新高考英語二輪復習題型專練20 說明文體類七選五(原卷版)

高考英語二輪復習題型專練（新高考）20說明文體類七選五【命題意圖】閱讀理解七選五要求從短文后的七個選項中（均為完整的句子）選出五個能填入文章空處的最佳選項，主要考查考生對文章的整體內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文邏輯意義的理解和掌握。其命題形式深受英語四六級和考研閱讀多項選擇題的影響，體現(xiàn)了《新課標》＂用英語獲取、處理和運用信息的能力；逐步獲取用英語思維的能力。＂的閱讀學習和教學理念。該題型命題形式仍然具有客觀題的特點，又與完形填空具有異曲同工之妙，只是選項少，以句子形式出現(xiàn)，考查目的和側(cè)重點不完全相同而已。從《考試說明》對該題型命題目的的表述＂主要考查考生對文章的整體內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文邏輯意義的理解和掌握。＂可以得出以下判斷：該題備選項可分為主旨概括句（文章整體內(nèi)容）、過渡性句子（文章結(jié)構(gòu)）和注釋性句子（上下文邏輯意義）三類。其多余的兩個干擾項也往往從這三方面進行設(shè)置，例如主旨概括句或過于寬泛或以偏概全或偏離主題，過渡性句子不能反映文章的行文結(jié)構(gòu)，注釋性句子與上文脫節(jié)等。文章體裁以說明文為主，語篇模式較為固定：提出問題——提供解決方案。文章題材較為固定：與學生的日常生活學習緊密相關(guān)?！究荚嚪较颉糠治銎陆Y(jié)構(gòu)，把握全篇文脈是閱讀填空題解題的關(guān)鍵，英語的語篇（discourse）通常是由句子和語段（sentencegroup）構(gòu)成的，語段是句子和語篇之間的中間層次，句子雖然能夠單獨地表達相對完整的思想，但是它不能表達多方面的、比較復雜的思想，只有把幾個句子結(jié)合為較大的言語片段，才能表達一個相對獨立的層意，所謂的＂積句而成章，積章而成篇。＂就是這個道理。分析文章的層次包含兩種形式：一種是分析整篇文章的層次，也就是段落，另一種是分析每一個段落內(nèi)部的層次，也就是語篇層次。語篇與段落是有區(qū)別的，語段是篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的中間層次，是由句子到篇的一種過渡形式，段落（paragraph）是在某些語體（如記敘文、議論文）中比語段更大的意義單位，較小的段落可以只包括一個語段或一個句子，一般來說，一個段落通常由幾個語段構(gòu)成。構(gòu)成語段的方式有兩種，一是靠句際間意義的結(jié)合，二是靠句際間的關(guān)聯(lián)詞，邏輯性插入語來連接，在分析語段層次時，可以借助句際間的連接詞語作出判斷，但最主要的還是要真正體會句際間的意義關(guān)系，把握作者的思路，從語序上去發(fā)現(xiàn)斷續(xù)點，理清層次，好文章的層次非常清晰，只有層層入手，才能真正理解文章?！镜梅忠c】（1）在閱讀過程中，重要要關(guān)注文章的首段與末段。尤其是文章的這兩段的末尾句，因為＂開門見山＂與＂末尾點題＂的寫作方式是最為常見的，首段的末句一般是全文的主題所在，說明本文將探討哪些內(nèi)容，并簡要指出文章的寫作思路，有時甚至會以提綱的形式進行呈現(xiàn)。首段的末句對于快速掌握文章的主題具有重要意義，如果它是文章的主題句，就可以使讀者迅速明確文章情節(jié)將如何展開，并對文章的寫作主題有了整體的了解。如果末句不是主題句，則需要繼續(xù)尋找。這時，可以考慮文章的寫作方式是否為＂結(jié)尾總結(jié)＂式，如兩者均可排除，則需在文章中其他段落尋找主題句，但要注意首段與末段的提示作用。（2）做題的時候邊讀邊做。各個問題附近的句子都需要重點閱讀，圈畫一些線索粗，再從選項中尋找相關(guān)的特征詞用來判斷正確答案。帶入排除法也是一種很好的方法。另外，如果發(fā)現(xiàn)有一題拿不準的，先跳過，先做容易的能做出的題，直到讀完整篇文章。至此，文章的要點和主旨、各個段落之間的邏輯關(guān)系應(yīng)該基本就能清楚了。然后再回過去做之前不確定的題目。（3）做完后，通讀全文。將所選項放入空白處，通讀一遍，看看是否與上下文構(gòu)成語義及邏輯上的直接關(guān)系，是否符合該處語境。能否承接前后的寫作線索。使文章無論內(nèi)容還是銜接上都能做到通順。若代入選項后，發(fā)現(xiàn)文章寫作線索中斷或是前后矛盾，應(yīng)更換其它選項。同時，我們還應(yīng)注意對相近選項的對比分析，個別干擾項由于與某個正確選項的內(nèi)容相近具有很強的干擾性，這時就需要我們認真分析，仔細甄別，排除干擾，從而得出正確選項。（4）切勿隨意改答案。要特別注意的是，不要倉促的改自己的之前選定的答案。做這類的題目時，第一印象的可信度還是很高的，除非你已經(jīng)常有充分的理由否定向前的選擇?！菊骖}再現(xiàn)】【2020·新高考全國卷I（山東）】閱讀下面短文,從短文后的選項中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。Someindividualsarebornwithagiftforpublicspeaking.16Doyouwanttobeagoodpublicspeaker?Herearesomeprinciplesyoumustmaster.Peoplewanttolistentosomeonewhoisinteresting,relaxedandcomfortable.Toooftenwhenyoustanduptogiveaspeech,youfocusonthe“public”attheexpenseofthe”speaking.“17Focusonthespeaking.Talkdirectlytoyouraudience,beyourselfandmakeaconnection.Eventhemostsuccessfulpublicspeakerwillmakemistakes.Yet,theonlyonewhocaresaboutanymistakeistheonewhoisspeaking.People’sattentionwandersconstantly.Infact,mostpeopleonlyabsorbabout20percentofaspeaker’smessage.So,don’tstopspeakingwhenyoumakeamistakeunlessit’satrulyseriousone.18Yourgoalisnottobeaperfectpublicspeaker.19Andlikeeverythingelseinlife,thattakespractice.Remember,evenworldchampionathletespracticetheirskillsonaconsistentbasis.20It’sraretohearsomeonesay,“Iwishthatspeakerhadspokenlonger.“Ontheotherhand,youprobablycan’tcountthetimesthatyou’vethought,“I’mgladthattalkisover.Itseemedtogoonforever!“Sosurpriseyouraudience.Alwaysmakeyourpresentationjustabitshorterthananticipated.It’sbettertoleaveyourlistenerswishingformorethanshiftingrestlesslyintheirseatswaitingforyourspeechfinallytoend.A.Dotheopposite.B.Youwanttobeaneffectivepublicspeaker.C.Youdon’tneedtoapologizeforaminorslip.D.Whenitcomestopublicspeaking,lessisusuallymore.E.TheobjectiveofmostspeechesistobenefittheaudienceF.TakethefearoutofpublicspeakingbyfocusingonyourlistenersG.However,themajorityofpeopleareeffectivespeakersbecausetheytraintobe.【答案】16.G17.A18.C19.B20.D【解析】本文是說明文。文章介紹了成為好的演講者需要掌握的一些原則。16.本文主題是介紹成為好的演講者要掌握的一些原則。上句提到有些人生來就有演講的天賦。G項:然而，大多數(shù)人之所以能成為有影響的演講者，是因為他們受過訓練。與上句轉(zhuǎn)折，引出本文主題--演講者要訓練。故選G。17.下句Focusonthespeaking.是本段主題，建議演講者把注意力集中在演講上。上句提到一種常見現(xiàn)象，當站起來發(fā)表演講時，演講者往往會把注意力放在”公眾”上，而不是”演講”上。這是錯誤的做法，A項Dotheopposite.承上啟下，說明了上句做法的錯誤，引出了下句正確的做法。故選A。18.本段提到即使成功的演講者也會犯錯誤，觀眾不會太在意你的錯誤。上句建議當出錯時不要停止演講，除非是非常嚴重的錯誤。C項:你不需要為一個小失誤道歉。與上句承接，是對待演講出錯的方法。故選C。19.本段是說明練習的重要性。上句提到你的目標不是成為一個完美的演說家，下句應(yīng)該說明目標是什么。B.Youwanttobeaneffectivepublicspeaker.與上句銜接，是我們演講的真正目的。故選B。20.下文提到觀眾并不是認為演講越長越好，根據(jù)Alwaysmakeyourpresentationjustabitshorterthananticipated.可知，作者建議讓演講比預(yù)期的短一點，給觀眾更多的期待勝過讓他們坐立不安地等待演講結(jié)束。D項:公開演講時，通常少就是多。說明了演講時，多和少的辯證關(guān)系。故選D?！绢}型演練】1Whydopeopletake“selfies(自拍)”ResearchersatSyracuseUniversityinNewYorktriedtoanswerthatquestion.1.Peoplewhopostselfiesanduseeditingsoftwaretomakethemselveslookbettershowbehaviorconnectedtoadmiringthemselvestoomuch,theSyracuseresearcherssaid.2.Associalmediacanbeshallow,itisagoodplaceforpeopleto“worktowardssatisfyingtheirownovermuchpride.”3.Peoplewhopostgroupselfiesshowaneedforpopularityandaneedtobelongtoagroup,theSyracuseUniversityresearchfound.Otherfindingsfromthestudyinclude:Therearenomajordifferencesonhowoftenmenandwomenpostselfiesandhowoftentheyuseeditingsoftware.4.TheNewhouseSchool’sAssociateProfessorMakanaChockworkedonthestudy.Shesaid,postingselfiesonsocialmediaisnotallthatdifferentfromwhatpeoplehavedoneformanyyears.Ontrips,ourparentsandgrandparentsusedcamerastotakephotos.Beforesocialmedia,peoplewouldbringbackphotostoshowfriendsandfamily.Youhadnochoicebuttolookatthem.Ifyouareaniceperson,youcommentedabouthowniceeveryoneinthephotoslooked,especiallychildrenandthepersonshowingthephotos.5.Onsocialmedia,itisadifferentexperience.Peoplecandecidenottolookatphotosoftheirfriendsandfamilyeveniftheyclick“l(fā)ike”oreven“l(fā)ove”undertheFacebookselfie.A.Thatwastheoldwayof“clicking”like.B.Theycameupwithsomesurprisinganswers.C.Differentpeoplehavedifferentopinionsaboutit.D.Suchpeoplethinkveryhighlyofthemselves,especiallyhowtheylook.E.Bothcamerasandphonesareusefultoolstorecordpeople’sexperiences.F.Thereareotherreasons,besidesadmiringthemselves,whypeoplepostselfies.G.Butmendesiretobeseenaspopularmorethanwomenwhenpostingselfies.2A“gapyear”isaperiodoftimewhenastudenttakesabreakbeforegoingtouniversity,orbeforeapostgraduatecourse.6.Thathelpsyoungpeoplewithusefullearningexperiences,newskillsandmakesthemmoreindependent.Employersanduniversitieswanttoseeevidenceofenterprise,maturityandcommitment.Manychoosetodovoluntarywork.ThiscouldincludeteachinginthemountainsinNepal,aconservationprojectinMadagascar.7.ThetopfivetraveldestinationswereTibet,Indonesia,Taiwan,EasternEuropeandCanada.8.Someyoungpeoplelookforworkiftheyneedtoearnmoneyforaccommodationandfood.Popularjobsincludebarwork,fruitpickingandbeingatourguide.JulieTaylorgraduatedfromHullUniversityandnowworksasamanagerinaninternationalcompany.Shesays:“Duringmygapyear,IspentfourmonthsinKenyateachingEnglish,artandphysicaleducationtochildrenaged8-18.9.IamveryhappythatIdidn’theadofftouniversitystraightafterschoolbecauseIlearnedalotaboutmyself.Iworkedbeforehandtopayforthetrip,showingIhadgoodself-motivationandorganizationalskills,andIwasabletogetbyonverylittlemoney.Employersseethatclimbingtoanaltitudeof4,985mshowsstrengthanddetermination.10.”A.Howdothestudentslikeit?B.Itisoftenspentintravelingorworking.C.Noteveryonecanputthatontheirresumes(簡歷)!D.IamveryproudthatIworkedandtravelledalotthere.E.Lotsofgapyearstudentsjustwanttoseemoreoftheworld.F.ThenItravelledthecountryandevenclimbedMountKenya.G.Moststudentsforagapyeartakeonapart-timejobtosaveupforthetrip.3MydadpassedawayyesterdayandIamprocessingeverything.It'shardtotryandfindpositivityinmypain,butmyDadtaughtmesomuchwhenhewashealthy,andwhenhewasn't,Iwantedtosharesomeofthelessons.Beonthephoneless.ThisoneseemsstrangebutinhisfinalmomentsIwasallin,nocheckingmyphonebecauseitreallydidn'tmatter.11.ThiswasamomentIneededtorememberandIwouldhaveregretteditifIwasdistractedinthispartofhisjourney.12.SometimesweneedpeopletoleanonMymomanddadneededalotofhelp.Ineededalotofhelp.Weweresurroundedbypeoplewillingtohelpusandinsteadofshuttingthemoutlikewe'vedoneinthepast,welettheminanditwasexactlywhatweneeded.Noteveryonewillunderstandyourexperience.13.Justknowingpeoplearehereforusmeansalot,butIalsoknowthatnoonewillfullyunderstandmyexperienceandthat'sokayaswearealldifferent.Familyisnotnecessarilythepeoplewhobroughtyouintothisworld.IamadoptedandIknowwechoseeachother.14.Ialsolovedmyfatherverymuch.There'snothingmoreimportantthanbeingwiththeonesyoulove.IwasabletoholdmyDadwhenhetookhislastbreath.MymomandImadesurethatmydadknewhewaslovedthroughthisjourney.15.Everythingelseissecondary.A.Allthatmatteredwashim.B.Loveiswhattrulymatters.C.Surroundyourselfwithasupportsystem.D.AndhelovedmemorethananyoneonthisEarth.E.It'sokaynottorememberthereasonforeverythingF.Really,wecanhandlemorethanweeverthoughtpossible.G.ThiswasalongandhardjourneyformymomandIandallofthosewhocareaboutus.4DevelopingInterpersonalRelationshipsOneofthebiggestkeystohappinessishavingstronginterpersonalrelationships.Ibelievethatrelationshipsarekeytoleadingafulfillingandcontentedlife.Likeanythingworthhavinginlife,theytakesomeworktodevelopandmaintain.Inthespiritofclarity,it’sgoodideatotakeaquicklookatthedefinitionofinterpersonalrelationships.16.Thiscanextendfromfamilytofriends,toworkassociates,toneighbors,orclubsandonandon.Itcanbearelationshipinanycontextorsituation.Forinstance,I’vehadstrongshort-livedrelationshipswithpeopleI’veworkedwithonaprojectaswellasonefor50yearswithmybrother.MytwobestfriendsandIliveindifferentcitiesbut,wegettogetherseveraltimesayearandhaveagreattime.IhaveamentorIworkedwithoveradecadeagoIstillstayintouchwithbecausewegetalongsowell.17.Wewillbrieflytouchondevelopinginterpersonalrelationships.Bestwaytoapproachitistobeagoodpartnerorfriendasthesituationdesires.18.Doyourpartandhelpothersasneeded.Beacontributorwhoisalsowillingtohelpoutwhenneeded.Asafriend,yousimplyfollowtheage-oldpieceofadvice“tohaveafriend,youmustfirstbeafriend”.19.Thatwant-to-helpattitudewillputyouwithlike-mindedindividualswhoyou’llprobablyhititoffwith.Themainthingtorememberisgreatinterpersonalrelationshipscangetformedanylaceorsituationwhereyouinteractwithotherpeople.20.A.That’showinterpersonalrelationshipaffectsyou.B.Interpersonalrelationshipsservetoeasepeople’sanxiety.C.Forinstance,ensureyouareagoodpersontoworkwith.D.Alloftheseareexamplesofstronginterpersonalrelationships.E.Putsomeeffortintoitandyou’dbeamazedathowthatpaysoffF.Aninterpersonalrelationshipisastrongassociationbetweenpeople.G.Ifyou’reonateam,itshouldbesomethingyou’dliketohelpoutwith.5Asasenioryearstudent,youmayhavesomanypressurescomingfromsomanydirectionsthatyoucan’tfigureoutwhattodofirst.21.Whenyouhavemanythingstodoandalotofdemandsonyourtime,youcanlosesightofwhat’simportant.Oneofthebestwaystoseethebigpicture–whatyouwantoutoflife–istolayoutyourgoals.PressurePointsandHowtoDealWithThemConfusedoroverwhelmed--22..Discussyourconcernswithafriend,parentorteacher.Theymayhelpyoufindsolutionstoyourproblemsandworries.Beingtoohardonyourself–easeup,takeabreakanddosomethingyouenjoy.Daydream,readabook,gooutwithfriends–anythingthathelpsyourelax.Problems,problems,problems–recognizeyourlimits.It’stoostressfultotrytodealwithallyourproblemsatonce.23.Goal-SettingTipsIt’simportanttorememberthatgoalsbelongtoyou–nottoyourparents,yourteachers,oryourfriends.Afteryou’vesetyourgoals,identifytheskillsyouhavetoachievethosegoals.24.,dosomeresearch.Trythelibrary,yourguidanceadviserandteachers,andotherpeoplewhocouldhelpyou.25..Ifyourgoalissomethingyounolongerwant,changeit.Identifythebarrierstogettingyourgoals.Considerwaystoovercomethem.Don’tgetdepressedbyabig,long-termgoal–seewhatstepsyoucantaketoachieveitandsetthosestepsdownasshort-term,“do-able”goals.A.ToomuchtodoB.Ifyou’renotsurewhatskillsyou’llneedC.talktosomeoneyoutrustD.GoalsexisttoserveyouE.BalancinggoalsinlifeF.Choosewhat’smosturgentandsetasidetherestuntillaterG.Aslongasyouknowwhatskillisimportantandwhatisn’t6Therapeutic(治療性的)writinginvolvesparticipatinginwritingactivitiestodealwithemotionalissues.Peopleworkunderthedirectionofatherapist(治療學家)formostofthetime.26.Inbothcases,participantsadoptexpressivewritingtoputdownthoughts,emotions,andotherexperiences.Therapeuticwritingcanbeusefulincaseswherepeoplehavedifficultycommunicatingbyothermeans.Aclientwhoishavingtroublewithasituation,forexample,mightwritealettertothepeopleinvolvedaspartoftherapy.27.Besides,itworksonhowtoapproachthepeopleinreallifetosettletheissue.Exercisesintherapeuticwritingtypicallyencouragepeopletowriteforablockoftime,suchas15minutes.Theymaybeaskedtowriteabouttheirdaysorissuescomingupintheirlives.Inguidedtherapy,thetherapistmayreviewthewritinganddiscussitwiththepatient.28.Somepeoplekeepwritingregularjournalstosharewiththeirtherapistsandothers.29.Therapistscanalsouseelectronicjournalstohelppatientsbetweensessions,lookingatwhatthey’rewritingaboutandidentifyingspecificissuestodiscussintherapy.30.Peoplemaykeeppersonaljournalsordiariesintendedfortheirprivateuse,wheretheycandescribeeventsandexploreemotions.Someaddaself-directedgrouptherapyaspectaswellbysharingtheirwritingwithfriendswhocanprovideadvice.A.Someofusthinkthatwritingisonlyforwriters.B.Thereareinformalapproachestowritingastherapy.C.Participantscanbenefitfromtherapeuticwritingexercises.D.Sometimestheycanstartawritingprogramindependently.E.Ofcourse,patientscantalkabouttheemotionsthatcomeupwhilewriting.F.Thiswritingcanhelphimorherexpressgoalsandadesiredresultclearly.G.Othersmaykeepanonlinewritingjournalandonlyallowhisorhertherapisttoread.7LeonardodaVinciandNatureInthemodernworld,artandsciencearetwoveryseparateactivities,butinLeonardo’stimetheywerecloselyconnected.Sciencemeantmathematicsandmedicalstudies.31.Mathematicsincludedpracticalworklikesurveyinglandformakingmapsaswellasmeasuringthemovementsofthestarsinthesky.Anartistmi