海文學(xué)校英語考前模擬題一 （下）

海文學(xué)校英語考前模擬題一（下）Passage3In1998consumerscouldpurchasevirtuallyanythingovertheInternet.Books,compactdiscs,andevenstockswereavailableformWorldWideWebsitesthatseemedtospringupalmostdaily.Afewyearsearlier,somepeoplehadpredictedthatconsumersaccustomedtoshoppinginstoreswouldbereluctanttobuythingsthattheycouldnotseeortouchinperson.Foragrowingnumberoftime-starvedconsumers,however,shoppingfromtheirhomecomputerwasprovingtobeaconvenientalternativetodrivingtothestore.Aresearchestimatedthatin1998USconsumerswouldpurchase$7.3billionofgoodsovertheInternet,doublethe1997total.Findingabargainwasgettingeasier,owingtotheriseofonlineauctionsandWebsitesthatdidcomparisonshoppingontheInternetforthebestdeal.Foralltheconsumerinterest,retailingincyberspacewasstillalargelyunprofitablebusiness,however.InternetpioneerA,whichbegansellingbooksin1995andlaterbranchedintorecordedmusicandvideos,postedrevenueof$153.7millioninthethirdquarter,upfrom$37.9millioninthesameperiodsof1997.Overall,however,thecompany’slosswidenedto$45.2millionfrom$9.6million,andanalystsdidnotexpectthecompanytoturnaprofituntil2001.Despitethegreatloss,hadastockmarketvalueofmanybillions,reflectinginvestors’optimismaboutthefutureoftheindustry.Internetretailingappealedtoinvestorsbecauseitprovidedanefficientmeansforreachingmillionsofconsumerswithouthavingthecostofoperatingconventionalstoreswiththeirarmiesofsalespeople.Sellingonlinecarrieditsownrisks,however.Withsomanycompaniescompetingforconsumers’attention,pricecompetitionwasintenseandprofitmarginsthinornonexistent.Onevideoretailersoldthehitmovies“Titanicfor$9.99,undercuttingthe19.99suggestedretailinitsinitialstage,companiesseemedwillingtoabsorbsuchlossesinanattempttoestablishadominantmarketposition.59.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothewriter?[A]ConsumersarereluctanttobuythingsontheInternet.[B]ConsumersaretoobusytobuythingsontheInternet.[C]Internetretailingisaprofitablebusiness.[D]MoreandmoreconsumerspreferInternetshopping.60.FindingabargainontheInternetwasgettingeasierpartlybecause______.[A]thereweremoreandmoreInternetusers[B]thereweremoreandmoreonlineauctions[C]theconsumershadmoremoneytospend[D]thereweremoregoodsavailableontheInternet61.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatA________.[A]willprobablymakeaprofitin2001[B]ismakingaprofitnow[C]isacompanythatsellsbooksonly[D]suffersagreatlossonthestockmarket62.InvestorsareinterestedinInternetretailingbecause________.[A]sellingonlineinvolveslittlerisk[B]Internetretailingisinitsinitialstage[C]itcaneasilyreachmillionsofconsumers[D]theycanmakehugeprofitsfromitPassage4Theyearsofuniversityexpansionandtheemergenceofaresearchculturewerethesameyearsthatsawincreasesinthenumberofwomenenteringtheuniversitybothasstudentsandasfaculty.ThenumberofwomenundergraduatesinNorthAmericanuniversitiesincreasedanddiversified.Non-traditionalstudents,overwhelminglyfemale,begantostudyonapart-timebasis,thenumbersofwomengoingtograduateschoolincreased,andwomensoughtentrytothenon-traditionalpositionofuniversityfacultymember.Nonetheless,whilethenumberofwomenstudentsexpandeddramaticallyoverthedecadesofthe1960s,1970sand1980s,thesamehasnotbeentrueforfaculty.A1980reportbyStatisticsCanadaindicatesthatUniversityfacultypositionshadlongbeenthepreserveofmenandlittlehaschangedsincethen.Between1960and1980,femalefacultygrewfrom11.4to20%andby1994hadincreasedto25%importantlythoughwomenarenotequallydistributedacrossdisciplineareas.In1980-90,inthefivebroadlydefinedareasusedbyStatisticsCanada,womenaccountedfor29%ofthefacultyinEducation,26%ofthoseinFineandAppliedArts,25%ofHumanitiesfaculty,19%ofthoseintheSocialSciences,and17%ofthoseinAgriculturalandBiologicalSciences.Themostrecentstatisticsrecordwomenbysubjectstaught,ratherthanfaculty,anddonotsuggestmuchchange.In1994,womentaught33.5%ofeducationcourses,30.8%ofthecoursesinFineArts,28.7%ofhumanitiescourses,23.4%ofcoursesinSocialSciences,20.7%ofthecoursesinagricultureandbiologicalsciences,and5.4%ofcourseofferingsinengineeringandappliedsciencesThesamephenomenonexistsintheUnitedStates,wheretheproportionofwomenfacultywashigherbeforeWorldWarIIthanafter.Womenwere20%offacultyoncampusesattheturnofthecenturyandtheirpercentageincreasedtoahighof25%in1940.Afterthewar,proportionsdeclinedthroughoutthe1950sand1960stoalowof12%anddidnotincreasetopre-warlevelsuntilthe1970s.Thisdeclineoccurredinbothcoeducationalandwomen’scollegeswherewomenfacultydeclinedfrom72%in1940to50%in1955anddroppedtoalowof45%in1978.By1991,womenwerereportedasaccountingfor49.7%ofthoseemployedinacademicpositions.However,women’spositionsintheUnitedStatesarecomparabletoCanadianfiguresandhavechangedlittleoverthelast25years.22.3%offull-timeuniversityfacultywerewomenin1972,thishadincreasedto26.9%by1982andto30%in1992.63.Bothwomenstudentsandwomenfacultystartedtoincreasewhen________.[A]thenumberofmalestudentsandfacultywasgoingup[B]universitiesenteredthe20thcentury[C]femalestudentscouldstudyonapart-timebasis[D]universitybegantoexpand64.InwhichdisciplinedidwomenfacultytakeupthehighestpercentageinCanadain1980-90?[A]Humanities.[B]FineandAppliedArts.[C]Education.[D]SocialSciences.65.InwhichofthefollowingsubjectstaughtdidfemalefacultyoccupythelowestpercentageinCanadain1994?[A]FineArts.[B]Engineeringandappliedsciences.[C]Educationcourses.[D]Agricultureandbiologicalsciences.66.ThispassagetellsusthatintheU.S.andCanadianuniversities________.[A]womenfacultyhaveincreasedslowly[B]thereisgreatexpansioninthenumberoffemalefaculty[C]femalefacultyaremorethanmalefaculty[D]femalefacultyaremorethanfemalestudentsPassage5Theexistenceofbothracialandsexualdiscriminationinemploymentiswelldocumented,andpolicymakersandresponsibleemployersareparticularlysensitivetotheplightoftheblackfemaleemployeeonthetheorythatsheisdoublythevictimofdiscrimination.Thatthereexistdifferencesinincomebetweenwhitesandblacksisclear,butitisnotsoclearthatthesedifferencesaresolelytheresultofracialdiscriminationinemployment.Thetwogroupsdifferinproductivity,sobasiceconomicsdictatesthattheirincomeswilldiffer.Toobtainatruemeasureoftheeffectofracialdiscriminationinemploymentitisnecessarytoadjustthegrossblack/whiteincomeratiofortheseproductivityfactors.Whitewomeninurbanareashaveahighereducationallevelthanblackwomenandcanbeexpectedtoreceivelargerincomes.Moreover,StatedistributionofresidenceisimportantbecauseblacksareoverrepresentedintheSouth,wherewageratesaretypicallylowerthanelsewhereandwhereracialdifferentialsinincomearegreater.Also,blacksareoverrepresentedinlargecities,andincomesofblackswouldbegreaterifblacksweredistributedamongcitiesofdifferentsizesinthesamemanneraswhites.Afterstandardizationfortheproductivityfactors,theincomeofblackurbanwomenisestimatedtobebetween108and125percentoftheincomeofwhitewomen.Thisindicatesthatproductivityfactorsmorethanaccountfortheactualwhite/blackincomedifferentialforwomen.Despitetheirgreatereducation,whitewomen’sactualaverageincomeisonly2to5percenthigherthanthatofblackwomenintheNorth.Unlikethesituationofmen,theevidenceindicatesthatthemoneyincomeofblackurbanwomenwasasgreatas,orgreaterthan,thatofwhitesofsimilarproductivityintheNorth,andprobablyintheUnitedStatesasawhole.Atleasttwopossiblehypothesesmayexplainwhytheadjustmentforproductivitymorethanaccountsfortheobservedincomedifferentialforwomen.First,theremaybemorediscriminationagainstblackmenthanagainstblackwomen.Thedifferentoccupationalstructuresformenandwomengivesomeindicationwhythiscouldbethecase.Second,thedataareconsistentwiththehypothesisthattheintensityofdiscriminationagainstwomendifferslittlebetweenwhitesandblacks.Therefore,racialdiscriminationaddslittletoeffectsofexistingsexdiscrimination.Thesefindingssuggestthatablackwomandoesnotnecessarilysufferrelativelymorediscriminationinthelabormarketthandoesawhitewoman.Rather,forwomen,theeffectsofsexualdiscriminationaresopervasivethattheeffectsofracialdiscriminationarenegligible.67.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto________.[A]explainthereasonsfortheexistenceofincomedifferentialsbetweenmenandwomen[B]showthatracialdiscriminationagainstblackwomeninemploymentislessimportantthansexualdiscrimination[C]explorethewaysinwhichproductivityfactorsinfluencetheearningpowerofblackworkers[D]sketchahistoryofracialandsexualdiscriminationagainstblackandfemaleworkersinthelabormarket68.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthelogicalrelationshipbetweenthetwohypothesespresentedinthefourthparagraph?[A]Theymaybothbetruesinceeachphenomenoncouldcontributetotheobserveddifferential.[B]Theyarecontradictory,andifoneisprovedtobecorrect,theotherisprovedincorrect.[C]Theyareindependentofeachother,anditishardtoestablishanyrelationshipbetweenthem.[D]Thetwohypothesesarelogicallyconnectedsothatitisimpossibletoproveeitheronetobetruewithoutalsoprovingtheothertobetrue.69.Ifthesecondhypothesismentionedbytheauthoriscorrect,agenerallesseningofdiscriminationagainstwomenshouldleadtoa(n)________.[A]higherwhite/blackincomeratioforwomen[B]lowerwhite/blackincomeratioforwomen[C]lowerfemale/maleincomeratio[D]increaseintheproductivityofwomen70.Theauthor’sattitudetowardracialandsexualdiscriminationinemploymentisoneof_______.[A]apology[B]concern[C]indifference[D]indignationSectionIVEnglish-ChineseTranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Lawsofnatureareoftwobasicforms:(1)alawisuniversalifitstatesthatsomeconditions,sofarasareknown,invariablyarefoundtogetherwithcertainotherconditions;and(2)alawisprobabilisticifitaffirmsthat,ontheaverage,astatedfractionofcasesdisplayingagivenconditionwilldisplayacertainotherconditionaswell.Ineithercase,alawmaybevalideventhoughitobtainsonlyunderspecialcircumstancesorasaconvenientapproximation.71)Moreover,alawofnaturehasnologicalnecessity;rather,itrestsdirectlyorindirectlyupontheevidenceofexperience.Lawsofuniversalformmustbedistinguishedfromgeneralizations,suchas"Allchairsinthisofficearegray,"whichappeartobeaccidental.Generalizations,forexample,cannotsupportcounterfactualconditionalstatementssuchas"Ifthischairhadbeeninmyoffice,itwouldbegray"norsubjunctiveconditionalssuchas"Ifthischairwereputinmyoffice,itwouldbegray."Ontheotherhand,thestatement"Allplanetaryobjectsmoveinnearlyellipticalpathsabouttheirstar"doesprovidethissupport.Allscientificlawsappeartogivesimilarresults.72)Theclassofuniversalstatementsthatcanbecandidatesforthestatusoflaws,however,isdeterminedatanytimeinhistorybythetheoriesofsciencethencurrent.Severalpositiveattributesarecommonlyrequiredofanaturallaw.Statementsaboutthingsoreventslimitedtoonelocationoronedatecannotbelawlike.Also,mostscientistsholdthatthepredicatemustapplytoevidencenotusedinderivingthelaw:thoughthelawisfoundeduponexperience,itmustpredictorhelponetounderstandmattersnotincludedamongtheseexperiences.Finally,itisnormallyexpectedthatalawwillbeexplainablebymoreembracinglawsorbysometheory.73)Thus,aregularityforwhichtherearegeneraltheoreticalgroundsforexpectingitwillbemorereadilycalledanaturallawthananempiricalregularitythatcannotbesubsumedundermoregenerallawsortheories.Universallawsareofseveraltypes.74)Manyassertadependencebetweenvaryingquantitiesmeasuringcertainproperties,asinthelawthatthepressureofagasundersteadytemperatureisinverselyproportionaltoitsvolume.Othersstatethateventsoccurinaninvariantorder,asin"Vertebratesalwaysoccurinthefossilrecordaftertheriseofinvertebrates."Lastly,therearelawsaffirmingthatifanobjectisofastatedso