中位數(shù))ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld'slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.…30.Howmanylanguagesarespokenbylessthan6,000peopleatpresent?A.About6,800. B.About3,400.C.About2,400. D.About1,200.[解題示范]第一步:定信息區(qū)間抓關(guān)鍵題干中的關(guān)鍵詞:6,000鎖信息定位:用6,000尋讀,在文中找到信息源——Themediannumber(中位數(shù))ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld'slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.第二步:比對定答案選項(xiàng)選項(xiàng)意思原文意思定位A大約6800種。6800為現(xiàn)在世界現(xiàn)存語言數(shù)量。張冠李戴B大約3400種。世界語言總量的一半即為3400。信息歸納C大約2400種。2400為非洲語言數(shù)量。張冠李戴D大約1200種。數(shù)字1200在原文中沒有出現(xiàn),也無法做出有效歸納。無中生有[分析]選B根據(jù)本段第一句“Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.”可知,目前世界上有大約6800種語言;再根據(jù)最后一句“Themediannumber(中位數(shù))ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld'slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.”可知,目前世界上一半的語言的使用人數(shù)少于6000,也就是說有大約3400種語言的使用人數(shù)少于6000。根據(jù)以上數(shù)據(jù)的歸納概括可知B項(xiàng)為正確選項(xiàng)。四.正誤判斷題是細(xì)節(jié)理解題中解題比較繁瑣的題目,說其繁瑣,因?yàn)槠湫畔⒉幌衿渌愵}目那樣集中在文章的某一句或某一段,而是分散在文章的各個角落。對于這類題目,考生要靜下心來,看清范圍,確定方向,找到每一個選項(xiàng)的對應(yīng)信息后,謹(jǐn)慎排除,綜合選優(yōu)。例子4FoodfestivalsaroundtheworldStiltonCheeseRollingMayDayisatraditionaldayforcelebrations,butthe2,000EnglishvillagersofStiltonmustbetheonlypeopleintheworldwhoincludecheeserollingintheirannualplans.Teamsoffour,dressedinavarietyofstrangeandfunnyclothes,rollacompletecheesealonga50-metrecourse.Ontheway,theymustnotkickorthrowtheircheese,orgointotheircompetitors'lane(賽道).CompetitionisfierceandthechiefprizeisacompleteStiltoncheeseweighingaboutfourkilos(disappointingly,butunderstandablythecheesesusedintheracearewoodenones).Allthecompetitorsareservedwithbeerorportwine,thetraditionalaccompanimentforStiltoncheese.FieryFoodsFestival—TheHottestFestivalonEarthEveryyearmorethan10,000peopleheadforthecityofAlbuquerque,NewMexico.TheycomefromasfarawayasAustralia,theCaribbeanandChina,buttheyallshareacommonaddiction—foodthatisnotjustspicy(辛辣),buthotenoughtomakeyourmouthburn,yourheadspinandyoureyeswater.TheirdestinationistheFieryFoodandBBQFestivalwhichisheldoveraperiodofthreedayseveryMarch.Youmightliketotryachocolate-coveredhabaneropepper—officiallythehottestpepperintheworld—oranyoneofthethousandsofproductsthatareonshow.Butonething'sforsure—ifyoudon'tlikethefeelingofaburningtongue,thisfestivalisn'tforyou!LaTomatina—TheWorld'sBiggestFoodFightOnthelastWednesdayofeveryAugust,theSpanishtownofBu?olhostsLaTomatina—theworld'slargestfoodfight.Aweek-longcelebrationleadsuptoanexcitingtomatobattleasthehighlightoftheweek'sevents.Theearlymorningseesthearrivaloflargetruckswithtomatoes—officialfight-startersgetthingsgoingbycastingtomatoesatthecrowd.…59.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A.ThechiefprizefortheStiltoncheeserollingcompetitionisbeerorportwine.B.Morethan10,000ChinesetakepartintheFieryFoodandBBQFestival.C.ThousandsofspicyfoodsareonshowintheFieryFoodandBBQFestival.D.AnexcitingtomatobattletakesplaceatthebeginningofLaTomatina.[解題示范]第一步:定信息區(qū)間選項(xiàng)選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞信息區(qū)間AThechiefprizefortheStiltoncheeserollingcompetition第一段第四句BMorethan10,000Chinese第二段第一、二句CThousandsofspicyfoodsareonshow第二段倒數(shù)第二句DAnexcitingtomatobattletakesplaceatthebeginning第三段第二句第二步:逐一比對定答案選項(xiàng)選項(xiàng)意思原文意思定位AStilton滾動奶酪比賽的主要獎品是啤酒或波爾圖葡萄酒。獎品是acompleteStiltoncheese。張冠李戴B一萬多名中國人參加FieryFoodandBBQFestival。參加者來自世界各地。曲解文意C在FieryFoodandBBQFestival上,成千上萬種辛辣食物被展出。展出了成千上萬種食物。同義替換D在LaTomatina節(jié)日的開始,會舉行一場激動人心的“西紅柿大戰(zhàn)”?!拔骷t柿大戰(zhàn)”發(fā)生在節(jié)日結(jié)尾,而不是節(jié)日的開始。曲解文意[答案]C三、高考真題2022年6月新高考1卷BProducingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthewater,fuel,andotherresourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact,Roytewrites,“iffoodwastewereacountry,itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld.”Ifthat’shardtounderstand,let’skeepitassimpleasthearugulaatthebackofmyrefrigerator.MikeCurtinseesmyarugulastoryallthetime—butforhim,it'smorelike12bonesofdonatedstrawberriesnearingtheirlastdays.CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington,D.C.,whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecoveredmorethan807,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished(有瑕疵的)producethatotherwisewouldhaverottedinfields.Andthestrawberries?Volunteerswillwash,cut,andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.Suchmethodsseemobvious,yetsooftenwejustdon’tthink.“Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste,whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon’teat,”Curtinsays.25.Whatisaconsequenceoffoodwasteaccordingtothetest?A.Moraldecline. B.Environmentalharm.C.Energyshortage. D.Worldwidestarvation.26.WhatdoesCurtin’scompanydo?A.Itproduceskitchenequipment. B.Itturnsrottenarugulaintocleanfuel.C.Ithelpslocalfarmersgrowfruits. D.Itmakesmealsoutofunwantedfood.27.WhatdoesCurtinsuggestpeopledo?A.Buyonlywhatisneeded. B.Reducefoodconsumption.C.Goshoppingonceaweek. D.Eatinrestaurantslessoften.2022年6月新高考1卷DHumanspeechcontainsmorethan2,000differentsounds,fromthecommon“m”and“a”totherareclicksofsomesouthernAfricanlanguages.Butwhyarecertainsoundsmorecommonthanothers?Aground-breaking,five-yearstudyshowsthatdiet-relatedchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsoundsthatarenowfoundinhalftheworld’slanguages.Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas“f”and“v”,weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamiánBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned(對齊),makingithardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure(結(jié)構(gòu)),makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.32.WhichaspectofthehumanspeechsounddoesDamiánBlasi’sresearchfocuson?A.Itsvariety. B.Itsdistribution. C.Itsquantity. D.Itsdevelopment.33.Whywasitdifficultforancienthumanadultstoproducelabiodentals?A.Theyhadfewerupperteeththanlowerteeth.B.Theycouldnotopenandclosetheirlipseasily.C.Theirjawswerenotconvenientlystructured.D.Theirlowerfrontteethwerenotlargeenough.2022年6月全國甲卷BGoffin’scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshowntohavesimilarshape-recognitionabilitiestoahumantwo-year-old.Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshaveprovedskilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.Inarecentexperiment,cockatooswerepresentedwithaboxwithanutinsideit.Theclearfrontoftheboxhada“keyhole”inageometricshape,andthebirdsweregivenfivedifferentlyshaped“keys”tochoosefrom.Insertingthecorrect“key”wouldletoutthenut.Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage,butitwillbeanotheryearbeforetheyareabletodothesamewithlesssymmetrical(對稱的)shapes.Thisabilitytorecognizethatashapewillneedtobeturnedinaspecificdirectionbeforeitwillfitiscalledan“allocentricframeofreference”.Intheexperiment,Goffin’scockatooswereabletoselecttherighttoolforthejob,inmostcases,byvisualrecognitionalone.Wheretrial-and-errorwasused,thecockatoosdidbetterthanmonkeysinsimilartests.Thisindicatesthat24.Howdidthecockatoosgetthenutfromtheboxintheexperiment?A.Byfollowinginstructions. B.Byusingatool.C.Byturningtheboxaround. D.Byremovingthelid.25.Whichtaskcanhumanone-year-oldsmostlikelycompleteaccordingtothetext?A.Usingakeytounlockadoor. B.Tellingparrotsfromotherbirds.C.Puttingaballintoaroundhole. D.Groupingtoysofdifferentshapes.2022年6月全國甲卷CAftertakingadegreeatChichesterUniversityinRelatedArts,Ginnibegantotraveltheworld,eventuallygettingworkteachingEnglishinJapanandChile.AnditwasinChileshediscoveredshecouldgetlast-minutecheapdealsonshipsgoingtoAntarcticafromtheislandsoffTierradelFuego,thesouthernmosttipoftheSouthAmericanmainland.“IjustdecidedIwantedtogo,”shesays.“IhadnoideaaboutwhatI’dfindthereandIwasn’tnervous,Ijustwantedtodoit.AndIwantedtodoitaloneasIalwayspreferitthatway.”Therealizationthatthisisapreciousland,toberespectedbyhumans,wasoneofthebiggestthingsthathithometoGinni.29.WhatmadeGinnidecideonthetriptoAntarctica?A.Lovelypenguins. B.Beautifulscenery.C.Adiscountfare. D.Afriend’sinvitation.30.WhatdoesGinnithinkaboutAntarcticaafterthejourney?A.Itcouldbeahomeforher. B.Itshouldbeeasilyaccessible.C.Itshouldbewellpreserved. D.Itneedstobefullyintroduced.2022年6月全國甲卷DAndrewReynolds,acheerfulfellowinhisearly30s,pilotsSydneyferryboatsforaliving.Ispentthewholemorningshuttlingbackandforthacrosstheharbor.AfterourthirdrunAndrewshutdowntheengine,andwewentourseparateways—heforalunchbreak,Itoexplorethecity.33.WhatcanwelearnaboutAndrewReynolds?A.Hegoestoworkbyboat. B.Helooksforwardtoanewlife.C.Hepilotscatamaranswell. D.Heisattachedtotheoldferries.2022年6月全國乙卷BIn1916,twogirlsofwealthyfamilies,bestfriendsfromAuburn,N.Y.—DorothyWoodruffandRosamondUnderwood—traveledtoasettlementintheRockyMountainstoteachinaone-roomschoolhouse.ThegirlshadgonetoSmithCollege.Theyworeexpensiveclothes.SoforthemtomovetoElkhead,Colo.toinstructthechildrenwhoseshoeswereheldtogetherwithstringwasasurprise.TheirstayinElkheadisthesubjectofNothingDaunted:TheUnexpectedEducationofTwoSocietyGirlsintheWestbyDorothyWickenden,whoisamagazineeditorandDorothyWoodruff’sgranddaughter.InWickenden’sbook,sheexpandedonthehistoryoftheWestandalsoonfeminism,whichofcourseinfluencedthegirls’decisiontogotoElkhead.Ahair-raisingsectionconcernsthebuildingoftherailroads,whichentailed(牽涉)drillingthroughtheRockies,ofteninblindingsnowstorms.ThebookendswithRosamondandDorothy’sreturntoAuburn.24.WhydidDorothyandRosamondgototheRockyMountains?A.Toteachinaschool. B.TostudyAmericanhistory.C.Towriteabook. D.Todosightseeing.26.WhichpartofWickenden’swritingishair-raising?A.TheextremeclimateofAuburn. B.ThelivingconditionsinElkhead.C.TherailroadbuildingintheRockies. D.ThenaturalbeautyoftheWest.2022年6月全國乙卷DFirstannouncedinApril,2016,thetaxwhichappliestosoftdrinkscontainingmorethan5gofsugarper100ml,wasintroducedtohelpreducechildhoodobesity(肥胖).Itisbelievedthattoday’schildrenandteenagersareconsumingthreetimestherecommendedlevelofsugar,puttingthematahigherriskofthedisease.Itcomesaftermorethanhalfofsoftdrinkssoldinshopshavehadtheirsugarlevelscutbymanufacturers(制造商)sotheycanavoidpayingthetax.Drinksnowcontain45millionfewerkilosofsugarasaresultofmanufacturers’effortstoavoidthecharge,accordingtoTreasuryfigures.SinceAprildrinkscompanieshavebeenforcedtopaybetween18pand24pforeverylitreofsugarydrinktheyproduceorimport,dependingonthesugarcontent.Howeversomehighsugarbrands,likeClassicCocaCola,haveacceptedthesugartaxandarerefusingtochangeforfearofupsettingconsumers.Fruitjuices,milk-baseddrinksandmostalcoholicdrinksarefreeofthetax,asaresmallcompaniesmanufacturingfewerthan1mlitresperyear.32.Whywasthesugartaxintroduced?A.Tocollectmoneyforschools. B.Toimprovethequalityofdrinks.C.Toprotectchildren’shealth. D.Toencourageresearchineducation.33.Howdidsomedrinkscompaniesrespondtothesugartax?A.Theyturnedtooverseasmarkets. B.Theyraisedthepricesoftheirproducts.C.Theycutdownontheirproduction. D.Theyreducedtheirproducts’sugarcontent.34.Fromwhichofthefollowingisthesugartaxcollected?A.Mostalcoholicdrinks. B.Milk-baseddrinks. C.Fruitjuices. D.ClassicCoke.2022年6月北京卷BMynameisAlice.Earlylastyear,Iwastroubledbyananxietythatcrippled(削弱)myabilitytodoanything.Ifeltlikeastormcloudhungoverme.ForalmostayearIstruggledon,constantlystaringatthiswallthatfacedme.Myperfectionisttendencieswerethemainrootofthis:IwantedtobeperfectatwhateverIdid,whichobviouslyinlifeisnotpossible,butitconsumedme.Oneday,IattendedapresentationbywildlifeconservationistGrantBrownatmyhighschool.Hispresentationnotonlyawedandinspiredme,butalsohelpedemergeaninnerdesiretomakeadifferenceintheworld.Ijoinedapre-presentationdinnerwithhimandthatsmallersettingallowedmetoslowlybuildupmycouragetospeakone-on-onewithhim—anideathathadseemedcompletelyimpossible.Thisfirstcontactwaswheremystorybegan.Amonthlater,BrowninvitedmetoattendtheWorldYouthWildlifeConference.Lookingback,Inowseethatthiswouldbethefirstinaseriesoftimelyopportunitiesthatmyoldselfwouldhaveletpass,butthatthisnewandmoreconfidentAliceenthusiasticallyseized.ShortlyafterIreceivedhisinvitation,applicationstojointheYouthforNatureandtheYouthforPlanetgroupsweresentaroundthroughmyhighschool.Idecidedtocommittocompletingtheapplications,andsoonIwasapartofagrowingglobalteamofyoungpeopleworkingtoprotectnature.Eachofthesenewstepscontinuedtogrowmyconfidence.IamwritingthisjustsixmonthssincemyjourneybeganandI’verealisedthatmybiggestobstacle(障礙)thiswholetimewasmyself.Itwasthatvoiceinthebackofmyheadtellingmethatonephrasethathasstoppedsomanypeoplefromreachingtheirpotential:Ican’t.Theysaygoodthingscometothosewhowait;Isay:grabeveryopportunitywitheverythingyouhaveandbeimpatient.Afterall,naturedoesnotrequireourpatience,butouraction.24.WhatwasthemaincauseforAlice’sanxiety?A.Herinabilitytoactherage. B.Herhabitofconsumption.C.Herdesiretobeperfect. D.Herlackofinspiration.25.HowdidGrantBrown’spresentationinfluenceAlice?A.Shedecidedtodosomethingfornature. B.Shetastedthesweetnessoffriendship.C.Shelearnedabouttheharmofdesire. D.Shebuiltuphercouragetospeakup.26.TheactivitiesAlicejoinedinhelpedhertobecomemore________.A.intelligent B.confident C.innovative D.critical2022年6月北京卷CTakenutrition.InthelatestUNreportonglobalfoodsecurity,thenumberofundernourished(營養(yǎng)不良)peopleintheworldhasbeenrising,despitegreatadvancesinnutritionscience.Trackingof150biochemicalsinfoodhasbeenimportantinrevealingtherelationshipsbetweencalories,sugar,fatandtheoccurrenceofcommondiseases.Butusingmachinelearningandartificialintelligence,somescientistsproposethathumandietsconsistofatleast26,000biochemicals—andthatthevastmajorityarenotknown.Thisshowsthatwehavesomewaytotravelbeforeachievingthefirstobjectiveofsystemsthinking-which,inthisexample,istoidentifymoreconstituentpartsofthenutritionsystem.29.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthefieldofnutrition?A.Thefirstobjectiveofsystemsthinkinghasn’tbeenachieved.B.Therelationshipsamongplayershavebeenclarified.C.Machinelearningcansolvethenutritionproblem.D.Theimpactofnutritioncannotbequantified.2022年6月北京卷DThecompany,hesays,iscloserthananyotherfirm“byaverylargemargin(幅度)”tobuildinga“useful”quantumcomputer,onethat“solvesanimpactfulproblemthatwewouldnothavebeenabletosolveotherwise.”Headds,“Peoplewillnaturallydiscountmyopinions,butIhavespentalotoftimequantitativelycomparingwhatwearedoingwithothers.”CouldPyQuantumreallybeleadingallthecompetition“byawidemargin”,asTaylorclaims?Idon’tknow.I’mcertainlynotgoingtoadvisemyfriendoranyoneelsetoinvestinquantumcomputers.ButItrustTaylor,justasItrustJohnson.32.WhatleadstoTaylor’soptimismaboutquantumcomputing?A.Hisdominanceinphysics. B.Thecompetitioninthefield.C.HisconfidenceinPyQuantum. D.Theinvestmentoftechcompanies.2022年6月浙江卷APastaandpizzawereoneveryone’slunchmenuinmynativelandofItaly.Everyonewhohadsuchalunchwasfair-skinnedandspokeItalian.Afewyearslater,asIstoodinthelunchlinewithmykindergartenclassinaschoolinBrooklyn,Irealizedthingswerenolongerthatsimple.Myclassmatesrangedfromthosekidswithpaleskinandlargeblueeyestothosewithrichbrownskinanddarkhair.Thefoodchoiceswerealmostasdiverseasthestudents.InfrontofmewasanarrayoffoodsIcouldn’tevennameinmynativelanguage.FearingthatIwouldpickoutsomethingawful,Idesperatelytriedtoasktheboyaheadofmeforarecommendation.Unfortunately,betweenusstoodthebarrieroflanguage.1.WhatdidtheauthorrealizeafterenteringschoolinBrooklyn?A.Timepassedquickly. B.Englishwashardtolearn.C.Thefoodwasterrible. D.Peoplewereverydifferent.2022年6月浙江卷BInaTinyForest,theremustbeaminimumof600trees,andthetreesareplantedmuchclosertogetherandwithoutchemicalsorfertilisers(肥料).Thereareusuallyaround30differentkindsofall-nativetreespecies(物種).Thisvariety,coupledwiththefactthattinyforestsgrowuptotentimesfasterthanstandardforests,meanstheyattractarichabundanceofwildlife.It’salsothoughtthattheseplacescouldhelpreducetheriskofflooding,removecarbonfromtheatmosphereandfightclimatechange,aswellasimprovingthementalhealthofthoselivinglocally.6.WhatisspecialaboutthetreesinaTinyForest?A.Theyaresmallinsize. B.Theyarethicklyplanted.C.Theyareforeignspecies. D.Theyareheavilyfertilised.2022年6月浙江卷AFornearlyadecadenow,Merebethhasbeenaself-employedpettransportspecialist.Herpettransportjobwasbornofthefinancialcrisis(危機(jī))inthelate2000s.Thedownturnhittherealestate(房地產(chǎn))firmwhereshehadworkedfortenyearsasanofficemanager.Thefirmwentbrokeandleftherlookingforanewjob.Oneday,whiledrivingnearherhome,shesawadogwanderingontheroad,clearlylost.Shetookithome,andhersisterinDenveragreedtotakeit.Thiswasalovinghomeforsure,but1,600milesaway.Itdidn’ttakelongforMerebethtodecidetodrivethedogthereherself.Itwasherfirstroadtriptohernewjob.Itturnsoutthatpettransportingpaysquitewellatabout$30,000peryearbeforetax.Shedoesn'tworkinsummer,asitwouldbeunpleasantlyhotfortheanimalsinthecar,evenwithairconditioning.Asautumncomes,shegetsrestlessthesameoldwanderlustreturning.It'sacallshemusthandle
alone,though.Merebethsays,"WhenI'montheroad,I'mjustinmyownworld.I'vealwaysbeenindependent-spiritedandIjustfeelstronglythatImust
helpanimals."21.WhydidMerebethchangeherjob?A.Shewantedtoworknearherhome.B.Shewastiredofworkingintheoffice.C.HersisteraskedhertomovetoDenver.D.Herformeremployerwasoutofbusiness.23.WhatcanwelearnaboutMerebethinhernewjob?A.Shehaschancestoseerareanimals.B.Sheworkshardthroughouttheyear.C.Shereliesonherselfthewholetime.D.Sheearnsabasicandtax-freesalary.2022年1月浙江卷BTheUnitedStatesrosetoglobalpoweronthestrengthofitstechnology,andthelifebloodofthattechnologyhaslongbeenelectricity.Byprovidinglong-distancecommunicationandenergy,electricitycreatedthemodernworld.Yetproperl
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