新高考英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí)練習(xí)考向44 概要寫(xiě)作之四步提煉主旨要義(原卷版)

考向44概要寫(xiě)作之四步提煉主旨要義概要寫(xiě)作精準(zhǔn)提煉主旨四步走第一步：讀懂原文，明確篇章結(jié)構(gòu)寫(xiě)概要之前，一定要先通讀原文，確定文章的體裁和主題。在正確把握文章主旨和段落大意后，明確原文的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)。根據(jù)意義劃分文中的自然段，意義段的數(shù)量對(duì)應(yīng)的就是要點(diǎn)的數(shù)量。[提醒]一個(gè)自然段不一定是一個(gè)要點(diǎn)，有時(shí)幾個(gè)自然段說(shuō)明一個(gè)要點(diǎn)，有時(shí)一個(gè)自然段包含數(shù)個(gè)要點(diǎn)。第二步：去次留精，提煉關(guān)鍵信息·明確全文的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)后，就要處理原文的內(nèi)容，目的是保留主要內(nèi)容，刪除次要內(nèi)容?！は日页鲋黝}句，同時(shí)標(biāo)注與主題相關(guān)的關(guān)鍵詞，最后歸納的要點(diǎn)往往是這些詞句的同義轉(zhuǎn)述。·原文描述性的語(yǔ)言、細(xì)節(jié)性的信息如列舉數(shù)字和列舉的事例等無(wú)須在概要中一一列出。例如：eq\a\vs4\al(Don'tforgettheclock)—ortheradio.Peoplewhoeq\a\vs4\al(eatslowly)tendtoeq\a\vs4\al(consume)about70eq\a\vs4\al(fewercalories)(卡路里)permealthanthosewhorushthroughtheirmeals.eq\a\vs4\al(Beginkeepingtrackofthetime)，andtrytoeq\a\vs4\al(makedinnerlastatleast30minutes).Andwhileyou'reatit,actuallysitdowntoeat.Ifyouneedsomehelpslowingdown,turnrelaxingmusic.Itmakesyoulesslikelytorushthroughameal.(畫(huà)線部分為主題句)本段落主要內(nèi)容為吃飯慢減少對(duì)熱量的攝入，因此要將用餐時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)至至少三十分鐘。用自己的語(yǔ)言將畫(huà)線部分重組后，關(guān)鍵信息如下：Recordthetimeandsetdinnertimeforhalfanhouraseatingslowlyhelpstakeinlesscalories.第三步：歸納要點(diǎn)合理轉(zhuǎn)換表達(dá)明確每個(gè)意義段的關(guān)鍵信息后，接下來(lái)應(yīng)用自己的語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)各意義段的要點(diǎn)。為避免和原文的句子重復(fù)，可利用同義轉(zhuǎn)述和句式轉(zhuǎn)換這兩種形式歸納要點(diǎn)。各要點(diǎn)的詞數(shù)應(yīng)根據(jù)文中對(duì)應(yīng)內(nèi)容的篇幅來(lái)定，分清主次。轉(zhuǎn)換表達(dá)注意遵循2個(gè)原則①不增不減不曲：客觀精準(zhǔn)地表述原文要點(diǎn)，不增添不屬于原材料的信息或刪減原材料關(guān)鍵信息或改變?cè)牧纤磉_(dá)的意思。②不繁：在正確理解原文的前提下，用簡(jiǎn)潔的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)與所給材料一致的信息。例如：Yourhousemayhaveaneq\a\vs4\al(effect)onyoureq\a\vs4\al(figure).Expertssaythewayyoueq\a\vs4\al(design)youreq\a\vs4\al(home)couldeq\a\vs4\al(playarolein)whetheryoupackonthepoundsorkeepthemoff.Youcanmakeyourenvironmentworkforyouinsteadofagainstyou.Herearesomeeq\a\vs4\al(ways)toturnyoureq\a\vs4\al(home)intopartofyoureq\a\vs4\al(diet)plan.(畫(huà)線句為主題句)主題句關(guān)鍵詞如畫(huà)線所示：The_wayyoudesignyourhomemayhaveaneffectonyourfigure.Herearesomewaystoturnyourhomeintopartofyourdietplan.轉(zhuǎn)換表達(dá)時(shí)可利用同義替換將ways改為tips;Thewayyoudesignyourhome改為Howtohaveyourhomedesigned。主題句轉(zhuǎn)換為Howtohaveyourhomedesignedaffectsyourfigure.Belowaretipstodesignyourhometohelpdiet.第四步：句式多樣注意過(guò)渡銜接在概要中合理使用非謂語(yǔ)、從句和特殊句式等使句式豐富多樣，但句子結(jié)構(gòu)不可過(guò)長(zhǎng)，也不要用太復(fù)雜的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。同時(shí)選用適當(dāng)?shù)倪^(guò)渡銜接詞銜接上下文，保證概要部分內(nèi)容的連貫性?！静呗匝菔尽块喿x下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫(xiě)一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。(2018年11月，浙江卷)It'sareallyeq\a\vs4\al(goodidea)toeq\a\vs4\al(visitcolleges)beforeyouapplybecausetheirwebsitescanallstarttolookandsoundthesame.Nothingwillgiveyouthesenseofwhatitwillactuallybeliketoliveonacollegecampus(校園)likevisiting_and_seeing_for_yourself_the_dorms,_classrooms_and_athletic_equipment_and,_of_course,_the_students.Itseemsalittlecrazyoncesenioryearhitstofindthetimetovisitcollegecampuses,anditcanalsobepriceyifeq\a\vs4\al(theschoolsyouareapplyingto)eq\a\vs4\al(happentobemorethanacarrideaway).Butkeepinmindthatyouaremakingadecisionaboutthenextfouryearsofyourlife,anddoalltheresearchyoucantomakesureyouaremakingtherightone.There'seq\a\vs4\al(noexcuse)nottoeq\a\vs4\al(visit)theeq\a\vs4\al(schools)inyourlocalarea.Infact,alotofcollegeapplicationsevenaskifyouhavevisitedcampus,andobviously,ifyouliveacrossthecountrythatwon'tbeasmuchofapossibility,butifyoulivenearby,eq\a\vs4\al(gotocheckitout)！Ifcampusvisitsaren'tgoingtohappenbeforeyouapply,attheveryleastyoushouldeq\a\vs4\al(findsometime)betweenapplyingandgettingyouracceptanceletterstoeq\a\vs4\al(visit)theeq\a\vs4\al(schools)you'dliketoattend.It_can_save_you_a_lot_of_heartacheifyouruleoutnowthethingsthatyoudon'tlikeaboutcertaincampuses,thingsthatyouwouldn'tknowunlessyouactuallyvisit.Now,iftimeandmoneyaremakingitimpossible,theneq\a\vs4\al(checkout)theeq\a\vs4\al(onlinecollegefairs)atCollegeWeekLive.It'sachancetochatonlinewithadmissionsofficers,students,andcollegecounselors(顧問(wèn)),anditwon'tcostyouapenny!Youcanregisterforitsonlinecollegefairat.Whilevisitinganonlinecollegefaircan'ttaketheplaceofanactualcampusvisit,itcanbeaveryusefultoolthatalongwithallyourotherresearchwillhelpyoumakeaninformeddecisionaboutwhichcollegesoruniversitiesyou'dliketoattend.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【思路點(diǎn)撥】第1步讀懂原文，明確篇章結(jié)構(gòu)原文是說(shuō)明文，為確保精彩的大學(xué)生活，在申請(qǐng)大學(xué)前應(yīng)抽時(shí)間提前了解大學(xué)。第1段：提出觀點(diǎn)——在你上大學(xué)之前，要親眼看看想申請(qǐng)的大學(xué)。第2段：一定要去看看當(dāng)?shù)氐拇髮W(xué)。第3段：如在申請(qǐng)之前沒(méi)去過(guò)，在申請(qǐng)之后或得到錄取通知書(shū)之前，一定要去大學(xué)看看。第4段：如果無(wú)法親自參觀，登錄網(wǎng)站了解相關(guān)信息。分析各段主旨可判斷，文章第1～2段是一個(gè)意義段，3～4段分別是2個(gè)意義段，故原文3個(gè)意義段可歸納為3個(gè)要點(diǎn)。第2步去次留精，提煉關(guān)鍵信息本文關(guān)鍵信息已在文中用畫(huà)線和陰影形式體現(xiàn)，其中畫(huà)線詞為與主題句相關(guān)的關(guān)鍵信息，其他則為次要信息。第3步歸納要點(diǎn)，合理轉(zhuǎn)換表達(dá)采用同義轉(zhuǎn)述、句式轉(zhuǎn)換等方法靈活準(zhǔn)確歸納要點(diǎn)，如：①第一段主題句和第二段主題句可概括為要點(diǎn)1：該要點(diǎn)中的“goodidea”可用wisechoice轉(zhuǎn)述；“inyourlocalarea”可轉(zhuǎn)換為whereyoulive。②第三段主題句可概括為要點(diǎn)2:該要點(diǎn)中的“visitingandseeingforyourself”可轉(zhuǎn)換為payapersonalvisit。③第四段主題句可概括為要點(diǎn)3：該要點(diǎn)中的“timeandmoneyaremakingitimpossible”可轉(zhuǎn)換為alltheaboveisnotaffordable。第4步句式多樣，注意過(guò)渡銜接句式要多樣，可利用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和狀語(yǔ)從句，豐富概要部分的句式?！緟⒖挤段摹緼sasenioryearstudent,it'sawisechoicetovisitwould-becollegesnearwhereyoulivebeforeattendingthemforseeingisbelieving.(要點(diǎn)1)Youshouldfindachancetopayapersonalvisitevenatyourwaitingincaseyoufeeldisappointedafterwards.(要點(diǎn)2)Ifalltheaboveisnotaffordable,youareadvisedtosearchtheonlinecollegefairatCollegeWeekLivewhereyoucangetthenecessaryinformation.(要點(diǎn)3)【檢測(cè)訓(xùn)練】1.閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫(xiě)一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Choosingtherightcollegecanbeadifficulttask.Therearethousandsofcollegesanduniversitiesforyoutochoosefromandmanyareworthyofbeingconsidered.Foreachpotentialcollege,findoutthesuccessrateofstudents'gettingtheirjobs,especiallythoserelatedtoyourmajors.Herearesomestrategies（策略）foryoutomaketherightchoice.Collegeswhichofferpracticeinsomeofthefieldsareworthyofyourattention.Itcanprovideyouwithalargeamountofinformationonjobhunting.Companiesoftenpreferemployeesthatperformwell.Practicegivesyouthevaluableexperienceandnecessaryopportunities.Somepracticalskillsthatyoulearnwillreallyprepareyourselfforthecertainjobs.Besides,choosingacollegethathasteachermemberswithgoodreputationsintheirfieldscanalsobeveryusefulsincetheseteachermemberscanprovideyouwithstepsintotheworkingworldbypractice.Schoolrankingsandanationalreputationofacademicsuccessareoftentheimportantfactors（因素）foryourpotentialemployers.ThistypeofinformationcanbefoundeasilyontheInternetandinmagazines.Totheemployers,graduatesfromhighrankingcollegesareoftenconsideredmorereliable.Theyhaveastrongerabilitytolearnandaremorelikelytocreatewealthforthecompany.Sometimesitcanevenbeamoreimportantfactorinlookingforajobthantheactualqualityofeducationthecollegeprovides.Afternarrowingdownyourchoicestoafewcolleges,it'stimetovisitthem.Takingalookatthecampus（校園）canchangeyourattitudetoaparticularschool.Planyourtourandthendosomeresearchonyourown.Itisalsoimportanttotalktoasmanystudentsasyoucanandfindoutifearningadegreefromtheschoolishelpfulingettingajob.Meanwhile,youcanspeaktothestudentsinthemajorsyou'reconsideringtoknowwhatthecoursesarelike,whatyou'lllearn,andwhatyourexpectedoutcomewillbe.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2.閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫(xiě)一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Highschoolexittestsareteststhatstudentsmustpasstograduatefromhighschool.Inthelastfewyears,however,anumberofstatesinAmericahavedroppedthem.Althoughsomestatesstillusethemfordiplomas,thenumberisdownfromahighof27statesduringthetestingcrazepromotedbyNoChildLeftBehind(NCLB).Theappearanceofthisphenomenonissmallwonder.Researchesclearlyshowthatexittestshavelittlepositiveeffectsonstudents.A2014reportfoundexittestingwasassociatedwithlowergraduationrates,negativelyaffectedlabormarketoutcomes,and,mostalarmingly,produceda12.5percentincreaseinincarceration(監(jiān)禁)rates.Exitexams,thestudyconcluded,hadtendedtoaddlittlevalueformoststudents.Exittestingreliesonthefollowingassumptions.Oneisthatstandardizedtestingcanserveasakindof“qualitycontrol”forhighschoolgraduates,guaranteeingthatgraduatesarecollegeready.Theotheristhattheyhavepredictingvalueforfuturesuccessinacademicsituations.Butthereislittleevidence.Thetestsdon’texactlymeasurewhattheypretendtomeasure.Forexample,qualitiessuchasintelligence,academicability,collegereadinessarenotdetermined.Thosethatshouldbedevelopedinallyoungpeople,likeresponsibility,criticalthinking,andempathy(移植),arenotmeasured,either.Evensupportersofexittestshaveacknowledgedthattheydon’tofferreliabledata.Thus,moreandmorepeoplearesuggestingthatexittestscoresoughttobejustonecomponentofthehighschooldiploma.Schoolsshouldconsidermanyotherrecordsincludingcreditsearned,coursestaken,activities,service,projectsandotherelementsofacademicaccomplishmentsothatstudentscanbeevaluatedflexibly.Inotherwords,exittestscoresshouldneverbetheonlycriterionforhighschooldiplomas.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3.閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫(xiě)一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Wealreadyknowthattheunderwaterworldisanythingbutsilent.Itisfullofnaturalsoundsproducedbyanimalsandbythemotionoftheatmosphereandwater.Buttoday’sresearchersareincreasinglyconcernedabouttheman-madenoisesunderthewater.TheyareconfusingwhalesandothermarineanimalsAlthoughhearingisimportanttoallanimals,thespecialqualitiesoftheunderseaworldemphasizetheuseofsound.Underwatersoundallowsmarineanimalstogatherinformationandcommunicateatgreatdistancesandfromalldirections.Loudunderwaternoisescancausedamagetotheirhearing.Andnowadaysit'sbecomingtoomuchformarinewildlife.Evidenceshowsthatwhaleswillswimhundredsofmiles,rapidlychangetheirdepth,andevenbeachthemselvestogetawayfromthesoundsofsonar.Youmightthinklowernoises,typicallycausedbyshippingorconstruction,donotposeathreattomarineanimals.Infact,whiletheymaynotkilltheanimalsdirectly,theycandisturbtheirabilitytolocatefood,findmatesandavoidpredators(掠食動(dòng)物)).Scientistslookedattheeffectsofnoisefromsmallmotorboatsoncoral-reeffishattheGreatBarrierReefinAustralia.Inthelab,thefishhadbeentrainedtorecognizethesmellofthreecommonpredatorsasathreat.Somefishweretrainedinthepresenceofboatnoise,whiletheothershadtrainingwiththenaturalsoundsoftheocean.Itturnedoutthatthefirstgroupshowednofrightreactionswhenexposedtothepredator.However,theothergroupwasscared.Andundertheinfluenceofunderwaternoiseonthisgroup,only20percentoffishsurvived,comparedtoalmost70percentofunexposedfish.Humansrelyontheoceanforitsnaturalresourcesandbiodiversity.Theoceanalsoplaysanimportantroleinregulating(調(diào)節(jié))temperatures,AsCousteausaid,"Formostofhistory,manhashadtofightnaturetosurvive;inthiscenturyheisbeginningtorealizethat,inordertosurvive,hemustprotectit.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4.閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫(xiě)一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Therearesomeimportantregulationsparentscantaketomakesuretheirkidsusecellphonesinasafeandresponsibleway.Whenkidsknowwhattheconsequencesarewhenrulesaren’tfollowed,thatmakeslifemorepredictableforthem.Mostkidsarenotpayingfortheircellphonesortheircellphoneplans,soifyoupayforit,youownit,whichmeansyouhavetherighttotakeitawayanytimeiftheydisobeytherulesyousetupearlier.Afterakidhasacellphone,suddenlyparentsdiscoverdatarunsouthalfwaythroughthemonth.Thiscangetexpensiveandyourkidsneedtoknowhowtomonitortheiruse.Also,teencellphoneaddictionshouldbelimited.Generally,it’sagoodideatohavenocellphonepolicywhiletheyaredoinghomeworkandatbedtime.Cometoagreementinadvanceaboutwhattheyareandaren’tallowedtodownloadontheircellphone.Therearesomereallybadappsforkidsthatyoudon’twantontheirphones.Makesureyourkidsunderstandhowtosetuptheirprivacy.Talkwiththemaboutwhyguardingtheirprivacyissoimportant.Manyteenstrulyhavenoconceptabouteverythingthatacellphonecanshareaboutthemincludingpersonalinformationandtheirlocation.Youwanttocoverwhatisandisn’tappropriatetoshareviaacellphone.Thisdefinitelymeansphotosandlanguageusedinemailsandonsocialmedia.Butdon’tforgetsimplerthingslikeprovidingtheiraddress,theirageorwhatschooltheygotoonline.Lastly,therearetimesandplaceswhenusingone’scellphoneisnotappropriate.Inmovietheatersorduringclasstimeatschoolthephoneshouldbeonsilentandputaway.Additionally,whensomeoneishavingafacetofaceconversationwiththem,theyneedtobelookingattheperson,nottheirphone.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5.閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)內(nèi)容寫(xiě)一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Until2017,theEmperorpenguinwaslistedasLeastConcernbytheInternationalUnionforConservationofNature,butasof2018,theyarelistedasNear-Threatenedbecausetheyarepredictedtosufferamoderatelyrapidpopulationdeclineoverthenextthreegenerationsowingtotheeffectsofclimatechange.Thenumberonethreattotheirsurvivalisglobalwarming.Here’showithasaffectedEmperorpenguinsandwhatweshoulddo.Adecreaseintheamountofseaiceformation,whichiscausedbyclimatechange,impactsthefutureoftheEmperorpenguin.ManyEmperorpenguinsbreedoniceshelvesthatonlyformduringtheAntarcticwinter.Therehavebeentimesinrecentyearswhentheiceshelveshavemeltedbackfasterorsoonerthanusual.Manyofthechickshaven’tcompletelyfledged(長(zhǎng)出飛羽)intotheirwaterprooffeathersbythetimetheicemeltsbacktotheirhabitats,andtheyareforcedintothecoldoceanwaters,wheretheydieofcoldexposureordrowning.Onethingthatlessseaicedefinitelyaffectsisfoodforthepenguins.Oneoftheirfoodsourcesiskrill(磷蝦),andthesea-iceshelvesserveasanurseryforthekrill.Thenewly-bornkrillfeedonthealgae(水藻)thatgrowontheundersideoftheseaice.Whenthereislessseaice,thereislessalgaeforthekrilltofeedon,andconsequentlylesskrillisproduced.Measuresshouldbetakentoprotecttheseanimals.PeoplecandonatetoorganizationsthatareworkingtoprotectEmperorpenguinsandotherpenguinspecies,andouroceansingeneral.Reducingyourimpactontheenvironment,inparticular,issomethingyoucando—youcanmakethesetinychangestoloweryourcarbonfootprinteveryday.Youcanalsobemindfulaboutreducingseafoodconsumptionandeatingsustainablycaughtseafood,asoverfishingisthesecondgreatestthreattonearlyeverypenguinspeciestoday.Also,avoidusingsupplementsandotherproductsthatcontainkrillorkrilloil.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________6.閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)內(nèi)容寫(xiě)一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Australia’sgreatestengineeringaccomplishmenttodateistheSnowyMountainsHydro-ElectricScheme.Ittook25yearstobuildandwascompletedin1974atacostof$820million.Theaimsoftheschemeweretoproducelotsofelectricity,andtosupplywatertohouseholdsandforfarmingirrigation.TheschemeworksbycollectingrainandmeltingsnowfromtheSnowyMountainsandstoringitindams.Thisisthendiverted(轉(zhuǎn)移)throughtunnels(隧道)andpipelinestopowerstationsthatproduceelectricity.ThewaterusedtoproducetheelectricitythenflowsintotheMurrayandMurrumbidgee