會計英語(第四版)教學(xué)課件電子教案全書課件

實用會計英語（第四版）

1Unit1AnIntroductiontoAccounting

2OutlineofUnit11.1TheHistoryandDevelopmentofAccounting1.2TheNatureofAccounting1.3UsersofAccountingInformation1.4AccountingProfession1.5FinancialAccountingandManagerialAccounting

31.1TheHistoryandDevelopmentofAccounting

AccountingrecordsdatebacktotheancientcivilizationsofChina,Babylonia,GreeceandEgypt.FinancialAccounting&ManagerialAccountingSpecializedfieldsofaccountingauditing,costaccounting,taxaccounting,budgetaryaccounting,governmentalandnon-for–profitaccounting,humanresourcesaccounting,environmentalaccounting,socialaccounting,internationalaccounting.

41.1TheHistoryandDevelopmentofAccounting

51.2TheNatureofAccounting(1)ThelanguageofbusinessAccountingusesitsownspecialwordsandsymbolstocommunicatefinancialinformationthatisintendedtobeusefulforeconomicdecisionmakingbymanagers,shareholders,creditorsandmanyothers.Soaccountingisaninformationsystemthatidentifies,measuresandrecordsbusinessactivities,processestheinfor-mationofthoseactivitiesintoreportsandfinancialstatements,andcommunicatesthesefindingstodecision-makers.

61.2TheNatureofAccounting

71.2TheNatureofAccountingBookkeepingAccountingaprocessofaccountinganalysis,interpretation,anduseofinformationthemeansofrecordingtransactionsandkeepingrecordbeinterestedinfindingtrendsandstudyingtheeffectsofdifferentalternativesasmall,simplepartofaccounting(mechanicalandrepetitive)includingsystemdesign,costanalysis,auditing,taxpreparation(2)therelationshipofaccountingandbookkeeping

81.2TheNatureofAccounting(2)therelationshipofaccountingandbookkeeping

91.3UsersofAccountingInformationExternalUsersLendersShareholders GovernmentsConsumerGroupsExternalAuditorsCustomersInternalUsersManagersOfficers/DirectorsInternalAuditorsSalesStaffBudgetOfficersControllers

101.3UsersofAccountingInformationExternalUsersFinancialaccountingprovidesexternaluserswithfinancialstatements.InternalUsersManagerialaccountingprovidesinformationneedsforinternaldecisionmakers.

111.4AccountingProfession

PrivateAccountantstoworkforasinglebusinessorunit;e.g.:controller,treasurer,chieffinancialofficerPublicAccountantstoservethegeneralpublicandcollectprofessionalfeesfortheirwork;e.g.:auditing,taxplanning,managementconsultingpublicaccountingfirmsarecalledCAfirms,CPAfirms,orCMAfirms,dependingontheaccountingbody;CA:CharteredAccountantCPA:CertifiedPublicAccountant(orCGA)CMA:CertifiedManagerialAccountant

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141.5FinancialAccountingandManagerialAccounting

Managerialaccountingcoversmanyactivities,includingcostbehaviorandcost-volume-profitrelationships,decisionmakingthroughincrementalanalysis;capitalbudgeting;budgetingforfinancialplanningandcontrol;flexiblebudgetingforperformanceevaluation;thedeterminationofmanufacturingcostsandcostingsystems;andaccountingandreportingforbusinesssegmentoperationsFinancialaccountingisconcernedwithreportinginformationtousersexternaltoanentityinordertohelpthemtomakesoundeconomicdecisionsabouttheentity’sperformanceandfinancialposition.

151.5FinancialAccountingandManagerialAccounting

161.Explainthenatureofaccountinganditsmainfunctions.

2.Understandthehistoryanddevelopmentofaccounting.3.Identifytheusersofaccountinginformation.4.Understandthedifferencebetweenpublicaccountingandprivateaccounting.5.Understandthedifferencebetweenfinancialaccountingandmanagerialaccounting

17NextUnit2.1TypesofBusinessEntities2.2TheAccountingEquation2.3Double-EntryBookkeeping2.4RecordingBusinessTransactionUnit2

TheAccountingEquationandTheAccount

20

OutlineofUnit2

212.1TypesofBusinessEntities2.2TheAccountingEquation2.3Double-EntryBookkeeping2.4RecordingBusinessTransaction2.1TypesofBusinessOrganizations

Threebasicformsofbusinessorganizations:theproprietorship,thepartnershipandthecorporation.

ATheproprietorshiphasasingleowner,eachofproprietorshipisdistinctfromitsproprietor.BThepartnershipjoinstwoormoreindividualstogetherasco-owners,distinctfromthepersonalaffairsofpartner.CThecorporationisabusinessownedbyshareholders

222.1TypesofBusinessOrganizations

232.2TheAccountingEquation(1)Assets,LiabilitiesandOwner’sEquityAssets:theeconomicresourcesofabusinessthatareexpectedtobebenefitinthefuture.e.g.:cash,officesupplies,merchandise,furniture,land,buildingsLiabilities:“outsiderclaims”whichareeconomicdebt-payabletooutsiders(calledcreditors).e.g.:accountspayable,wagepayable,notespayableOwner’sEquity:“insiderclaims”whichareheldbytheownersofthebusiness.e.g.:capital

24LandEquipmentBuildingsCashNotesReceivableSuppliesPrepaidAccountsAccountsReceivableAsset

25ASSETC3AccruedLiabilitiesUnearnedRevenueNotesPayableAccountsPayableLiability

26LIABILITYC3Equity

RevenuesOwner’sEquityOwner’sWithdrawalsExpenses

27EQUITYOwner’sCapitalC32.2TheAccountingEquation(2)AccountingEquationAssets=Liabilities+Owner’sEquitythemostbasictoolofaccounting;showstherelationshipamongassets,liabilitiesandowner’sequity;anotherway:Assets-Liabilities=Owner’sEquity

28LiabilitiesEquityAssets=+Owner’sCapitalOwner'sWithdrawalsRevenuesExpenses++––C3

292.3Double-EntryBookkeeping

DefinitionofDouble-EntryBookkeeping

Thedouble-entrysystemisbasedontheprincipleofduality,whichmeansthatalleventsofeconomicimportancehavetwoaspects-effortandreward,sacrificeandbenefit,sourceanduse-thatoffsetorbalanceeachother.Inthedouble-entrysystemeachtransactionmustberecordedtwice,insuchawaythatthetotaldebitsandtotalcreditsequaleachother.RulesofBookkeeping:everytransactionaffectsatleasttwoaccounts.thetotaldebitsandtotalcreditsequaleachother;theserulescanbeshownasfollows：

30Assets=Liabilities+Owners’EquityDebitForIncreaseCreditForDecreaseDebitForDecreaseDebitForDecreaseCreditForIncreaseCreditForIncrease2.3Double-EntryBookkeeping

312.3Double-EntryBookkeepingTransaction1:

JohnSmithinvestedthe$50,000;heinheritedincashtobeginhislawpractice.Whataccountsareaffected?Bywhat’stheamount?Onwhatside(debitorcredit)?Answer:

32Assets=Liabilities+Owners’EquityCashJohnSmith,CapitalDebitForIncrease50,000

CreditForIncrease50,0002.3Double-EntryBookkeepingTransaction2:$40,000cashtopurchaseland.Answer:

33Assets=Liabilities+Owners’EquityCashJohnSmith,CapitalBalance50,000CreditForDecrease40,000Balance50,000LandDebitForIncrease40,000

2.3Double-EntryBookkeepingTransaction3:

$500purchaseofofficesuppliesonaccount.Answer:

34Assets=Liabilities+Owners’Equity

CashAccountsPayableJohnSmith,CapitalBalance10,000CreditForIncrease500Balance50,000OfficeSupplies

DebitForIncrease500

LandBalance40,0002.3Double-EntryBookkeeping

352.4RecordingBusinessTransactionStep1:Analyzetheeffectofthetransactiononassets，1iabilities,andowners‘equity．Step2:Applythecorrectdouble-entryrule．

Step3:Maketheentry．

36Example:JonesCompanyborrows$1000fromitsbankonapromissorynote．CashNotesPayable1,0001,000Dr.Cash1,000Cr.NotesPayable1,000NB:DebitcanbeabbreviateDr.;CreditcanbeabbreviateCr.;2.4RecordingBusinessTransaction2.4.1RecordingTransactionsinJournalsJournal:Inactualpractice,accountantsrecordtransactionsfirstinabookcalledthejournal.Ajournalisachronologicalrecordoftheentity'stransactions.

Therecordingprocess:Identifythetransactionsfromsourcedocuments;Specifyeachaccountaffectedbythetransactionandclassifyitbytype;Determinewhethereachaccountisincreasedordecreasedbythetransaction;Usingtherulesofdebitandcredit,determinewhethertodebitorcredittheaccount;Enterthetransactioninthejournal,includingabriefexplanationforthejournalentry.

372.4RecordingBusinessTransaction

38Transaction1:JohnSmith,Lawyer-the$50,000cashinvestmentinthebusiness.Date AccountsandExplanation Debit CreditApr.2Cash50,000

JohnSmith,Capital50,0002.4RecordingBusinessTransaction

PageoftheJournal

Thejournalcanbealoose-leafnotebook,aboundbook,oraprintoutofacomputerfile.DateAccountsandExplanationDebitCreditApr.2Cash50,000JohnSmith,Capital50,000Initialinvestmentbyowner.

39TheJournalPage52.4RecordingBusinessTransaction2.4.2PostingfromtheJournaltotheLedger

Postingmeanstransferringtheamountsfromthejournaltotheappropriateac-countsintheledger;

Debitsinthejournalarepostedasdebitsintheledger;Cred-itsinthejournalarepostedascreditsintheledger

40

JournalEntryandPostingtotheLedger

AccountsandExplanationDebitCreditCash50,000

JohnSmith,Capital50,000

InitialinvestmentbyownerCash50,000JohnSmith,Capital

50,0002.4RecordingBusinessTransactionIllustrativeProblem(1)Transaction1:Smithinvested$50,000tobeginhislawpractice.(2)Transaction2:Hepaid$40,000cashforlandasafutureofficelocation.(3)Transaction3:Hepurchased$500officesuppliesonaccount.(4)Transaction4:Hepaid$400ontheaccountpayablecreatedinthepreceding.(5)Transaction5:Heremodeledpersonalresidence.(6)Transaction6:Smithwithdrew$2,100cashforpersonallivingexpenses.

412.4RecordingBusinessTransactionRequired:

Recordingthetransactionsinthejournal;Answer1):

42(1)Transaction1:Smithinvested$50,000tobeginhislawpractice.Dr.Cash50,000Cr.JohnSmith,Capital50,000

Initialinvestmentbyowner

(2)Transaction2:Hepaid$40,000cashforlandasafutureofficelocation

Dr.Land 40,000Cr.Cash40,000

Paidcashforland2.4RecordingBusinessTransactionRequired:

Recordingthetransactionsinthejournal;Answer1):

43(3)Transaction3:

Hepurchased$500officesuppliesonaccount.

Dr.OfficeSupplies 500Cr.AccountsPayable500

Purchasedofficesuppliesonaccount(4)Transaction4:Hepaid$400ontheaccountpayablecreatedinthepreceding.

Dr.AccountsPayable400Cr.Cash400

2.4RecordingBusinessTransactionRequired:

Recordingthetransactionsinthejournal;Answer1):

44(5)Transaction5:Heremodeledpersonalresidence.

Nojournalentryismade(notabusinesstransaction)(6)Transaction6:Smithwithdrew$2,100cashforpersonallivingexpenses.

Dr.JohnSmith,Withdrawals2,100Cr.Cash2,100

Withdrawalofcashbyowner2.4RecordingBusinessTransactionRequired:

Postingthetransactionstotheledger;Answer2):

45Cash(1)50,000

(2)40,000(4)400(6)2,100

Bal7,500AccountsPayable(4)400(3)500Bal100JohnSmithCapital(1)50,000

Bal50,00OfficeSupplies(3)500Bal500JohnSmith,Withdrawals(6)2,100Bal2,100Land4000Bal40,000Assets=Liabilities+Owners’Equity2.4RecordingBusinessTransactionTheTrialBalanceDefinitionofthetrialbalanceAtrialbalanceisalistofallaccountswiththeirbalances.Providingacheckonaccuracybyshowingwhetherthetotaldebitsequaltothetotalcredits.Maybetakenatanytimethepostingsareuptodate.

462.4RecordingBusinessTransaction

472.4RecordingBusinessTransactionPreparingthetrialbalance

Cash$7,500Officesupplies500Land40,000Accountspayable$100JohnSmith,Capital50,000JohnSmith,Withdrawals2,100Total

$50,100

$50,100

48TrialBalance

JohnSmith,LawyerTrialBalanceApril30,200XBalanceAccountTitleDebitCredit1.Describethetypesofbusinessentities.2.

Explaintheaccountingequation.3.Understandthedouble-entrybookkeeping.

4.Understandhowtorecordtransactions.

49NextUnit3.1TheAccountingCycle3.2SourceDocuments3.3TheLedgers3.4TheJournals3.5TheFinancialStatementsUnit3

AccountingCycleandProcesses

52

OutlineofUnit33.1TheAccountingCycle3.2SourceDocuments3.3TheLedgers3.4TheJournals3.5TheFinancialStatements

533.1TheAccountingCycleDefinition:Theaccountingsystemencompassesthesequenceofstepsfollowedintheaccountingprocess,fromanalyzingtransactionstopreparingfinancialstatementsandclosingtheaccounts.Steps:(1)Thetransactionsareanalyzedfromthesourcedocuments.(2)Thetransactionsarerecordedinthejournal.(3)Theentriesarepostedtotheledger.(4)Theaccountsareadjustedatendoftheperiod,usuallywiththeaidofaworksheet.(5)Financialstatementsarepreparedfromtheworksheets.(6)Theaccountsareclosedtoconcludethecurrentaccountingperiodandprepareforthebeginningofthenewaccountingperiod.

543.1TheAccountingCycleIllustration:

55AnalyzingtransactionfromsourcedocumentsRecordinginthejournal

Postingtotheledger

AdjustingtheaccountsonthebasisofworksheetPrepaidthefinancialstatementsClosingtheaccounts3.1TheAccountingCycle

563.2SourceDocumentsAsourcedocument,suchasataxinvoicefortheperformanceofservice,purchaseorder,servestwobasicpurpose:(1)itprovideswrittenevidenceofatransactionandisusedbytheaccountingdepartmentassupportforentriesintheaccountingrecords;(2)itservesasanimportantelementinthecontroloftheentity’sresources.Foreachexternaltransactionrecognizedbytheaccountant,thereshouldbeatleastonesupportingsourcedocument.

573.3LedgersThebasicsummarydeviceofaccountingistheaccount.Eachaccountappearsonitsownpage.Forconvenientaccesstotheinformationintheaccounts,thepagesaregroupedtogetherinasinglebookcalledtheledger.

583.3LedgersTherearetwotypesofledgers:generalledgerandsubsidiaryledger.Thegeneralledgercantellusthegeneralinformationofeachaccount,butwecannotlearnthedetailedinformationfromit.Thesubsidiaryledgerisabookorfileofaccountsthatprovidessupportingdetailsonindividualbalances,thetotalofwhichappearsinthegeneralledger.Thegeneralledgerisalsocalledcontrolaccount.Itcontrolsthesubsidiaryledger.Totaloftheendingbalancesofallsubsidiaryaccountsequaltheendingbalanceofthecontrolaccount.

593.4JournalsThejournaldescribedsofarisusedtorecordalltypesoftransactions.Afterrecorded,theymustbepostedtodebitandcreditcolumnsofvariousaccounts.Thewaytosavewritingandpostinglaboristodividethetransactionsintogroupsoflikenatureandtorecordthemrespectivelyinspecialjournals.Thefourcategoriesoftransactions,therelatedspecialjournalandthepostingabbreviationsfollow.

60Transaction SpecialJournal PostingAbbreviation① Salesonaccount Salesjournal S.②CashreceiptCashreceiptsjournalCR.③PurchaseonaccountPurchasesjournalP.④ CashdisbursementCashdisbursementsjournalCD.3.4Journals3.4.1SalesJournalMostmerchandiserssellatleastsomeoftheirinventoryonaccount.Thesecreditsalesarerecordedinthesalesjournal,alsocalledthecreditsalesjournal.Creditsalesofassetsotherthaninventory(forexample,buildings)occurinfrequentlyandarerecordedinthegeneraljournal.

Example:seetextbook

613.4.2CashReceiptsJournalCashtransactionsarecommoninmostbusinessesbecausecashreceiptsfromcus-tomersarethelifebloodofbusiness.Tostreamlinetherecordingofrepetitivecashreceipttransactions,accountantsusethecashreceiptsjournal.

Example:seetextbook

623.4Journals3.4Journals3.4.3PurchaseJournalAmerchandisingbusinesspurchasesinventoryandsuppliesfrequently.Suchpur-chasesareusuallymadeonaccount.Thepurchasesjournalisdesignedtoaccountforallpurchasesofinventory,suppliesandotherassetsonaccount.Itcanalsobeusedtorecordexpensesincurredonaccount.

Example:seetextbook

633.4Journals8.3.4CashDisbursementsJournalBusinessesmakemostcashdisbursementsbycheque.Allpaymentsbychequearerecordedinthecashdisbursementsjournal.Othertitlesofthisspecialjournalarethechequeregisterandthecashpaymentsjournal.Liketheotherspecialjournals,ithasmultiplecolumnsforrecordingcashpaymentsthatoccurfrequently.Example:seetextbook

643.5FinancialStatements

NaturesofFinancialStatements

Acentralfeatureofaccounting.Theprimarymeansofcommunicatingimportantaccountinginformationtousers．Attemptingtoshowthebusinessinfinancialterms．Threemajorfinancialstatements

Thebalancesheet;Theincomestatement;TheCashFlowStatement

653.5FinancialStatements3.5.1TheBalanceSheettoshowthefinancialpositionofabusinessonacertaindate．

tobeoftencalledthestatementoffinancialposition．

topresentaviewofthebusiness:acollectionofresourcesorassetsbelongingtothecompanyisequaltoclaimsagainstthoseassets.

663.5FinancialStatements

673.5FinancialStatements

3.5.2TheIncomeStatementtoshowtheamountofincomeearnedbyabusinessoveraperiodoftime;tomeasurewhetherornotthebusinessachieveditsprimaryobjectiveofearninganacceptableincome;

683.5FinancialStatementstoholdthemostimportantsinglepieceofinformationaboutabusiness-itsnetincome,whichisrevenuesminusexpenses.Ifexpensesexceedrevenues,theresultisanetlossfortheperiod.

693.5FinancialStatements

703.5FinancialStatements3.5.3TheCashFlowStatementItshowstherelationshipofnetincometochangesincashbalances.Thecashflowsstatementreportsallthecashactivities—bothreceiptsandpayments—ofacompanyinthespecifiedperiodoftheiroccurrence,classifiedastooperating,investing,andfinancingactivities

713.5FinancialStatements3.5.3TheCashFlowStatement

721.Describetheaccountingcycle.

2.Identifythetypesofsourcedocuments.3.Explaindifferencebetweengeneralledgersandsubsidiaryledgers.4.Identifythetypesofjournals.5.Explainthreemajorfinancialstatements.

73NextUnit4.1Cash4.2TheBankAccount:aControlDevice4.3AccountsReceivable4.4NotesReceivable4.5AccountingforBadDebtsUnit4

CashandReceivables

76

OutlineofUnit4

774.1Cash4.2TheBankAccount:aControlDevice4.3AccountsReceivable4.4NotesReceivable4.5AccountingforBadDebtsListofCashandReceivables

784.1CashDefinition:Theterm‘cash’includescurrency,coins,checks,moneyordersandcreditcardreceipts.Individualaccountabilityforallcash,includingcashreceipts,changefundsandpettycashfunds,shouldbemaintainedatalltimes.Anaccountingrecordforcashshouldbeestablishedimmediatelyuponreceipt.AccesstocashshouldberestrictedatalltimestothepersonaccountableforthefundsRelatedProcessofCashTransaction:CashrecordingCashdepositingReconciliationRefundsandvoidsSafeguardingcash

794.2TheBankAccount:aControlDeviceDefinition:Keepingcashinabankaccountispartofinternalcontrolbecausebankshaveestablishedpracticesforsafeguardingcash.Banksalsoprovidedepositorswithdetailedrecordsofcashtransactions.Totakefulladvantageofthesecontrolfeatures,thebusinessshoulddepositallcashreceiptsinthebankaccountandmakeallcashpaymentsthroughit.RelatedprocessofBankAccount:BankStatementBankReconciliationRecordingEntriesfromtheReconciliation

804.2TheBankAccount:aControlDevice

814.3AccountsReceivable

824.3AccountsReceivable

834.3AccountsReceivableDefinition:CreditsalesonopenaccountincreaseAccountReceivable.AccountsReceivablearisewhenabusinesssellsgoodsandservicesoncredit.SalesandprofitscanbeincreasedbygrantingcustomerstheprivilegeofmakingpaymentamonthafterthedateofsaleRelatedprocessofBankAccount:goodssoldoncreditservicesperformedoncreditotherrevenuese.g.commissionsthecollectionofAccountsReceivablegoodsreturnedfromcustomers(oramountsclaimed)-salesreturnsandallowancesadjustmentstootheritem

844.3AccountsReceivableExample:AssumethefollowingtransactionsoccurredinthemonthofJulyforSwanson’MotorRepairs:July1soldmotorpartsoncredittoWilson$3,000.July3Wilsonreturnedunusedpartstothevalueof$45.AtendofthemonthSwansoncollectedtheamountofcreditsales.Therelatedjournalentryasfollows:July1Dr.AccountReceivable3,000Cr.SalesRevenue3,000SaleonaccountJuly3Dr.SalesReturnsandAllowances45Cr.AccountReceivable45SalesreturnforunusedpartsJuly31Dr.Cash2,955Cr.AccountReceivable2,955Collectiononaccount

854.4NotesreceivableDefinition:Abusinessmaygrantcredittocustomersonthebasisofaformalinstrumentofcredit,calledapromissorynote.Itisawrittenpromisetopayasumofmoneyondemandoratadefinitetime.Notesareoftenusedforcreditperiodsofmorethansixtydays,suchasinstallmentplanforequipmentsales.Notesmaybeusedtosettleacustomer’sAccountReceivable.TheacceptanceofanoteisrecordedasadebittotheNotesReceivableaccount.Aslongasanoteisexpectedtobecollectedwithinayear,itisnormallyclassifiedinthebalancesheetasacurrentasset.Example:A

promissorynote,inthisnote,Smith’sCompanyisthepayeeandNationalCompanyisthemaker.

86$2,500.00Fresno,CaliforniaMarch162004NinetydaysAFTERDATEWePROMISETOPAYTOTHEORDEROFSmith’sCompanyTwothousandfivehundredDOLLARSPAYABLEATCityNationalBankVALUERECEIVEDWITHINTERESTAT10%NO.14DUEJune14,2004

H.B.LaneTREASURER,NATIONALCOMPANY4.4Notesreceivable

874.5AccountingforBadDebts4.5.1UncollectibleAccountsExpensesUncollectibleAccountsExpensesiscausedbysellinggoodsoncredittocustomerswhofailtopaytheirbills.Therefore,thisexpenseisincurredinthemonthinwhichtherelatedsalesaremade,eventhoughspecificAccountsReceivablemaynotbedeterminedtobecollectibleuntilalateraccountingperiod.Example:Smith’sCompanybeginsbusinessonJanuary1,2004,andmakesmostofitssalesonaccount:onJanuary31,AccountsReceivableamountto$250,000.Onthisdate,thecreditmanagerreviewstheAccountsReceivableandestimatesthatapproximately$10,000oftheseaccountswillprovetobeuncollectible.ThefollowingadjustingentryshouldbemadeatJanuary31:Dr.UncollectibleAccountsExpense10,000Cr.AllowanceforDoubtfulAccounts10,000

884.5AccountingforBadDebts4.5.2TheTwoMethodsofAccountingforBadDebtsMethodone:AllowancemethodTheAllowanceforDoubtfulAccountsoftenisdescribedasacontra-assetaccountoravaluationaccount.BothofthesetermsindicatethattheAllowanceforDoubtfulAccountshasacreditbalance,whichisoffsetagainsttheassetAccountsReceivabletoproducetheproperbalancesheetvalueforthisasset.ProcessofAllowancemethod1.Write-offstotheallowanceaccount2.Estimatinguncollectibles(1)Estimatingbasedonsales(2)Estimatingbasedonanalysisofreceivables(3)Estimateduncollectibleaccounts

894.5AccountingforBadDebts4.5.2TheTwoMethodsofAccountingforBadDebtsMethodtwo:Directwrite-offme