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ThenormalstructureoftheeyeballTerms角膜:corneaCorne/o--,Cornea角膜,Megacornea大角膜,Microcornea小角膜,Kerat/o--,Keratitis角膜炎,Keratomalacia角膜軟化癥鞏膜:scleraScler/o--,Scleritis鞏膜炎,Episcleritis表層鞏膜炎,Episclera鞏膜上層(epi--,beyondsomething),epidermis表皮,上皮Epidermal表皮的,外皮的虹膜:iris,Irid/o--,Iridotomy虹膜切開術(shù),iridectomy虹膜切除術(shù),iridocyclitis虹膜睫狀體炎睫狀體:ciliarybody脈絡(luò)膜:choroid,Choroid/o--,choroidal脈絡(luò)膜的,choroidoretinitis脈絡(luò)膜視網(wǎng)膜炎視網(wǎng)膜:retin/oretinitis視網(wǎng)膜炎,retinopathy視網(wǎng)膜病變,diabeticretinopathy糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變瞳孔:pupil,Pupill/o--,pupillomotor瞳孔運(yùn)動(dòng)的,pupillometer瞳孔計(jì)玻璃體:vitreous,Vitre/o--,vitreous玻璃體的,Vitrectomy玻璃體切除術(shù),Vitreretinal玻璃體視網(wǎng)膜的,Vitreretinopathy玻璃體視網(wǎng)膜病變晶狀體:lens視盤:opticdisk黃斑:macular視神經(jīng):opticnerve中央凹:FoveaDiabeticretinopathyDefinition
Causes
Symptoms
Riskfactors
Testsanddiagnosis
WhentoseekmedicaladviceComplications
Treatmentsanddrugs
Prevention
DiabeticretinopathyDefinition
Diabeticretinopathyisacomplicationofdiabetesthatresultsfromdamagetothebloodvesselsofthelight-sensitivetissueatthebackoftheeye(retina).causeDiabeticretinopathycanhappentoanyonewhohastype1diabetesortype2diabetes.CausesWhenyouhavediabetes,yourbodydoesn'tusesugar(glucose)properly.CausesIfyourbloodsugarlevelistoohigh,yournaturallensmayswell—whichcanbluryourvision.CausesEventually,toomuchsugarinyourbloodcandamagethetinybloodvessels(capillaries毛細(xì)血管)thatnourishtheretina.Thiscanresultindiabeticretinopathy.capillary,Capill/o-,n.&adj.毛細(xì)管(的)Capillaritis毛細(xì)管炎SymptomsAtfirst,diabeticretinopathymaycausenosymptomsoronlymildvisionproblems.SymptomsYoucanhavediabeticretinopathyandnotknowit.Infact,symptomsareunusualintheearlystagesofdiabeticretinopathy.SymptomsEventually,however,diabeticretinopathycanresultinblindness.InChina,diabeticretinopathyisaleadingcauseofblindnessinadults.symptomsInfact,upto45percentofadultsdiagnosedwithdiabetesinChinahavesomedegreeofdiabeticretinopathy,accordingtotheNationalEyeInstitute.symptomsAndthelongeryouhavediabetes,themorelikelyyouaretodevelopdiabeticretinopathy.SymptomsDiabeticretinopathyusuallyaffectsbotheyes.SymptomsAstheconditionprogresses,diabeticretinopathysymptomsmayinclude:
A)Spotsfloatinginyourvision
B)Blurredvision
C)Darkstreaksoraredfilmthatblocksyourvision
D)Poornightvision
E)VisionlossDiabeticretinopathyisusuallyclassifiedasearlyoradvanced.Earlydiabeticretinopathy.
Nonproliferativediabeticretinopathy(NPDR)isthemostcommontypeofdiabeticretinopathy.Itcanbedescribedasmild,moderateorsevere.NPDR:(NonProlifertive
Dibetic
Retinopthy)
非增殖性糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變WhenyouhaveNPDR,thewallsofthebloodvesselsinyourretinaweaken.Tinybulges(凸起)protrude(伸入)fromthevesselwalls,sometimesleakingoroozingfluidandbloodintotheretina.Thesebulgesarecalledmicroaneurysms.Microaneurysms:微動(dòng)脈瘤,微血管瘤Intheearlystagesofdiabeticretinopathy,thewallsofthebloodvesselsinyourretinaweaken.Tinybulgesprotrudefromthevesselwalls,sometimesleakingoroozingfluidandbloodintotheretina.Asdiabeticretinopathyprogresses,newbloodvesselsmaygrowandthreatenyourvision.
Astheconditionprogresses,thesmallervesselsmaycloseentirelyandthelargerretinalveinsmaybegintodilate(擴(kuò)大)
andbecomeirregularindiameter(直徑).Nervefibersintheretinamaybegintoswell.Sometimesthecentralpartoftheretina(macula)beginstoswell,too.Thisisknownasmacularedema.Macula:黃斑M(jìn)acularedema:黃斑水腫termsExtensive:廣泛的,大量的Intraretinal
microvascular
abnormalitis
(IRMA)視網(wǎng)膜內(nèi)微血管異常Intraretinal:視網(wǎng)膜內(nèi)部的Microvascular
:微血管的Cottonwoolspots:棉絨斑Hemorrhage:出血Rootsthatmeansblood:Hemo-,hema-,hem-,haemo-,haema-,haem--rrhage,出血,流血Gastrointestinalrrhage
消化道出血Advanceddiabeticretinopathy.Proliferativediabeticretinopathy(PDR)isthemostseveretypeofdiabeticretinopathy.WhenyouhavePDR,abnormalbloodvesselsgrowintheretina.Sometimesthenewbloodvesselsgroworleakintothevitreous(theclear,jelly-likesubstancethatfillsthecenterofyoureye).玻璃體:vitreous,Vitre/o--,vitreous玻璃體的,Vitrectomy玻璃體切除術(shù),Jelly-like:膠狀的Eventually,scartissuestimulatedbythegrowthofnewbloodvesselsmaycausetheretinatodetach(脫離)fromthebackofyoureye.Ifthenewbloodvesselsinterferewiththenormalflowoffluidoutoftheeye,pressuremaybuildupintheeyeball.Thiscandamagetheopticnerve.(Thenervethatcarriesimagesfromyoureyetoyourbrain).Peripheral:外圍的,不重要的Peri-
,外圍的,周圍的Perinatal
圍產(chǎn)期的,出生前后的Periportal
門靜脈周的,Periarteritis
動(dòng)脈周圍炎,periappendicitis
闌尾周炎Exudative
maculopathy:滲出性黃斑病變Hardexudates:硬滲出物Hardexudatesandhemorrhageslateraltomacula:?jiǎn)蝹?cè)性黃斑硬性滲出和出血Lateral:側(cè)部的Apparent:明顯的Quadrant:象限,四分之一圓Prominent:顯著的Riskfactors
Diabeticretinopathycanhappentoanyonewhohasdiabetes.Theriskishighestifyou:RiskfactorsHavepoorcontrolofyourbloodsugarlevelHavehighbloodpressureHavehighcholesterolArepregnantAreblackorHispanicSmokeHispanic:西班牙人Cholesterol:膽固醇RiskfactorsThelongeryouhavediabetes,thegreateryourriskofdevelopingdiabeticretinopathy.WhentoseekmedicaladviceEarlydetectionofdiabeticretinopathyisthebestwaytopreventvisionloss:(a)Ifyouhavediabetes,seeyoureyedoctorforayearlydilated
eyeexam(擴(kuò)瞳檢查)
—evenifyourvisionseemsfine.(b)Ifyoubecomepregnant,youreyedoctormayrecommendadditionaleyeexamsthroughoutyourpregnancy.(c)Contactyoureyedoctorrightawayifyouexperiencesuddenvisionchangesoryourvisionbecomesblurry,spottyorhazy(模糊或有斑點(diǎn)).Complications
Theabnormalgrowthofnewbloodvesselsintheretinacanleadtoseriousvisionproblems:Vitreoushemorrhage.Thenewbloodvesselsmaybleedintotheclear,jelly-likesubstancethatfillsthecenterofyoureye(vitreous).
Retinaldetachment(視網(wǎng)膜脫離).Thismaycauseblurredvision,spotsfloatinginyourvisionorseverevisionloss.Glaucoma.Thenewbloodvesselsmayinterferewiththenormalflowoffluidoutoftheeyeandcausepressureintheeyetobuildup.Blindness.Eventually,diabeticretinopathycanleadtocompletevisionloss.Glaucoma:青光眼TestsanddiagnosisDiabeticretinopathyisbestdiagnosedwithadilatedeyeexam.Duringtheexam,youreyedoctorwilllookfor:AbnormalbloodvesselsSwelling,bloodorfattydepositsintheretinaDamagetothenervetissueGrowthofnewbloodvesselsandscartissueBleedinginthevitreousRetinaldetachmentTestsanddiagnosisAspartoftheeyeexam,yourdoctormaydoaretinalphotographytestcalledfluoresceinangiography.Yourdoctoralsomayrequestanopticalcoherencetomography(OCT)exam.Fundus
fluoresceinangiography(FFA)熒光素眼底血管造影術(shù)Fundus
眼底,基底,宮底,F(xiàn)luorescein
熒光素,angiography血管造影術(shù)Fundushemorrhage眼底出血Opticalcoherencetomography(OCT)光學(xué)相干斷層掃描Coherence連續(xù)性,相關(guān)性,一致性Tomography:X線斷層攝影術(shù)=laminographyTreatments
Treatmentfordiabeticretinopathydependsonthetypeofdiabeticretinopathyyouhave,itsseverityandhowwellitmayrespondtospecifictreatments.Earlydiabeticretinopathy
Ifyouhavenonproliferativediabeticretinopathy,youmaynotneedtreatmentrightaway.However,youreyedoctorwillcloselymonitoryourretinatodetermineifyouneedlasertreatment.AdvanceddiabeticretinopathyIfyouhaveproliferativediabeticretinopathy,you'llneedpromptsurgicaltreatment.Sometimessurgeryisrecommendedforseverenonproliferativediabeticretinopathy,too.Dependingonthespecificproblemswithyourretina,optionsmayinclude:Treatmentsanddrugslasertreatmentsurgicaltreatment.VirtectomyPreventionRemember,diabetesdoesn'tnecessarilydoomyoutopoorvision.Takinganactiveroleindiabetesmanagementcangoalongwaytowardpreventingcomplications.Doom宣告厄運(yùn)
Prevention
Makeacommitmenttomanagingyourdiabetes.Monitoryourbloodsugarlevel.Askyourdoctoraboutaglycatedhemoglobintest.Glycatedhemoglobintest糖化血紅蛋白檢測(cè)Glycated
糖化的,hemoglobin血紅蛋白=haemoglobinPreventionKeepyourbloodpressureandcholesterolundercontrol.Quitsmoking.Takestressseriously.
Payattentiontovisionchanges.Wantmoreinformation?Gotothesewebsites:英文:(1)AmericanAcademyofOphthalmology/(2)CanadianOphthalmologicalSocietyhttp://www.eyesite.ca/(3)Nationaleyeinstitute/(4)免費(fèi)網(wǎng)上檢索Medline數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)/healthgate/MEDLINE/search.shtml(5)美國(guó)國(guó)立醫(yī)學(xué)圖書館/PubMed/中文:中國(guó)眼科醫(yī)學(xué)信息網(wǎng)/眼底病論壇/index.htm中文醫(yī)網(wǎng)-文獻(xiàn)檢索/doctor/search/qkjs.htm醫(yī)網(wǎng)導(dǎo)航-文獻(xiàn)檢索/~orange98/navigate.htm國(guó)家圖書館文獻(xiàn)提供中心/dcylb
TheEndThenormalstructureoftheeyeballTerms角膜:corneaCorne/o--,Cornea角膜,Megacornea大角膜,Microcornea小角膜,Kerat/o--,Keratitis角膜炎,Keratomalacia角膜軟化癥鞏膜:scleraScler/o--,Scleritis鞏膜炎,Episcleritis表層鞏膜炎,Episclera鞏膜上層(epi--,beyondsomething),epidermis表皮,上皮Epidermal表皮的,外皮的虹膜:iris,Irid/o--,Iridotomy虹膜切開術(shù),iridectomy虹膜切除術(shù),iridocyclitis虹膜睫狀體炎睫狀體:ciliarybody脈絡(luò)膜:choroid,Choroid/o--,choroidal脈絡(luò)膜的,choroidoretinitis脈絡(luò)膜視網(wǎng)膜炎視網(wǎng)膜:retin/oretinitis視網(wǎng)膜炎,retinopathy視網(wǎng)膜病變,diabeticretinopathy糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變瞳孔:pupil,Pupill/o--,pupillomotor瞳孔運(yùn)動(dòng)的,pupillometer瞳孔計(jì)玻璃體:vitreous,Vitre/o--,vitreous玻璃體的,Vitrectomy玻璃體切除術(shù),Vitreretinal玻璃體視網(wǎng)膜的,Vitreretinopathy玻璃體視網(wǎng)膜病變晶狀體:lens視盤:opticdisk黃斑:macular視神經(jīng):opticnerve中央凹:FoveaDiabeticretinopathyDefinition
Causes
Symptoms
Riskfactors
Testsanddiagnosis
WhentoseekmedicaladviceComplications
Treatmentsanddrugs
Prevention
DiabeticretinopathyDefinition
Diabeticretinopathyisacomplicationofdiabetesthatresultsfromdamagetothebloodvesselsofthelight-sensitivetissueatthebackoftheeye(retina).causeDiabeticretinopathycanhappentoanyonewhohastype1diabetesortype2diabetes.CausesWhenyouhavediabetes,yourbodydoesn'tusesugar(glucose)properly.CausesIfyourbloodsugarlevelistoohigh,yournaturallensmayswell—whichcanbluryourvision.CausesEventually,toomuchsugarinyourbloodcandamagethetinybloodvessels(capillaries毛細(xì)血管)thatnourishtheretina.Thiscanresultindiabeticretinopathy.capillary,Capill/o-,n.&adj.毛細(xì)管(的)Capillaritis毛細(xì)管炎SymptomsAtfirst,diabeticretinopathymaycausenosymptomsoronlymildvisionproblems.SymptomsYoucanhavediabeticretinopathyandnotknowit.Infact,symptomsareunusualintheearlystagesofdiabeticretinopathy.SymptomsEventually,however,diabeticretinopathycanresultinblindness.InChina,diabeticretinopathyisaleadingcauseofblindnessinadults.symptomsInfact,upto45percentofadultsdiagnosedwithdiabetesinChinahavesomedegreeofdiabeticretinopathy,accordingtotheNationalEyeInstitute.symptomsAndthelongeryouhavediabetes,themorelikelyyouaretodevelopdiabeticretinopathy.SymptomsDiabeticretinopathyusuallyaffectsbotheyes.SymptomsAstheconditionprogresses,diabeticretinopathysymptomsmayinclude:
A)Spotsfloatinginyourvision
B)Blurredvision
C)Darkstreaksoraredfilmthatblocksyourvision
D)Poornightvision
E)VisionlossDiabeticretinopathyisusuallyclassifiedasearlyoradvanced.Earlydiabeticretinopathy.
Nonproliferativediabeticretinopathy(NPDR)isthemostcommontypeofdiabeticretinopathy.Itcanbedescribedasmild,moderateorsevere.NPDR:(NonProlifertive
Dibetic
Retinopthy)
非增殖性糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變WhenyouhaveNPDR,thewallsofthebloodvesselsinyourretinaweaken.Tinybulges(凸起)protrude(伸入)fromthevesselwalls,sometimesleakingoroozingfluidandbloodintotheretina.Thesebulgesarecalledmicroaneurysms.Microaneurysms:微動(dòng)脈瘤,微血管瘤Intheearlystagesofdiabeticretinopathy,thewallsofthebloodvesselsinyourretinaweaken.Tinybulgesprotrudefromthevesselwalls,sometimesleakingoroozingfluidandbloodintotheretina.Asdiabeticretinopathyprogresses,newbloodvesselsmaygrowandthreatenyourvision.
Astheconditionprogresses,thesmallervesselsmaycloseentirelyandthelargerretinalveinsmaybegintodilate(擴(kuò)大)
andbecomeirregularindiameter(直徑).Nervefibersintheretinamaybegintoswell.Sometimesthecentralpartoftheretina(macula)beginstoswell,too.Thisisknownasmacularedema.Macula:黃斑M(jìn)acularedema:黃斑水腫termsExtensive:廣泛的,大量的Intraretinal
microvascular
abnormalitis
(IRMA)視網(wǎng)膜內(nèi)微血管異常Intraretinal:視網(wǎng)膜內(nèi)部的Microvascular
:微血管的Cottonwoolspots:棉絨斑Hemorrhage:出血Rootsthatmeansblood:Hemo-,hema-,hem-,haemo-,haema-,haem--rrhage,出血,流血Gastrointestinalrrhage
消化道出血Advanceddiabeticretinopathy.Proliferativediabeticretinopathy(PDR)isthemostseveretypeofdiabeticretinopathy.WhenyouhavePDR,abnormalbloodvesselsgrowintheretina.Sometimesthenewbloodvesselsgroworleakintothevitreous(theclear,jelly-likesubstancethatfillsthecenterofyoureye).玻璃體:vitreous,Vitre/o--,vitreous玻璃體的,Vitrectomy玻璃體切除術(shù),Jelly-like:膠狀的Eventually,scartissuestimulatedbythegrowthofnewbloodvesselsmaycausetheretinatodetach(脫離)fromthebackofyoureye.Ifthenewbloodvesselsinterferewiththenormalflowoffluidoutoftheeye,pressuremaybuildupintheeyeball.Thiscandamagetheopticnerve.(Thenervethatcarriesimagesfromyoureyetoyourbrain).Peripheral:外圍的,不重要的Peri-
,外圍的,周圍的Perinatal
圍產(chǎn)期的,出生前后的Periportal
門靜脈周的,Periarteritis
動(dòng)脈周圍炎,periappendicitis
闌尾周炎Exudative
maculopathy:滲出性黃斑病變Hardexudates:硬滲出物Hardexudatesandhemorrhageslateraltomacula:?jiǎn)蝹?cè)性黃斑硬性滲出和出血Lateral:側(cè)部的Apparent:明顯的Quadrant:象限,四分之一圓Prominent:顯著的Riskfactors
Diabeticretinopathycanhappentoanyonewhohasdiabetes.Theriskishighestifyou:RiskfactorsHavepoorcontrolofyourbloodsugarlevelHavehighbloodpressureHavehighcholesterolArepregnantAreblackorHispanicSmokeHispanic:西班牙人Cholesterol:膽固醇RiskfactorsThelongeryouhavediabetes,thegreateryourriskofdevelopingdiabeticretinopathy.WhentoseekmedicaladviceEarlydetectionofdiabeticretinopathyisthebestwaytopreventvisionloss:(a)Ifyouhavediabetes,seeyoureyedoctorforayearlydilated
eyeexam(擴(kuò)瞳檢查)
—evenifyourvisionseemsfine.(b)Ifyoubecomepregnant,youreyedoctormayrecommendadditionaleyeexamsthroughoutyourpregnancy.(c)Contactyoureyedoctorrightawayifyouexperiencesuddenvisionchangesoryourvisionbecomesblurry,spottyorhazy(模糊或有斑點(diǎn)).Complications
Theabnormalgrowthofnewbloodvesselsintheretinacanleadtoseriousvisionproblems:Vitreoushemorrhage.Thenewbloodvesselsmaybleedintotheclear,jelly-likesubstancethatfillsthecenterofyoureye(vitreous).
Retinaldetachment(視網(wǎng)膜脫離).Thismaycauseblurredvision,spotsfloatinginyourvisionorseverevisionloss.Glaucoma.Thenewbloodvesselsmayinterferewiththenormalflowoffluidoutoftheeyeandcausepressureintheeyetobuildup.Blindness.Eventually,diabeticretinopathycanleadtocompletevisionloss.Glaucoma:青光眼TestsanddiagnosisDiabeticretinopathyisbestdiagnosedwithadilatedeyeexam.Duringtheexam,youreyedoctorwilllookfor:AbnormalbloodvesselsSwelling,bloodorfattydepositsintheretinaDamagetothenervetissueGrowthofnewbloodvesselsandscartissueBleedinginthevitreousRetinaldetachmentTestsanddiagnosisAspartoftheeyeexam,yourdoctormaydoaretinalphotographytestcalledfluoresceinangiography.Yourdoctoralsomayrequestanopticalcoherencetomography(OCT)exam.Fundus
fluoresceinangiography(FFA)熒光素眼底血管造影術(shù)Fundus
眼底,基底,宮底,F(xiàn)luorescein
熒光素,angiography血管造影術(shù)Fundus
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