藥物劑型的分類(雙語)

可編輯可編輯精品文檔，歡迎下載精品文檔，歡迎下載可編輯精品文檔，歡迎下載藥物劑型的分類Theclassificationofdrugdosageforms按物態(tài)分類Accordingtothematerialclassification將劑型分為固體、半固體、液體和氣體等類。固體劑型入散劑、顆粒劑（沖劑）、丸劑、片劑、膠劑等；半固體劑型如內(nèi)服膏滋、外用膏劑、糊劑；液體劑型如湯劑、合劑（含口服液劑）、糖漿劑、酒劑、酊劑、露劑、注射液等；氣體劑型如氣霧劑、煙劑等。Thedosageformsaredividedintosolid,semisolid,liquidandgas.Soliddosageformsintopowder,granule(granule),pills,tablets,adhesiveagent;semisoliddosageformssuchasoralsoftextract,ointment,paste;liquiddosageformssuchasdecoction,Decoction(includingoralliquidagent),syrup,wine,tincture,lotions,injection;gasdosageformssuchasaerosol,smokeagentetc..可編輯可編輯精品文檔，歡迎下載精品文檔，歡迎下載可編輯精品文檔，歡迎下載由于物態(tài)相同，其制備特點(diǎn)和醫(yī)療效果亦有相同之處。例如固體劑型多需經(jīng)粉碎和混合；半固體劑型多需要熔化和研勻；液體劑型多需經(jīng)提取。療效方面以液體、氣體劑型為最快，固體劑型較慢。Duetothesamestate,itspreparationandmedicaleffectissimilar.Forexample,soliddosageformsmorecrushingandmixing;semisoliddosageformsneedtomeltandresearchsmoothing;liquiddosageformsbyextraction.Effectinliquid,gasdosageformforthefastest,soliddosageformsslowly.這種分類法在制備、貯藏和運(yùn)輸上較有意義，但是過于簡(jiǎn)單，缺少劑型間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，實(shí)用價(jià)值不大。Thisclassificationmethodinthepreparation,storageandtransportationissignificant,butistoosimple,thelackofinternalconnectionforms,oflittlepracticalvalue.可編輯可編輯精品文檔，歡迎下載精品文檔，歡迎下載可編輯精品文檔，歡迎下載二、按制法分類Accordingtotheclassificationsystemoflaw將主要工序采用同樣方法制備的劑型列為一類。例如浸出藥劑是將用浸出方法制備的湯劑、合劑、酒劑、酊劑、流浸膏劑與浸膏劑等歸納為一類。無菌制劑是將用滅菌方法或無菌操作法制備的注射劑、滴眼劑等列為一類。這種分類法有利于研究制備的共同規(guī)律，但歸納不全，而且某些劑型隨著科學(xué)的發(fā)展會(huì)改變其制法，故有一定局限性。Themainprocessadoptstheformofcolumnsimilarlypreparedforaclass.Suchasleachingagentismadebyleachingmethodforpreparationofdecoction,mixture,wine,tincture,liquidextractandextractagentintoaclass.Sterilepreparationisinjection,willusethesterilizationmethodorasepticpreparationofeyedropsasaclass.Thisclassificationisconducivetothecommonlawofpreparation,butthesumisnotcomplete,andsomedosageformswiththedevelopmentofsciencewillchangeitspreparationmethod,ithascertainlimitations.可編輯可編輯精品文檔，歡迎下載精品文檔，歡迎下載可編輯精品文檔，歡迎下載三、按分散系統(tǒng)分類Accordingtotheclassificationofdispersedsystem此法按劑型分散特性分類，便于應(yīng)用物理化學(xué)原理說明各類劑型的特點(diǎn)。分類如下。Themethodaccordingtothedosageformdispersioncharacteristicsofclassification,facilitatetheapplicationofphysicalchemistryprincipleexplainsthecharacteristicsofvariousdosage.Classifiedasfollows.1.真溶液類劑型：如芳香水劑、溶液劑、醑劑、甘油劑及部分注射劑等；2.膠體溶液類劑型：如膠漿劑、火棉膠劑、涂膜劑等；3.乳濁液類劑型：如乳劑、靜脈乳劑、部分搽劑等；4.混懸液類劑型：如合劑、洗劑、混懸劑等；5.氣體分散體劑型：如氣霧劑等；6.固體分散體劑型：如散劑、丸劑、片劑等；1truesolutiondosageforms:suchasaromaticfragranceagent,solution,spirit,glycerolandinjection;可編輯可編輯精品文檔，歡迎下載精品文檔，歡迎下載可編輯精品文檔，歡迎下載2colloidalsolutiondosageforms:suchasmucilage,collodion,plasticsetc.;3emulsiondosageforms:suchasemulsion,emulsion,etc.someliniment;4suspensiondosageforms:suchasagent,lotion,suspensionagentetc.;5gasdispersionforms:suchasaerosol;6soliddispersionformulation:suchaspowder,pills,tablets,etc.;這類分類法最大的缺點(diǎn)是不能反映用藥部位與方法對(duì)劑型的要求，甚至一種劑型由于輔料和制法的不同而必須分到幾個(gè)分散系統(tǒng)中去，因而無法保持劑型的完整性，如注射劑中有溶液型、混懸型、乳濁型及粉針型等，合劑、軟膏劑也有類似情況。此外，中藥湯劑可同時(shí)包含有真溶液、膠體溶液、乳濁液和混懸液。Thebiggestdisadvantageofclassificationmethodisunabletoreflecttheapplicationsiteandmethodofdosageforms,andevenadosageformasexcipientsandpreparationmethodisdifferentandmustbedividedintoseveraldecentralizedsystem,integrityandcannotmaintaindosageforms,suchasinjectioninthesolution,suspension,emulsionandpowdertype,agent,ointmenthadasimilarsituation.Inaddition,可編輯可編輯精品文檔，歡迎下載精品文檔，歡迎下載可編輯精品文檔，歡迎下載traditionalChinesemedicinedecoctioncanalsocontainthetruesolution,colloidalsolution,emulsionandsuspension.四、按給藥途徑與方法分類Accordingtotheclassificationadministrationrouteandmethod將采用同一給藥途徑和方法的劑型列為一類。分類如下。Willusethesamerouteofadministrationanddosageformsasaclassmethod.Classifiedasfollows.1.經(jīng)胃腸道給藥的劑型：有湯劑、合劑（口服液）、糖漿劑、煎膏劑、酒劑、流浸膏劑、散劑、顆粒劑（沖劑）、丸劑、片劑、膠囊劑等。經(jīng)直腸給藥的有灌腸劑、栓劑等。2.不經(jīng)胃腸道給藥的劑型：a、注射給藥的，有注射劑（包括肌內(nèi)注射、靜脈注射、皮下注射、皮內(nèi)注射及穴位注射）；b皮膚給藥的，有軟膏劑、膏藥、橡膠膏劑、糊劑、搽劑、洗劑、涂膜劑、離子透入劑等；可編輯可編輯精品文檔，歡迎下載精品文檔，歡迎下載可編輯精品文檔，歡迎下載c粘膜給藥的，有滴眼劑、滴鼻劑、含漱劑、舌下片、吹入劑、栓劑、膜劑及含化丸等；d呼吸道給藥的，有氣霧劑、吸入劑、煙劑等。1administeredviathegastrointestinaltractpreparation:decoction,Decoction(oralliquid),syrup,electuary,wine,liquidextract,powder,granule(granule),pill,tablet,capsuleetc..Rectaladministrationofenemas,suppository.2nogastrointestinaldrugs:A,givenbyinjection,withinjection(includingintramuscularinjection,intravenousinjection,subcutaneousinjection,intradermalinjectionandacupuncturepointinjection);Bskindose,withointment,plaster,rubberpaste,paste,liniment,lotion,liniment,iontophoresisagent;Cmucosaladministration,thereareeyedrops,nasaldrops,gargle,sublingualtablets,suppositories,blowingagent,filmformingagentandcontainingpills;Drespiratorydrugdelivery,withaerosolinhalation,smokeagent,etc..可編輯可編輯精品文檔，歡迎下載精品文檔，歡迎下載可編輯精品文檔，歡迎下載這類分類方法與臨床用藥結(jié)合得比較緊密，并能反映給藥途徑與方法對(duì)劑型制備的特殊要求。缺點(diǎn)是一種劑型，由于給藥途徑或方法的不同，可能多次出現(xiàn)，使劑型分類復(fù)雜化，同時(shí)這種分類方法亦不能反映劑型的內(nèi)在特性。Thiskindofclassificationmethodandclinicalmedicationcombinationofmoreclosely,specialrequirementsandcanreflecttheadministrationrouteandmethodofpreparation.Theweaknessisakindofform,therouteofadministrationorthedifferentmethods,mayappearmanytimes,thedosageformclassificationiscomplicated,atthesametime,thismethodalsocannotreflecttheinherentcharacteristicsofdosageform.四、浸出制劑的分類Classificationofleachingagent1、水浸出劑型：湯劑、合劑等2、含醇浸出劑型：藥酒、酊劑、流浸膏等3、含糖浸出劑型：煎膏劑、糖漿劑等可編輯可編輯精品文檔，歡迎下載精品文檔，歡迎下載可編輯精品文檔，歡迎下載4、無菌浸出劑型：注射劑等5、其他浸出劑型：片劑、膠囊劑等1,waterleachingdosage:decoction,mixture2,alcoholleachingdosage:wine,tincture,extractetc.3,sugarleachingdosage:electuary,syrupetc.4,steriledosageforms:injectionofleaching5,otherleachingdosage:tablet,capsuleetc.五、無菌制劑的分類Classificationofsterilepreparations按給藥途徑：規(guī)定無菌制劑和非規(guī)定無菌制劑(即限菌制劑)等；按除去活微生物的制備工藝：無菌制劑分為滅菌制劑和無菌制劑等；可編輯可編輯精品文檔，歡迎下載精品文檔，歡迎下載可編輯精品文檔，歡迎下載Accordingtorouteofadministration:theprovisionsprescribedasepticpreparationandnonsterilepreparations(whichlimitthebacteria);Accordingtothepreparationoflivingmicroorganismsremoval:asepticpreparationforsterilizationandasepticpreparationandotherpreparations;廣義上，無菌制劑和非無菌制劑都規(guī)定有染菌的限度，前者要求不得檢出