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Chapter2

Alkanes2.1

ClassesofHydrocarbonsHydrocarbonsAromaticAliphaticHydrocarbonsAromaticAliphaticAlkanesAlkynesAlkenesHydrocarbonsAliphaticAlkanes Alkanesarehydrocarbonsinwhichallofthebondsaresinglebonds.CCHHHHHHHydrocarbonsAliphaticAlkenes Alkenesarehydrocarbonsthatcontainacarbon-carbondoublebond.CCHHHHHydrocarbonsAliphaticAlkynes Alkynesarehydrocarbonsthatcontainacarbon-carbontriplebond.HCCHHydrocarbonsAromatic Themostcommonaromatichydrocarbonsarethosethatcontainabenzenering.HHHHHH2.2

ReactiveSitesinHydrocarbonsastructuralunitinamoleculeresponsibleforits

characteristicbehaviorunderaparticularsetof

reactionconditionsFunctionalGroupfunctionalgroupisahydrogenreactionthattakesplaceissubstitution

oneofthehydrogensisreplaced

bysomeotheratomorgroupR—HR—XAlkanesfunctionalgroupisahydrogenreactionthattakesplaceissubstitution

oneofthehydrogensisreplaced

bysomeotheratomorgroupR—HR—X+Cl2CCHHHHHH+HClCCHClHHHHAlkanesalkanes RHalkenes doublebondalkynes triplebondarenes ArHFunctionalGroupsinHydrocarbons2.3

TheKeyFunctionalGroupsAlcohols ROHAlkylhalides RX(X=F,Cl,Br,I)Amines primaryamine:RNH2 secondaryamine:R2NH tertiaryamine:R3NFamiliesoforganiccompounds

andtheirfunctionalgroupsEthers ROR'Nitriles RCNitroalkanes RNO2Thiols RSHEpoxidesCCONFamiliesoforganiccompounds

andtheirfunctionalgroups

OCCarbonylgroup

OCAcylgroupRManyclassesoforganiccompoundscontainacarbonylgroup

OCCarbonylgroup

OCAldehydeRHManyclassesoforganiccompoundscontainacarbonylgroup

OCCarbonylgroup

OCKetoneRR'Manyclassesoforganiccompoundscontainacarbonylgroup

OCCarbonylgroup

OCCarboxylicacidROHManyclassesoforganiccompoundscontainacarbonylgroup

OCCarbonylgroup

OCEsterROR'Manyclassesoforganiccompoundscontainacarbonylgroup

OCCarbonylgroup

OCAmideRNH2ManyclassesoforganiccompoundscontainacarbonylgroupCnH2n+22.4

IntroductiontoAlkanes:

Methane,Ethane,andPropaneMethane(CH4) CH4

Ethane(C2H6) CH3CH3Propane(C3H8) CH3CH2CH3bp-160°Cbp-89°Cbp-42°CTheSimplestAlkanesC4H102.5

IsomericAlkanes:TheButanesn-Butane CH3CH2CH2CH3Isobutane (CH3)3CHbp-0.4°Cbp-10.2°C2.6

Highern-AlkanesCH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3n-Pentanen-HexaneCH3CH2CH2CH2CH3CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3n-Heptane2.7

TheC5H12Isomersn-PentaneCH3CH2CH2CH2CH3Isopentane(CH3)2CHCH2CH3Neopentane(CH3)4CC5H12Howmanyisomers?

Thenumberofisomericalkanesincreasesasthenumberofcarbonsincrease.

Thereisnosimplewaytopredicthowmanyisomersthereareforaparticularmolecularformula.Table2.3

NumberofConstitutionallyIsomericAlkanesCH4 1 C2H6 1C3H8 1 C4H10 2 C5H12 3 C6H14 5 C7H16 9 Table2.3

NumberofConstitutionallyIsomericAlkanesCH4 1 C8H18 18C2

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