英漢語言對比45322

ComparativeStudiesof

EnglishandChineseLanguages劉亞敏太原理工大學外國語學院OUTLINEⅠIntroductionⅡ

SyntheticVS.AnalyticⅢHypotaxisVS.ParataxisⅣSubject-prominentVS.Topic-prominentⅤPersonalVS.ImpersonalⅥStaticVS.DynamicⅦAbstractVS.ConcreteⅧDirectVS.IndirectⅨSubstituteVS.RepetitionIntroductionINTRODUCTION1.1LanguageFamilies(語系)1.2ImportanceofComparison1.3TeachingContent1.1LANGUAGEFAMILIESEnglishChineseIndo-EuropeanSino-Tibetanalphabeticideographicaccent/stresstoneintonationintonation1.1LANGUAGEFAMILIESEnglishbelongstotheGermanicbranchoftheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily(印歐語系).ChinesebelongstotheSino-Tibetanlanguagefamily(漢藏語系).ENGLISHItiswellknowthatEnglishhastherichestvocabularyofanyEuropeanlanguage.OnthebasisofAngles’language(Anglo-Saxon),

English,ahybrid,wasbuiltbyabsorbingwordsinvariouslanguages.ENGLISHe.g.Latin:pen,pencil,cup,butter,silkFrench:pork,feast,sir,nobleItalian:piano,solo,studio,opera,umbrellaSpanish:cargo,cigarette,cigarGreek:paper,alphabet,dialogue,comedyChinese:tea,chowmein,kowtow,tofuENGLISHAlphabeticLanguage:acorrespondingrelationshipbetweenitspronunciationandspelling.wordstress(accent)&sentencestressintonation:rising/fallingENGLISHe.g.language['l??gw?d?]important[?m'p??t(?)nt]university[ju?n?'v??s?t?]ENGLISHOneFrog,TwoFrogsbyLucyParisOnelittlefroglikestojump.Lookatherhop!Twolittlefrogsliketosit.Theysitonarock.Onelittlefroglikestolook.Whatdoesshesee?Twolittlefrogsliketoplay.Willtheyplaywithme?CHINESEPictographicandideographicLanguage:acorrespondingrelationshipbetweenitsmeaningandspelling.fourtones:leveltone(陰平)、risingtone(陽平)、fallingtone(上聲)、enteringtone(去聲)CHINESECHINESECHINESEe.g.我叫他去。I’llaskhimtogo.I’llgoandcallhim.我想起來了。Iwanttogetup.Ihavethoughtitout.COMPARISON只有比較才能看出各種語文表現法的共同之點和特異之點。拿外語跟漢語進行比較，可以啟發(fā)我們注意被我們忽略過去的現象?！獏问逑鍭lllanguagesintheworldcanexpressanddifferentiatetheperceivedexperience.Thesimilarityliesinwhattheymustexpress.（Jakobson1959）語言之間“音雖似別，義則大同”。COMPARISONEverylanguageintheworldhasitsownsyntax.Otherwise,peoplewillnotbeabletopracticetranslationandresearchtranslationtheory.Andthroughanalyzingandcomparingbetweentwolanguages,thetranslatorsandinterpreterswilldeeplyrealizethehardshipoftranslation.TEACHINGCONTENTSyntheticVS.Analytic綜合語VS.分析語HypotacticVS.Paratactic形合VS.意合Subject-prominentVS.Topic-prominent主語VS.主題PersonalVS.Impersonal物稱與人稱StaticVS.Dynamic靜態(tài)VS.動態(tài)AbstractVS.Concrete抽象VS.具體DirectVS.Indirect直接VS.間接SubstituteVS.Repetition替代VS.重復SyntheticVS.AnalyticsummarySYNTHETICVSANALYTICAsyntheticlanguageischaracterizedbyfrequentandsystematicuseofinflectedformstoexpressgrammaticalrelationships.Ananalyticlanguageischaracterizedbyarelativelyfrequentuseoffunctionwords,auxiliaryverbs,andchangesinwordordertoexpresssyntacticrelations,ratherthanofinflectedform.SYNTHETICVSANALYTICHowtoexpressgrammaticalrelationships?inflectedformsofwordsfunctionwords,auxiliaryverbs,andchangesinwordorderSYNTHETICVSANALYTICinflectedforms（屈折形式）：morphologychangee.g.Motherland；blackboard；handwriting；easy-going；home-made；do-it-yourselfableunable；takemistakehopehopelesshopelessnessdodidhavedonedoingSYNTHETICVSANALYTICfunctionwords（虛詞）:formwordsE.g.HeearnedaneducationdegreeattheUniversityofWashingtonandtaughtelementaryschool.SYNTHETICVSANALYTICauxiliaryverbs（助動詞）:helpingverbse.g.have,be,may,can,must,do,shall,willSYNTHETICVSANALYTICLanguagemorphology語言形態(tài)學Englishtypicalsyntheticlanguage

synthetic-analyticlanguageChinesetypicalanalyticlanguageSYNTHETICVSANALYTICEnglish/ChineseInflectionFunctionWordsWordOrderA.INFLECTIONInEnglish,nouns,pronouns,andverbsareinflected,inordertoexpressthedifferenceinpartsofspeech,gender,number,case,person,tense,aspect,voice,mood,etc.InChinesetheabovegrammaticalmeaningsaremostlyimpliedincontextsorbetweenthelines,thoughoftenwiththehelpofwordorder.A.INFLECTIONNouns:“-s”:thepluralmarker“-’s”:thegenitivecaseVerbs:“-s”:thethirdpersonsingularpresenttense,“-ing”:thepresentparticiple,“-(e)d”:thepasttenseandpastparticiple;Adjectives:“-er”:thecomparativedegree“-est”:thesuperlativedegreeA.INFLECTIONPrefixes:a-/an-:asymmetry,anhydrous

dis-:dishonest,dislikein-

/ig-/il/im/ir:incapable;inability;ignoble;impossible;immoral;illegal;irregularun-:unable,unemploymentover-:overeat;overdress;oversleephyper-:hypersonic;hypertesionA.INFLECTIONSuffixes:-ess:actress;hostess

-bility:possibility,disability-able:movable;comfortable;responsible;possible-ish:selfish,foolish;bookish-ful:beautiful;wonderful;helpful;truthfulA.INFLECTIONTaskinclass:他前進的速度快得令人詫異！move

rapid

astonishA.INFLECTIONHemovedastonishinglyrapidly.Hemovedwithastonishingrapidity.Heastonishedusbymovingrapidly.Heastonishedusbyhisrapidmovements.Heastonishedusbytherapidityofhismovements.A.INFLECTIONHismovementswereastonishinglyrapid.Hisrapidmovementsastonishedus.Hismovementsastonishedusbytheirrapidity.Therapidityofhismovementswasastonishing.Therapiditywithwhichhemovedastonishedus.A.INFLECTIONHemoved

astonishingly

rapidly.Hemovedwithastonishing

rapidity.Heastonishedusbymovingrapidly.Heastonishedusbyhisrapid

movements.Heastonishedusbytherapidityofhismovements.A.INFLECTIONmovemovingmovementrapidrapidlyrapidityastonishastonishingastonishinglyB.WORDORDERThelessinflectivealanguage,themorerigidthewordorder.WordorderinEnglishisnotsorigidasinChinese.ENGLISHMorewaysofinversionareoftenseeninEnglish.e.g.Whatintheworlddoyoumean?Whatabeautifulvoiceyouhave!NotafingerdidIlayonhim?CHINESEe.g.紙花——花紙半斤——斤半后頭的小孩——

小孩的后頭

商量好——

好商量C.FUNCTIONWORDEnglishArticlesPrepositionsAuxiliaryverbsCoordinatorsSubordinatorsChineseParticlesConnectivesPrepositionsC.FUNCTIONWORDTaskinclass:Shewaswithachild.Shewaswithchild.Theyarestudentsofourschool.Theyarethestudentsofourschool.C.FUNCTIONWORDParticlesAspectParticles:著、了、過StructuralParticles:的、地、得EmotionalParticles:嘛、嗎、吧、

呢C.FUNCTIONWORDe.g.Iwillbuyabook.Iboughtabook.Ihaveboughtthebook.Haveyouboughtthebook?我要買本書。我買了本書。那本書我已經買了。那本書你買了嗎？C.FUNCTIONWORDTaskinClass:這回我可親眼看見啦?。ǜ袊@語氣）打吧，打不下去；跑吧，跑不了，敵人只好投降。你呀，老這樣下去可不行?。。又卣Z氣）這也不能怪他，頭一回嘛。（辯護語氣）C.FUNCTIONWORDAnswers:ThistimeI’veactuallyseenitformyself.Unabletofightonorescape,theenemywasforcedtosurrender.Look!Youcan’tgoonlikethis.Heisnottoblame.Afterall,itwasthefirsttimethathehaddoneit.SUMMARYEnglish綜合性語言主要通過詞本身的形態(tài)變化來表達語法意義。詞匯有形態(tài)變化，注重時體。Chinese分析型語言語言中的句法關系主要不是通過詞本身的形態(tài)來表達，主要通過虛詞、詞序等手段來表示。詞匯沒有形態(tài)變化，翻譯時一般要加詞或變換說法。TRANSLATION這回我可親眼看見啦！（感嘆語氣）ThistimeI’veactuallyseenitformyself.打吧，打不下去；跑吧，跑不了，敵人只好投降。Unabletofightonorescape,theenemywasforcedtosurrender.TRANSLATION你呀，老這樣下去可不行?。。又卣Z氣）Look!Youcan’tgoonlikethis.這也不能怪他，頭一回嘛。（答辯語氣）Heisnottoblame.Afterall,itwasthefirsttimethathehaddoneit.TRANSLATION1.Ithasoftenbeennotedthatthosewholive,orhavelived,intheshadowofdeathbringamellowsweetnesstoeverythingtheydo.人們已注意到大凡受到死亡威脅的人或是死里逃生的人對于他們所干的任何事總是興趣盎然。2.Icouldhavelaughedtohearhimlikethis.聽到他這樣說，我差點笑出來了。3.Heisconstantlyleavinghisthingsabout.他老是亂放東西。TRANSLATION4.Hisbeingneglectedbythehostaddedtohisuneasiness.主人對他的冷淡使他更加不舒服。5.Inmid-Octoberwhenthetoughoceangoingtrainingended,partoftheteammatestookonboardashipwhichthenheadedforAntarctica.十月中，嚴格的遠洋集訓結束，部分隊員登輪起航，駛向南極。TRANSLATION6.Wehavespeakerswhoareveryoutgoing,verycharismaticandtall,attractingthemassesintotheseseminarsandlectures.我們有一些演講者，他們外向，魅力非凡，身材高大，吸引著大眾參與他們的專題講座。這些熱情外向的宣講者，頗具領袖氣質，且身材高大，吸引大眾參與他們的專題討論講座。TRANSLATION7.Damsareadramaticexampleofahumanactivitythatdegradesfreshwaterecosystems.水壩是一個人類活動破壞淡水生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的戲劇性的示范。各類水壩生動地說明，人類活動正在惡化淡水生態(tài)的系統(tǒng)。TRANSLATION8.Themanycolorsofarainbowrangefromredontheoutsidetovioletontheinside.彩虹有多種顏色，外圈紅，內圈紫。TRANSLATION9.由于距離遠，又缺乏交通工具，使農村社會與外界隔絕，而這種隔絕，又由于通訊工具不足而變得更加嚴重。Becausethereisagreatdistanceandtherearenotenoughtransportfacilities,theruralworldisisolated.Thisisolationhasbecomemoreseriousbecausetherearenotenoughinformationmedia.TRANSLATION9.由于距離遠，又缺乏交通工具，使農村社會與外界隔絕，而這種隔絕，又由于通訊工具不足而變得更加嚴重。Theisolationoftheruralworld,becauseofdistanceandthelackoftransportfacilities,iscompoundedbythepaucityoftheinformationmedia.TRANSLATION10.過了一些時候，從遠方傳來了消息：在小銅球墜落的當天，確實發(fā)生了地震。這一切終于得到了澄清。Aftersometime,newscamefromdistantplace.Earthquakedidhappenthatdaywhenthelittlecopperballfell.Allthiswasclearedup.TRANSLATION10.過了一些時候，從遠方傳來了消息：在小銅球墜落的當天，確實發(fā)生了地震。這一切終于得到了澄清。Allwasclearedupsometimelaterwhennewscamefromadistantplacethatanearthquakewasfelttheverydaythelittlecopperballfell.TRANSLATION11.為什么如此眾多的美國人不如想象中那樣幸福呢？我認為原因有二，而兩者之間又有深淺之分。WhysomanyAmericansarenothappyasweexpect?IthinktherearetworeasonsandbothofthemhavedeepdistinctionTRANSLATION11.為什么如此眾多的美國人不如想象中那樣幸福呢？我認為原因有二，而兩者之間又有深淺之分。WhenItrytounderstandwhatitisthatpreventssomanyAmericansfrombeingashappyasonemightexpect,itseemstomethattherearetwocauses,ofwhichonegoesmuchdeeperthantheother.HypotaxisVS.ParataxisHYPOTAXISVS.PARATAXISOrganizationofsentenceHypotaxisSyntacticdevicesLexicalequivalenceParataxisSemanticconnectionHYPOTAXISVS.PARATAXISTaskinClass:1.Evenifthemonkcanrunaway,histemplecannotrunwithhim.2.EvenifIweretobebeatentodeath,Iwillnottell.3.Modestyhelpsonegoforward,whereasconceitmakesonelagbehind.4.Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind?5.Wewillnotattackunlessweareattacked.HYPO-TAXISVS.PARATAXISTaskinClass:1.跑得了和尚，跑不了廟。2.打死我也不說。3.謙虛使人進步，驕傲使人落后。4.冬天來了，春天還會遠嗎？5.人不犯我，我不犯人。HYPOTAXISVS.PARATAXISHypotaxisisthedependentofsubordinateconstructionorrelationshipofclauseswithconnectives.（形合）Parataxisisthearrangingofclausesoneafteranotherwithoutconnectionsshowingtherelationbetweenthem.（意合）HYPOTAXISVS.PARATAXIS天凈沙·秋思馬致遠

枯藤老樹昏鴉，小橋流水人家，古道西風瘦馬。夕陽西下，斷腸人在天涯。HYPOTAXISVS.PARATAXISAutumnThoughtsWitheredvines,oldentree,eveningcrows;Tinybridge,flowingbrook,hamlethomes;Ancientroad,windfromwest,bonyhorse;Thesunissetting,Brokenman,farfromhome,roamandroams.(趙甄陶)HYPOTAXISVS.PARATAXISAutumnCrowshoveringoverruggedoldtreeswreathedwithrottenvine——thedayisaboutdone.Yonderisatinybridgeoverasparklingstream,andonthefarbank,aprettylittlevillage.Butthetravelerhastogoondownthisancientroad,thewestwindmoaning,hisbonyhorsegroaning,Trudging(跋涉)towardsthesinkingsun,fartherandfartherawayfromhome.(翁顯良)HYPOTAXISENGLISHConjunctionPrepositionOtherCohesiveTiesCONJUNCTIONwho,whose,that,which,what,when,where,why,howetc.and,or,but,yet,so,however,aswellas,neithernor,when,while,assince,until,unless,lestetc.CONJUNCTIONe.g.WhenItrytounderstandwhatitisthatpreventssomanyAmericansfrombeingashappyasonemightexpect,itseemstomethattherearetwocauses,ofwhichonegoesmuchdeeperthantheother.PREPOSITIONSingleprepositions:with,to,in,of,about,between,through,etc.Compoundprepositions:inside,onto,upon,within,without,throughoutPhrasalprepositions:accordingto,alongwith,apartfrom,becauseof,infrontof,onbehalfof,withregardto(286intotal)PREPOSITIONe.g.Themanycolorsofarainbowrangefromredontheoutsidetovioletontheinside.OTHERCOHESIVETIESInflectedformsofverbs,nouns,pronouns,adjectives,andadverbs;relativepronounsit”

and“there”O(jiān)THERCOHESIVETIESThereisnothingmoredisappointingtoahostesswhohasgonetoalotoftroubleorexpensethantohaveherguestsointerestedintalkingpoliticsorbusinesswithherhusbandthathefailstonoticetheflavorofthecoffee,thelightnessofthecake,ortheattractivenessofthehouse,whichmaybeherchiefinterestandpride.OTHERCOHESIVETIESEveninitsblastedcondition,withboardsandsackingsinmostofthewindows,withitsthickdustanditsbareroom,withitscrackedplasteranditsdamagedroofs,thehotelhadbeenanewworld,abreadthanddignity,fullofadventurepossibilities.PARATAXISCHINESEWordorderRepetition,parallelsentence,etc.ReducedsentenceFour-character-structureWORDORDERCauseandeffect常態(tài)——現因后果，不用“因為”；變態(tài)——先果后因，用“因為”。WORDORDERe.g.Becausesheisnothonest,Ican’ttrusther.Wewillnotattackunlessweareattacked.I’vemadeproposals,buttheyprovedfutile.Ifyougetbeyondyourdepth,youwillsuffer.WORDORDERe.g.她不老實，我不能信任她。人不犯我，我不犯人。說是說了，沒有結果。打腫臉充胖子，吃虧是自己。PARALLELSENTENCEe.g.他不來，我不去。種瓜得瓜，種豆得豆。吃苦在前，享樂在后。不怕慢，只怕站。聰明一世，糊涂一時。PARALLELSENTENCEe.g.Ifhewon’tcomehere,I’llnotgothere.Asyousow,sowillyoureap.Bethefirsttobearhardshipsandthelasttoenjoycomforts.It’sbettertomoveaheadslowlythanjusttomarktime.Smartasarule,butthistimeafool.REDUCEDSENTENCE“緊”就是緊湊，是取消各分句之間的語音停頓，讓它們緊緊地挨在一起?！翱s”就是壓縮，略去原來分句的一些詞語，讓它們簡約一些。這類句式簡明緊湊，分句間的語法關系和邏輯聯系是隱含的。REDUCEDSENTENCEe.g.有飯大家吃。不到黃河心不死。狼披羊皮還是狼。狐貍再狡猾也斗不過好獵手。上梁不正，下梁歪。REDUCEDSENTENCEe.g.Leteverybodysharethefoodifthereisany.Untilallisover,ambitionneverdies.Awolfremainsawolfeventhoughitisinsheep’sclothing.Howeverslyafoxmaybe,itisnomatchforagoodhunter.Iftheupperbeamisnotstraight,theloweroneswillgoasland./whenthoseabovebehaveunworthily,thosebelowwilldothesame.FOUR-CHARACTER-STRUCTUREe.g.物極必反玩火自焚不進則退欲蓋彌彰FOUR-CHARACTER-STRUCTUREe.g.Onceacertainlimitisreached,achangeintheoppositedirectionisinevitable.Whoeverplayswithfirewillperishbyfire.Untilallisover,ambitionneverdies.Themoreonetriestohide,themoreoneisexposed.SUMMARY句子的內外部連接形合句法手段詞匯手段意合語義手段SUMMARYEnglish注重顯性銜接注重句子形式注重結構完整注重以形顯意SUMMARYChinese注重隱性連貫注重時間和事理順序注重功能意義注重以意役形TRANSLATIONHewasinpossession;itwasthelargestinthetown,combiningfruitwithvegetables,andhethoughtitwouldformahomeworthyevenofhersomeday.(T.Hardy,TheSon’sVeto)他是這店鋪的主人，這是鎮(zhèn)上最大的一家，既賣水果，又賣蔬菜。他還認為，總有那么一天這店鋪會夠得上做她稱心的一個家呢！TRANSLATIONThosenewspapermenalwaysmadeherangry.Alloftheirarticlesshowedhowroughthepeoplewereontheirstreet.(D.Oliver,Neighbors)那些記者總是惹她動火，他們一寫文章就要責罵住在這條街上的人們是如何粗惡。TRANSLATIONThesmellofwetearthcomestomefromthosethumbedandtatteredpages,thesourtangofmoorlandpeat,thefeelofsoggymossspatteredwhiteinplacesbyaheron’sdropping.(D.Maurier,Rebecca)我在這些翻弄得殘破不全的紙頁中，聞到了濕潤泥塊的芳香，嗅到了沼澤泥煤的濃烈酸味，乃至于出道了濕乎乎的青苔地，其間綴有白斑點點，那是蒼鷺的遺失/矢。TRANSLATIONHeopenedahugedustybookanddrewittohimanddippedafoulpenintoaninkwellfilledwithwhatlookedlikecoaldust.(W.Faulkner,TheSoundandtheFury)他打開了一個落滿塵土的碩大本子，拉到自己跟前，把一支骯臟的鋼筆往一只墨水瓶里蘸了蘸。那里頭盛的與其說是墨水，倒不如說是煤灰。TRANSLATIONShewasstackingtheplatesaway;herhandsmovedslowly,reflectively.Davekeptananxioussilence.(R.Wright,TheManWhoWasAlmostaMan)她滿滿地把盤子堆疊好，放到一邊，思考著。待付沒有出聲，但是很焦急。TRANSLATIONLonelinessheldthegreatmassesofimmigrantstogether,andpovertykeptthemdown.Theirdream,astheyslavedlonghours,wastosaveasmuchaspossibleforadownpaymentonahome.(W.McDermott,Francesco’sDebtofHonor)這些移民只身在外，舉目無親，故而聚居一處，而且經濟支絀，生計困難。他們辛苦終日，夢寐以求的就是盡力省下錢來，充做購置房屋的定金。TRANSLATIONWhenImingledwithotherfamilies,Idistinctlydiscernedhowpeculiarlyfortunatemylotwas,andgratitudeassistedthedevelopmentoffiliallove.(M.Shelley,Frankenstein)我和其他家庭在一起相處時，我清楚地意識到自己交上了齊天鴻運。為了報答他們的恩情，孝順之心也日見強烈。Subject-prominent

VS.Topic-prominentWARMING-UPWARMING-UPe.g.活到老，學到老。世上無難事，只要肯攀登。Canyoufindthesubjectinthesesentences?Canyoufindthetopic/themeinthesesentences?GENERALINTRODUCTIONEnglishSubject-prominentSubject-predicatestructureChineseTopic-prominentTopic-commentstructureGENERALINTRODUCTIONTaskinclass:Thedialectisknownbyeverylinguistinthisroom.【1】一種方言被這間屋子里的每一個語言學家所懂得?！?】有一種方言這間屋子里的每一個語言學家都懂得。GENERALINTRODUCTIONTaskinclass:小尼姑之流，阿Q向來是視為草芥的。AhQalwayslooksdownuponthepersonslikelittleBuddhistnun.SUBJECT-PROMINENTStructuresinEnglish:（1）主謂S+V（因謂語動詞是不及物動詞，后面不能帶賓語）（2）主系表S+V+C（謂語為系詞，只能加形容詞當表語。）（3）主謂狀S+V+A（4）主謂賓S+V+O（因謂語動詞是及物動詞后面必須帶賓語。）（5）主謂賓狀S+V+O+A(謂語動詞為及物動詞，后面再加介詞短語做狀語。)（6）主謂賓賓S+V+O+O（因謂語為特殊及物動詞，后面必須帶兩個賓語）（7）主謂賓補S+V+O+C（因謂語為特殊及物動詞，后面必須帶1個賓語和1個補語。）SUBJECT-PROMINENTe.g.Theriverruns.Helooksstrong.Hepaintedapicture.Hegaveme

amedicalhandbook.Theymadehimtheirteamleader.Sheputtheplatesonthetable.Maryisinheroffice.SUBJECT-PROMINENT各種長短句子，一般都可以看作是這七種基本句型及其變式、擴展、組合、省略或倒裝。語法一致原則grammaticalconcord意義一致原則notionalconcord就近原則principleofproximity注重形式接應formalcoherenceSUBJECT-PROMINENTSubjectinEnglishsentences:(1)Theremustbeasubjectinthesentence.(2)Thesubjectisjustthethemeofthesentenceandtheactorofthebehavior.(3)Thesubjectmustleadthewholesentenceingrammar.(4)Nounsornounphrasescanactasthesubjectofthesentence.TOPIC-PROMINENTHeaven,EarthandIcomeintobeingtogether,andallthingsandIareone.Manisanintegralpartofnature,andallthingsandIareone.Thesubjectofthebehaviorcanbecontainedinthesubjectiveperformanceofthisevent.Chinesedonotconsiderthesubjectasanecessaryingredient.TOPIC-PROMINENT漢語主謂結構要復雜得多，注重意念連貫（semanticcoherence）警察抓住了小偷；(施事主語)三個小偷都抓住了；(受事主語)昨晚抓住了三個小偷；(時間主語)公共汽車上抓住了三個小偷。(地點主語)TOPIC-PROMINENTe.g.這本書我已經看過了。開車沒有方向盤不行刮風了，下雨了。食堂今天吃餃子。國慶七天的第一天我們全家到北京路購物。游泳很費力氣。TOPIC-PROMINENTThetopicisjustthethemeofthesentenceandthecommentonthetopicisjustthedescriptionofthetheme.TopicsinChinesesentences:(1)Theremustn’tbeasubjectinthesentence.(2)ThesubjectinChinesesentencesometimescannotleadthewholesentenceingrammar.(3)Theremaybemorethanonesubjectinonesentence.(4)Thesubjectcanalsobeaverb,anadjective,orsomeotherpartsofspeech.ENGLISHTOCHINESESubject-predicateTopic-commentENGLISHTOCHINESEProcedures:Step1:判斷這個英語句子中，到底哪一個成分，才是句子的話題（要討論的問題）；Step2:把這個主題放在中文譯文的前面，后面在描述主題的情況。ENGLISHTOCHINESEe.g.Ihavebeenwonderingaboutsomething.英式漢語：我一直想知道一件事。地道翻譯：有一件事我一直很納悶。Heofferedhiscarforamillionyuan.英式漢語：他要賣這輛車，出價一百萬。地道翻譯：這輛車他要價一百萬。ENGLISHTOCHINESETaskinclass:1.Ittookhimtwolongmonthstofinishsuchathinbook.英式漢語：地道翻譯：2.Youareluckyenoughtohaveaunitedfamily.英式漢語：地道翻譯：CHINESETOENGLISHTopic-commentSubject-predicateCHINESETOENGLISHProcedures:Step1:發(fā)現無主語句，要根據語境增補主語。Step2:發(fā)現多主語句，那就要確定一個能夠發(fā)出謂語動作，統(tǒng)領全句的主語。Step3:發(fā)現不是名詞或者名詞短語作主語，那么就要轉換成名詞或名詞短語。CHINESETOENGLISHe.g.出太陽了！Thesunisrising.近二十年的時間已經充分證明，我們進行改革開放的方向是正確的，信念是堅定的，步驟是穩(wěn)妥的，方式是漸進的，取得的成就是巨大的。Thepracticeinthepast20yearshasprovedthatwearerightindirection,firminconviction,steadyinsteps,progressiveinmethods,andhugeinachievement.能吃能睡不一定就健康。Greateatersandsleepersarenotalwayshealthy.CHINESETOENGLISHTaskinclass:要吃有吃，要穿有穿。不知苦中苦，哪知甜中甜？他會干這種事我不相信。玩火自焚。CHINESETOENGLISH要吃有吃，要穿有穿。Wehaveenoughtoeatandsufficienttoputon.不知苦中苦，哪知甜中甜？Ifyouhavenevertastedthebitternessofgall,howcanyouknowthesweetnessofhoney?他會干這種事我不相信。Idon’tbelievethatheshouldhavedonesuchthings.玩火自焚

。

Whoeverplayswithfirewillperishbyfire.SUMMARY趙元任先生在《漢語口語語法》（1968）一書中指出：“在漢語里把主語、謂語當作話題和說明來看待，比較合適?！睗h語句子的“話題”與“說明”是從句子順序上說的?！霸掝}”是說話人想要說明的對象，總是放在句子開頭處。如果語言環(huán)境或上下文能暗示話題，也可以省略不提?！罢f明”部分位于話題之后，對話題進行說明、解釋或質疑。“說明”部分與“話題”部分不存在一致關系。“說明”可以是一個名詞或動詞，也可以是一連串的名詞短語或連動結構，還可以由形容詞及各種詞組充當，對結尾沒有限制，可長可短，視語義而定。

漢語的連動句典型地反映出話題的后面一長串說明的特點（因為凡與話題有關的內容都可放在后面對其進行說明），這與英語句子一個主語和一個謂語相一致的結構大不相同。SUPPLEMENT(1)(1)WithoutPredicateVerbe.g.天高云淡。房間干干凈凈。這箱子八十磅。他上海人。我兒子二十歲。SUPPLEMENT(1)天高云淡。Theskyishighandthecloudsarepale.房間干干凈凈。Theroomisneatandtidy.這箱子八十磅。Thisboxweighseightypounds.他上海人。HeisfromShanghai.我兒子二十歲。Mysonis20yearsold.SUPPLEMENT(2)(2)WithoutObjecte.g.電影很有趣，我一定要去看。蛇在冬天藏起來。SUPPLEMENT(2)電影很有趣，我一定要去看。Thefilmisinteresting.I’llgoandseeit.蛇在冬天藏起來。Snakeshidethemselvesinwinter.SUPPLEMENT(3)(3)WithoutConjunctione.g.他不老實，我們不相信他。人不犯我，我不犯人。說是說了，沒有結果。抓住了主要矛盾，一切問題就可以迎刃而解。SUPPLEMENT(3)（因為）他不老實，（所以）我們不相信他。Becauseheisnothonest,wecan’ttrusthim.

人不犯我，我不犯人。Wewillnotattackunlessweareattacked.

說是說了，沒有結果。Ihavemadeproposals,buttheyprovedfutile.

抓住了主要矛盾，一切問題就可以迎刃而解。Oncetheprincipalcontradictionisgrasped,allproblemscanbereadilysolved.SUPPLEMENT(4)(4)ContradictoryExpressione.g.曬衣服曬太陽吃蘋果吃食堂打掃房間打掃衛(wèi)生恢復健康恢復疲勞扶貧SUPPLEMENT(4)曬衣服曬太陽tosunone’sclothestobaskinthesun吃蘋果吃食堂toeatanappletohaveone’smealsinthecanteen打掃房間打掃衛(wèi)生

tocleanaroomtodosomecleaning恢復健康恢復疲勞torecoverone’shealthtogetrefreshed扶貧

poverty

reduction

/poverty

alleviation

SUPPLEMENT(5)(5)NeedlessWordse.g.不必要的浪費不切實際的幻想毫無根據的毀謗用鼻子聞了一下

腦子里想了想徹底粉碎完全征服偉大的歷史性轉變SUPPLEMENT(5)不必要的浪費waste不切實際的幻想illusion,fancy,fantasy毫無根據的毀謗slander用鼻子聞了一下takeasmellat腦子里想了想thinkover徹底粉碎smash完全征服conquer偉大的歷史性轉變ThisisahistoricchangeTRANSLATION1.他常說家庭應該破壞，一領薪水卻一定立即寄給他的祖母，一日也不拖延。（魯迅《孤獨者》）Whilemaintainingthatthefami1ysystemshouldbeabolished，hewouldremithissalarytohisgrandmotherthesamedaythathedrewit.TRANSLATION2.在建造一座大橋前，必須考慮到金屬受熱膨脹這一因素。Theexpansionofmetalsonheatingmustbetakenintoconsiderationbeforealongmetalbridgeisbuilt.TRANSLATION3.語言這東西，不是隨便可以學好的。非下苦功不可。Themasteryofalanguageisnoteasyanditrequirespainstakingefforts.TRANSLATION4.由于工作忙，未能及時回信。Pressureofworkhasdelayedmyanswer.TRANSLATION5.話說天下大勢，分久必合，合久必分。（羅貫中《三國演義》）Theworldtrendtendstogetunited

afterlongperiodofdivision.TRANSLATION6.Wehavebiggerhousesandsmallerfamilies;moreconveniences,butlesstime;wehavemoredegrees,butlesscommonsenses;moreknowledge,butlessjudgment;moreexperts,butmorequestions;moremedicine,butlesswellness.房子越來越大，家庭卻越來越小；便利的設施越來越多，自由的時間卻越來越少；學位越來越高，生活常識卻越來越?。猾@得的知識越來越豐富，對事物的判斷卻越來越缺少；所謂的專家一個接一個，問題卻層出不窮；發(fā)明的藥物一種賽一種，健康卻每況愈下。TRANSLATION7.Youdon’tgrowthegrainyoueatandyoudon’tmaketheclothesyouwear.你吃的糧食不是你自己種的，你穿的衣服也不是你自己做的。TRANSLATION8.Amanrichlyendowedwithagenerousheartandanoblemind,hewaswidelyadmiredforhisstatesmanshipandhisgenuinedevotiontothehighprinciplesoftheUnitedNationsOrganizationwhichhehadservedpositivelywithgreatdistinctionasPresidentoftheGeneralAssemblyandaschiefrepresentativeofPeru,andtowhichhehasdedicatedhisfertilemindformanyyearsofhislifetoitslastnoblebreath.他胸懷寬廣，實現高尚，具有政治家的風度和真正的獻身于聯合國崇高原則的精神，博得人們廣泛的稱贊。他曾作為大會主席和秘魯首席代表，成績卓著地為聯合國服務。多年來，他把豐富的思想獻給了聯合國組織，直到她停止高貴的呼吸。ⅣPersonalVS.ImpersonalPERSONALVS.IMPERSONALEnglishObjectConsciousnessImpersonalSubjectPERSONALVS.IMPERSONALChineseSubjectConsciousnessPersonalSubjectPERSONALVS.IMPERSONALPleasetrytotranslatethefollowingsentence:我興奮得什么話也說不出來。IwassoexcitedthatIcouldn’tsayaword.Excitementdeprivedmeofallpowerofutterance.IMPERSONALSUBJECTG.LeechandJ.Svartvik(1974):Formalwrittenlanguageoftengoeswithanimpersonalstyleincludingofficialstyle,news,scienceandtechnologystyleetc.Someofthecommonfeaturesofimpersonallanguagearepassives,sentencebeginningwithintroductoryit,andabstractnouns.IMPERSONALSUBJECTExample:Ithasbeennotedwithconcernthatthestockofbooksinthelibraryhasbeendecliningalarmingly.Studentsareaskedtoremindthemselvesoftherulesfortheborrowingandreturnofbooks,andtobearinmindtheneedsofotherstudents.Penaltiesforoverduebookswillinthefuturebestrictlyenforced.近來已注意到本館存書驚人地減少，此事令人關切?，F要求學生不要忘記借書還書規(guī)則，并考慮其他學生的需要。今后凡借書逾期不還者，必將嚴格按章處罰。IMPERSONALSUBJECTImpersonalLackofpersonalreferenceLackofsincerityinhumancoldofficialabstractIMPERSONALSUBJECTJ.Perlmutter(1965):Whenthewriterandreaderareoutofthepicture,writinglackswarmthandsincerity,personalreferenceandhumantouch.Hence,thearticleappearsabstractandofficial,evencoldandinhuman.Tomakewritinghuman,youhavetoestablishandmaintainapeople-to-peoplerelationship.IMPERSONALSUBJECTExample:Thenumberofbooksinthelibraryhasbeengoingdown.Pleasemakesureyouknowtherulesforborrowing,anddon’tforgetthatthelibraryisforeveryone’sconvenience.Sofromnowon,we’regoingtoenforcetherulesstrictly.Youhavebeenwarmed!IMPERSONALPERSONALItwasnotedthatthisoffice