《大學(xué)英語(yǔ)考試》全冊(cè)配套課件

《大學(xué)英語(yǔ)考試》全冊(cè)配套課件2024/9/42IntroductionofMajorNewspapersintheUKandtheUS2024/9/43NewspapersintheUKInBritainthereare11nationaldailynewspapersandmostpeoplereadoneofthemeveryday.TherearetwokindsofnewspaperUp-market/qualitytitlesMass-market/populartitlesbroadsheetsandtabloids2024/9/44QualityNewspapersintheUKlargeinsizeandhavemanydetailedarticlesaboutnationalandinternationalevents.(broadsheets)Eg.《泰晤士報(bào)》TheTimes《每日電訊報(bào)》TheDailyTelegraph

《衛(wèi)報(bào)》TheGuardian

《金融時(shí)報(bào)》TheFinancialTimes

《星期日電訊報(bào)》SundayDispatch

《觀察家報(bào)》TheObserver

《星期日泰晤士報(bào)》TheSundayTimes2024/9/45PopularNewspapersintheUKsmallerinsize,havemorepictures,oftenincolor,andshorterarticles,oftenaboutlessimportanteventsorabouttheprivatelivesofwell-knownpeople.(tabloid)writingstyleisnotserious/sensationalcoverageofviolence,sex,disastersandpinknewspaparazzi(sing.paparazzo)Eg.

《太陽(yáng)報(bào)》TheSun《每日快報(bào)》TheDailyExpress《每日郵報(bào)》TheDailyMail

《每日鏡報(bào)》DailyMirror

《星期日快報(bào)》TheSundayExpress

《世界新聞報(bào)》TheNewsoftheWorld

2024/9/46BroadsheetsVS.TabloidsBroadsheetsaimatwealthiersocio-economicsectionderiveahigherproportionofincomefromadvertisingTabloidsaimatthemassderiveahigherproportionofincomefromcirculationfigureTheSun,forexample,whichisatabloid,isthebiggest-sellingnewspaperinBritain.AboutRupertMurdockAustralian-bornglobalmediamogul(tycoon,entrepreneur)majorshareholder,chairmanandmanagingdirectorofNewsCorporation(NewsCorp)TheSun,TheTimes,TheSundayTimes,TheNewYorkPost,SkyTelevision,Fox,Star,MySpace,etc.Accordingtothe2009Forbes400,Murdochisthe132nd-richestpersonintheworld,withanetworthof$4billion.2024/9/472024/9/48NewspapersintheUSTherearemorethan1500dailynewspapersintheUS.Eachoneisusuallysoldonlyinonepartofthecountry,e.g.inacity,buttheycovernationalandinternationalnews.

Inlargercitiesthereisoftenmorethanonenewspaperandthedifferentonesexpressdifferentpoliticalopinions.2024/9/49NewspapersintheUSWhymostnewspapersintheUSarelocal?

Geographicfactorvastinland;transportationinconvenienceSystemfactorfederalgovernment;eachstatehasitsownexecutive,legislativeandjudicialsystem2024/9/410NewspapersintheUStheLosAngelesTimes

andtheWashingtonPost

knownandrespectedallovertheUSbutcannotbeboughteverywhereUSAtodayandthenationaleditionoftheNewYorkTimessoldinnearlyallpartsoftheUS2024/9/411ThethreemostinfluentialnewspapersintheUSTheNewYorkTimes

()USAToday

()TheWashingtonPost()2024/9/412EnglishnewspapertermsFLAG

Thenewspaper'snameasitappearsatthetopofthefirstpage;alsoknownasthelogotypeornameplate.HEADLINE

Wordsinlargetypeatthetopofastorytellingwhatthestoryisabout;alsocalledahead.BYLINE

Thereporter'sname,whichappearsattheheadofanewsorpicturestory.2024/9/413EnglishnewspapertermsDATELINE

Wordsatthebeginningofastorythatgivethestory'splaceoforigin.NEWSSTORY

Astoryaboutanewsevent.CUTLINE

Explanatoryinformationunderapictureorillustration;alsocalledacaption.LEAD

Thefirstparagraphortwoofanewsstory,tellingwho,what,when,where,why/how.

Eg.Moscow,Oct10(AP)2024/9/414EnglishnewspapertermsALLEY

Thewhitespacebetweenthecolumnsofnewsstories.NEWSSERVICES

Namethatindicatesinformationfrommorethanonewireservicewasusedinwritingthenewsstory.JUMP

Tocontinueastoryfromonepagetoanother.2024/9/415IntroductiontotheMagazines2024/9/416IntroductionofthemagazinesBusinessorprofessionalmagazinesConsumermagazines(thoseconcernedwithleisure,lifestyle,etc)2024/9/417BusinessMagazinesaimatprofessionalpeopleorcompaniesrevenueearnedmainlyfromadvertisingTheBigThreeintheUSForbes 《福布斯》Fortune

《財(cái)富》BusinessWeek《商業(yè)周刊》Forbesmagazine,ispublishedbi-weekly.Themagazineiswell-knownforitslists,includingitslistsoftherichestAmericans(theForbes400)anditslistofbillionaires.ThemottoofForbesmagazineis"TheCapitalistTool."2024/9/418Fortuneisaglobalbusinessmagazine.Themagazineisespeciallyknownforitsannualfeaturesrankingcompaniesbyrevenue.TheFortune500isanannuallistcompiledandpublishedbyFortunemagazinethatranksthetop500U.S.corporationsasrankedbytheirgrossrevenue.TheFortuneGlobal500isarankingofthetop500corporationsworldwideasmeasuredbyrevenue.2024/9/419BusinessWeekisabusinessmagazinepublishedbyMcGraw-Hill.Since1988,BusinessWeekhaspublishedannualrankingsofUnitedStatesbusinessschoolMBAprograms.In2006,italsostartedpublishingannualrankingsofundergraduatebusinessprograms.2024/9/4202024/9/421BusinessMagazineCoverseye-catching2024/9/422ConsumerMagazinesaimatfamily,women,sports-fans,children,etcrevenueearnedmainlyfromcopysalesEg.Women’stitles:Vogue,Cosmopolitan,Elle,etcMen’stitles:FHM,Playboy,etcOthers:TVGuide,SportsIllustrated

HeadlineTheFunctionofHeadlinesSummarizethenewscontentAttractreaders’attentionTheStructureofHeadlinesMainheadlineSubheadtofurtherexplainorcomplementmainheadlinetoarousethereaders’interest

BushHeadstoMichiganinGlowofBigVictory(Feb.21,2000.InternationalHeraldTribune)布什乘大勝之風(fēng)挺進(jìn)密歇根麥凱恩南卡州失利痛舔傷口McCainLicksWoundsAfterSouthCarolinaRejectsHisCandidacySubheadSubheadtoarousethereaders’interestCharacteristicsofHeadlinesVocabularyRhetoricalDevicesGrammarVocabularyShortWordsClippingsSpecialExpression/JargonAbbreviationandAcronymCompoundWordsloanwords1.ShortWordsUseeasily-learnedshortwordsinnewsheadlines.Hereareafewofthemostcommon:aidassistaimpurpose,objectaskquestionbanprohibit,forbidbidattempt,offerblastexplosion,strongcriticismcutreduction,shorteningcurblimit,controlendterminategapdiscrepancy,intervalgraftcorruptionnabcapturepacttreaty,agreementprobeinvestigate,investigationrapcriticize,blamerowquarrel,disagreementtryattempt,endeavortopexceedwedmarry1.ShortWordsforLongWordsassistaidagreementpactpurposeaimendeavortrycapturenabterminateendinvestigateprobestrongcriticismblastprohibit/forbidbancontrol/limitcurbexceedtopdiscrepancygapmarrywedreductioncutVocabularyShortWordsClippingsSpecialExpression/JargonAbbreviationorAcronymCompoundWordsloanwordscorp(corporation)teens(teenagers)info(information)porn(pornography)execs(executives)chute(parachute)quake(earthquake)tec(detective)script(prescription)asst(assistant)dept(department)crack(crackcocaine)final(thefinalrace)senior(aseniorcitizen)2.ClippingsWEEKLYMAGFORSTAMPLOVERSTOBELAUNCHED

[MAG＝magazine(雜志)]集郵周刊即將發(fā)行2.ClippingsAussie＝Australian(澳大利亞的)

biz＝business(商業(yè))telly＝television(電視機(jī))

bn=billion(十億)champ＝champion(冠軍)

con＝convict(罪犯)

expo＝exposition(博覽會(huì))

grad＝graduate(畢業(yè)生)homo＝homosexual(同性戀)

lib＝liberation(解放)

pro＝professional(專業(yè)的；職業(yè)的)

rep＝representative(代表)

sec＝secretary(秘書)2.Clippings

copter＝helicopter(直升機(jī))

tech＝technology(技術(shù))

vet＝veteran(老兵；老手)

vic＝victory(勝利)narc=narcoticsagent(緝毒探員)perm=permanentwave(燙發(fā))pub=publichouse(小酒館)nat‘l＝national(全國(guó)的)

com’l＝commercial(商業(yè)的；廣告)

c‘tee＝committee(委員會(huì))

C’wealth＝Commonwealth(英聯(lián)邦)

govt/gov’t＝government(政府)2.Clippingsbusinessbizhelicoptercopterpornographyporncrackcocainecrackparachutechutedetectivetecdepartmentdeptexpositionexpoconvictconnationalnat‘lgovernmentgovt/gov’trepresentativerepVocabularyShortWordsClippingsSpecialExpression/JargonAbbreviationorAcronymCompoundWordsloanwordsSpecialExpression/JargonJargoniscommonlyusedbygroupsthathaveasimilarinterest,liketradesand/orprofessions.Itcanbeusedbypeopleinvolvedinsportsorothercasualgroups.Mostpeopleassociatejargonwiththemedicalorlawprofessionsratherthaneverydayconversations.Peoplemayusejargontoleaveanimpressionofintelligenceortoconfuseaperson.ExampleWorldCupkicksoff,BrazilwinsopenerSpecialExpression/JargonTerminologyMeaningTerminologyMeaningleftandright左派和右派lashout強(qiáng)烈抨擊bullmarket多頭市場(chǎng)dove鴿派bearmarket空頭市場(chǎng)hawk鷹派FAQ常見問題term任期kickoff開始MI-5,MI-6英國(guó)情報(bào)機(jī)構(gòu)VocabularyShortWordsClippingsSpecialExpression/JargonAbbreviationorAcronymCompoundWordsloanwords1)組織機(jī)構(gòu)等專有名稱UNESCOUnitedNationsEducational，ScientificandCulturalOrganization(聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織)

IMFInternationalMonetaryFund(國(guó)際貨幣基金組織)

ASEANAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(東南亞國(guó)家聯(lián)盟；“東盟”)

4.Abbreviation/Acronym(首字母縮寫)1)組織機(jī)構(gòu)等專有名稱WTOWorldTradeOrganization(世界貿(mào)易組織)

OPECOrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries(石油輸出國(guó)組織；“歐佩克”)

PLOPalestineLiberationOrganization(巴勒斯坦解放組織；“巴解”)

4.Abbreviation/Acronym(首字母縮寫)1)組織機(jī)構(gòu)等專有名稱

IOC＝InternationalOlympicCommittee(國(guó)際奧林匹克委員會(huì))

NASA＝NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration(美國(guó)國(guó)家宇航局)

WHO＝WorldHealthOrganization(世界衛(wèi)生組織)

OAU＝OrganizationofAfricanUnity(非洲統(tǒng)一組織)4.Abbreviation/Acronym(首字母縮寫)2)常見事物的名稱UFO＝UnidentifiedFlyingObject(不明飛行物；飛碟)

DJI＝Dow-JonesIndex(道·瓊斯指數(shù))

PC＝PersonalComputer(個(gè)人電腦)ABM＝Anti-ballisticMissile(反彈道導(dǎo)彈)

PR＝PublicRelations(公共關(guān)系)

SALT＝StrategicArmsLimitationTalks(限制戰(zhàn)略武器會(huì)談)

SDI＝StrategicDefenceInitiative(戰(zhàn)略防御措施)

GMT＝GreenwichMeanTime(格林威治標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)間)4.Abbreviation/Acronym(首字母縮寫)3)表示人們的職業(yè)、職務(wù)或職稱的名詞MP

＝memberofparliament(議員)

PM＝primeminister(總理;首相)

GM＝generalmanager(總經(jīng)理)

VIP＝veryimportantperson(貴賓；要人)

TP＝trafficpoliceman(交通警察)

PA＝personalassistant(私人助理)4.Abbreviation/Acronym(首字母縮寫)GOP=GrandOldParty“大老黨”（美國(guó)共和黨的別稱）VocabularyShortWordsClippingsSpecialExpression/JargonAbbreviationorAcronymCompoundWordsloanwords

ChineseWebOpensPortalstoNewWayofLifeBoomingInternetSplitsHavesandHave-nots(WashingtonPost,Feb.13,2000)Howtotranslatethisheadline?中國(guó)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)開啟了新的生活方式之門新興的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)使貧富兩分5.CompoundWordsInsteadofaall-outstrike,theworkerswillstageago-slow.工人們沒有舉行全面罷工，而是采取消極怠工的策略。5.Compoundwords“Titanic‘s”archetypesofgoodandevil,itsstar-crossedlovers,itshandcuffed-to-the-postcliffhangersarefoursquareandprimal…checkbookparticipationhumanshieldwar-wearyfar-reachingwalletX-rayasilencevowsupply-demandimbalancelabor-intensiveenterprisehigh-rankingofficialon-the-jobtrainingpolicy-makingbody5.CompoundwordsVocabularyShortWordsinsteadofLongWordsClippingsSpecialExpression/JargonAbbreviationorAcronymCompoundWordsloanwords6.loanwords“Karaoke24/7”（Slate,July10,2007）adinfinitum(拉丁文)無窮地、永遠(yuǎn)地adlibitum(拉丁文)即興、隨意embargo(西班牙文)禁運(yùn);禁止貿(mào)易toutdesuite(法文)立即;連續(xù)地blitzkrieg(法文)閃電戰(zhàn)coupdetheatre(法文)非常事件;戲劇性的事態(tài)急轉(zhuǎn)volkerwanderung(德文)民族遷徙geisha(日文)藝妓taekwondo(韓文)跆拳道paparazzi(意大利文)狗仔隊(duì)judo柔道sumo相撲tycoon巨頭KungfuTaiChihukoukowtowmahjongTaoReview:VocabularyShortWordsClippingsSpecialExpression/JargonAbbreviationorAcronymCompoundWordsloanwordsCharacteristicsofHeadlinesVocabularyRhetoricalDevicesGrammarRhetoricalDeviceAlliteration&RhymeMetaphorParodyPun1.Alliteration&RhymeNeedyorGreedy?

是貧困還是貪婪？SoldiersSalariesSoar士兵薪水劇增Buzz,Buzz,It’stheFuzz嗡嗡，嗡嗡，是監(jiān)視器在嗡嗡YoungWheelers，BigDealers駕駛摩托小青年，保險(xiǎn)公司大主顧StartswithS,EndswithEx怎一個(gè)“性”字了得1.Alliteration&RhymeNoFans?“NoFret!”賽場(chǎng)沒人氣？“咱可沒生氣！”NoBill,NoBell.

美以首腦會(huì)議不歡而散YummyMummyWithoutaTummyTick,Tock,Tick..Talk2.MetaphorSimile（明喻）andMetaphor（暗喻）

HookersGettingtheHook?釣人者被釣?這是一篇有關(guān)美國(guó)一些城市打擊賣淫活動(dòng)的文章hookergetthehook

Guesswhatitisabout?2.MetaphorMiddleEast:aCradleofTerror中東:恐怖主義的搖籃AHouseinTwoParts兩個(gè)部分拼湊成的房子加拿大講法語(yǔ)的魁北克省與其他講英語(yǔ)的省之間長(zhǎng)期以來存在的矛盾RhetoricalDeviceAlliteration&RhymeMetaphorParodyPun3.ParodyParody(仿擬):

apieceofwriting,music,acting,etc.thatdeliberatelycopiesthestyleofsb/sthinordertobeamusing

TheOldManandtheEconomicSeaTheOldManandtheSea

?老人與海?(WrittenbyErnestHemingway)3.Parody3.Parody

ATaleofTwoHearts

ATaleofTwoCities?雙城記?(writtenbyC.Dickens)?雙心記?CandidateIntheWindHowawaveringHilaryRodhamClintonfinallydecidedtodeclareCandleIntheWind?風(fēng)中之燭?(PlayedbyEltonJohn)“風(fēng)中”候選人搖擺不定的羅德姆?希拉里?克林頓緣何最后決定宣布參選3.ParodyRedStarOverHongkong紅星照耀下的香港載于美國(guó)《時(shí)代周刊》（Time，July14，1997），以西方觀點(diǎn)談?wù)撓愀刍貧w中國(guó)的問題。是對(duì)美國(guó)著名記者及作家EdgarSnow的名著RedStarOverChina《紅星照耀下的中國(guó)》（又名《西行漫記》）的巧妙仿擬。3.ParodyTheycame，theysaw，theywereconquered.他們來了，他們看到了，他們被征服了。仿擬古羅馬愷撒大帝的名言Icame，Isaw，Iconquered.（我來了，我看到了，我征服了），此處表現(xiàn)了法國(guó)球迷因自己的球隊(duì)在韓日世界杯小組賽就被淘汰而遭受到的失望與無奈，形象地展示了法國(guó)隊(duì)的尷尬境地。3.ParodyThesonalsorises兒子照樣上位這是一篇國(guó)際新聞，報(bào)道的是某國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人讓自己的兒子來接班引起外界的非議。結(jié)果兒子照樣繼承了父親的職位。這里的“son”和“sun”是同音字，讓人很容易聯(lián)想到美國(guó)作家海明威的著名小說Thesunalsorises，達(dá)到了諷刺、戲謔的效果。3.ParodyRhetoricalDeviceAlliteration&RhymeMetaphorParodyPun4.Pun

SoccerKicksOffwithViolence(足球開踢，拳打腳踢)TerrorStrikesHeartofUS(恐怖襲擊美國(guó)心臟)ClimbersHoldSummitTalks(登山運(yùn)動(dòng)員會(huì)師峰頂)RoyalBalletKeepsFansonTheirToes

(皇家芭蕾，奉獻(xiàn)絕技)

CharacteristicsofHeadlinesVocabularyRhetoricalDevicesGrammarGrammarOmissionTenseVoicePunctuationsOmissionarticles,possessivesandpronounslinkverb“be”and“therebe”ItalianEx-MayorMurdered(An)ItalianEx-Mayor(Is)MurderedMarriedWomentoGetCareAllowanceMarriedWomen(Are)toGetCareAllowanceWomanKillsHusband,Self(A)WomanKills(Her)Husband(And)(Her)selfZooEscapeDrama動(dòng)物園猛獸出逃，虛驚一場(chǎng)GrammarOmissionTenseVoicePunctuations1.PresenttenseFreshnessRealityImmediacy2.InfinitiveFutureSth.undonePekingtoFireTestRockettoSouthPacificGrammarOmissionTenseVoicePunctuations3.VoicePastParticiples--PassiveVoiceU.SCarMakersViewedasThreatbyEuropeansPetrolBombFoundoutsideConservativeClubVanGogh'sRecoveredAfterTheft梵高名畫竊而復(fù)得FatherJailedforMurderofDaughter謀殺女兒父親鋃鐺入獄GrammarOmissionTenseVoicePunctuationsPunctuationComma“,”Questionmark“?”Exclamationmark“!”Colon“:”Quotationmark“’’”1.commaGuangzhouFairCloses,TradeBoomsDi’sdriverdiddrink，Ritzbartendersays3.ExclamationMarkFireballs!Twisters!Upside-DownF-18s!4.ColonEmersontells:RobsonNeighCanDo!Owen:WatchMeGetBetterKoreans:GrumpyTowardAmericaGrammarReviewOmissionTenseVoicePunctuationsReviewHeadlineWhatisaheadline?FunctionofHeadlineandsub-headlineCharacteristicsofHeadlinesVocabularyGrammarRhetoricReviewVocabularyShortWordsClippingsSpecialExpression/JargonAbbreviationorAcronymCompoundWordsLoanwordsRhetoricAlliterationandRhymeMetaphorParodyPunGrammarOmissionTenseVoicePunctuationEuphemisminNewsUseofEuphemisminNews(The)oldTheagingTheseniorcitizenThewell-preservedmenTheveteransThegrayingarmyThesunsetyearsPastone’sprimeThesecondchildhoodFeelingone’syears...Euphemismisalsocalled“cosmeticword”innewsreport.UseofEuphemisminNewsThepoorThedeprived

thedisadvantagedThehavenotsTheneedyTheunderprivilegedTheindigentTheculturallydisadvantagedTheculturallydeprived...Euphemismisalsocalled“cosmeticword”innewsreport.UseofEuphemisminNewsThepoornationsTheSouth

theThirdWorldTheFourthWorldThedevelopingnationsTheunderdevelopednations...Euphemismisalsocalled“cosmeticword”innewsreport.UseofEuphemisminNewsDismiss/sack/fireeaseoutlayoffselectoutshowsb.thedoorgetthewalkingticket/papersslimdownsize...Euphemismisalsocalled“cosmeticword”innewsreport.UseofEuphemisminNews利他委婉語(yǔ)::euphemismfortheothers’interest為了被報(bào)導(dǎo)方及和對(duì)方關(guān)系密切的人或組織的利益，顧及他人的面子而使用的一類委婉語(yǔ)。Eg:Nixon’sproposalshavebeenhailedassoundifnotoriginal.Butthisappraisalofhisownstewardshipsometimesseemsmoregenerousthancandid.Thesub-typesofeuphemism:UseofEuphemisminNews利他委婉語(yǔ):euphemismfortheothers’interestEg:smallcarvs.

compact/sub-compactcar

Thesub-typesofeuphemism:UseofEuphemisminNews利他委婉語(yǔ):euphemismfortheothers’interest老職業(yè)，新稱謂Thesub-typesofeuphemism:trashcollector

gardenerservantnurse/nanny...SanitationengineerEnvironmentengineerLandscapearchitectDomesticengineerPersonalassistant...UseofEuphemisminNews泛利委婉語(yǔ):euphemismforthesakeofpoliteness為了使聽者或讀者覺得悅耳或悅目、言者顯得文雅而采用的委婉語(yǔ)。Eg:LastweekitintroducedFrenchPeopletoalovelyyoungwomannamedMazarine,whois,accordingtojournalistandauthorPhilippeAlexadre,Mitterand’s20–year-oldenfantd’amour.

(Time)illegitimatechildThesub-typesofeuphemism:UseofEuphemisminNews利己委婉語(yǔ):euphemisminthewriter’sinterest記者為了自己所在的團(tuán)體利益而說的文過飾非的話。尤其是在報(bào)道戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)是，常模糊特定概念，淡化人們對(duì)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的恐懼和厭惡。Eg:civiliancasualties(collateraldamage)waronIraq(disarmIraq)affair/scandal(-gate)zipgate/zippergateThesub-typesofeuphemism:UseofEuphemisminNews“-gate”istheeuphemismofscandal.Howmany“–gates”doyouknow?SoManyGates！-gate

何其多！WatergateIran-gateWhitewater-gateZip-gateIntelligence-gateCamilla-gateUseofEuphemisminNewsWater-gateSoManyGates！UseofEuphemisminNewsIran-gateSoManyGates！The

Iran-ContraaffairtofacilitatethesaleofarmstoIrantosecurethereleaseofhostagestofundNicaraguancontrasWhitewatergateSoManyGates！TheWhitewatercontroversytherealestatedealingsUseofEuphemisminNewsZip-gate/Lewinsky-gateSoManyGates！apoliticalsexscandalemergingfromasexualrelationshipbetweenBillClintonanda22-year-oldWhiteHouseintern,MonicaLewinskyextra-maritalaffairSoManyGates！Intelligencegate/intel-gateOneoftheAdministration’smainreasonsforattackingIraq–thatithadandwouldusealargestockofchemical,biological,andpossiblynuclearweapons–weaponsofmassdestruction(WMD)–wasbasedonfaulty,mostlikelydeliberatelyfalsified–intelligencereportsand/oranalyses.Camilla-gateSoManyGates！UseofEuphemismAboutWar:invasion（入侵）:incursion（進(jìn)入）bombing（轟炸）:airsupport（空中支持）heavydefeat（大?。?strategicwithdrawal（戰(zhàn)略撤退）suicidalattack（自殺式襲擊）:one-waymission（單程任務(wù)）retreat（撤退）:retrogradewithdrawal（轉(zhuǎn)進(jìn)）civiliancasualties（平民傷亡）:collateraldamage（附帶損傷）concentrationcamp（集中營(yíng)）:strategicvillage（戰(zhàn)略村）missile（導(dǎo)彈）:vehicle（載體）aggression（侵略）:preventivestrike/war（預(yù)防性打擊）; policeaction（治安行動(dòng)）Thefrequently-usedeuphemism:UseofEuphemismAboutSociety:prostitute（妓女）:call-girl（應(yīng)召女郎） streetwalker（走街者）prostitution（賣淫）:theoldestprofessionintheworld（最古老行業(yè)）militaryprostitute（軍妓）:comfortwoman（慰安婦）venerealdisease（性?。?socialdisease（社會(huì)?。﹖axincrease（加稅）:revenueenhancement（財(cái)政收入增加）joblessmother（失業(yè)母親）:welfaremother（福利母親）admitdefeat(intheelection)（承認(rèn)選舉失利）:concedetheelection （為選舉讓路）adultery（通奸）:love-affairoutofwedlock（婚外情）Thefrequently-usedeuphemism:Guess

theactualmeaningmotiondiscomfortbagill-advisedpre-ownedvehiclestoughquestioningcorrectionalfacilitythebigChavegonetoabetterplacepercussivemaintenanceCompanyLogovomitbagverypoororbadusedcarstortureprisoncancerdeceasedfixingbyhittingMetonymy借代1.借地名代行業(yè)，社會(huì)階層WallStreetConsideredtobethehistoricalheartoftheFinancialDistrict,itwasthefirstpermanenthomeoftheNewYorkStockExchange.Thephrase"WallStreet"isalsousedtorefertofinancialmarketsasawhole.1.借地名代行業(yè)，社會(huì)階層HollywoodadistrictofthecityofLosAngeles,California,U.S.A.Duetoitsfameandidentityasthehistoricalcenterofmoviestudiosandstars,theword"Hollywood"isoftenusedcolloquiallytorefertotheAmericanfilmindustry.1.借地名代行業(yè)，社會(huì)階層

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麥迪遜大街，美國(guó)廣告業(yè)Inthe1940sand50s,someofthemajorU.S.advertisingagencieshadheadquartersinitsmidtownsection,andthenameoftheavenuebecamesynonymouswiththeadvertisingindustry.1.借地名代行業(yè)，社會(huì)階層Broadway百老匯,（紐約市或美國(guó)）戲劇業(yè)thehomeofmanyBroadwaytheatres,housinganever-changingarrayofcommercial,large-scaleplays,p