中小學(xué)英語(yǔ)卷吉林特崗教師英語(yǔ)題

中小學(xué)英語(yǔ)卷吉林特崗教師英語(yǔ)題

吉林省特崗教師招聘考試全真模擬題

（試卷分為兩卷，第一卷分值為40分，第二卷分值80分，考試時(shí)間120分鐘）

第一卷教育綜合基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)（40分）

一、判斷題（每題0.5分，共5分）

1.在教學(xué)進(jìn)行過(guò)程中，為引導(dǎo)教學(xué)前進(jìn)或使教學(xué)更為完善而進(jìn)行的對(duì)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)

結(jié)果的確定是診斷性評(píng)價(jià)。（）

2.為培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的綜合素養(yǎng)，中國(guó)在高中階段安排了實(shí)踐活動(dòng)課讓學(xué)生進(jìn)行選修

學(xué)習(xí)。（）

3.安德森提出的心智技能形成的三階段是原型定向、原型操作和原型內(nèi)化。

（）

4.道而弗牽，強(qiáng)而弗抑，開(kāi)而弗達(dá)；學(xué)不蹣等，體現(xiàn)了啟發(fā)式教學(xué)思想。（）

5.學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)是以獲得直接經(jīng)驗(yàn)為主要任務(wù)的。（）

6.實(shí)施教育行政處罰的機(jī)關(guān)，除法律、法規(guī)另有規(guī)定的外，必須是縣級(jí)以上人

民政府的教育行政部門(mén)。（）

7.教育和學(xué)校是同時(shí)產(chǎn)生的。（）

8.課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是國(guó)家基礎(chǔ)教育課程質(zhì)量的主要標(biāo)志，它統(tǒng)領(lǐng)著課程的管理、評(píng)價(jià)、

監(jiān)督與指導(dǎo)，具有一定的嚴(yán)肅性和正統(tǒng)性。（）

9.教師既做教書(shū)者，也要做學(xué)習(xí)者，還要做研究者。（）

10.對(duì)于一份測(cè)驗(yàn)來(lái)說(shuō)，信度比效度更為重要。（）

二、選擇題（共20題，每題1分，共20分。其中1-15題為單項(xiàng)選擇題，16-20

題為多項(xiàng)選擇題，錯(cuò)選、漏選、多選不得分）

1.從事新學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)，學(xué)習(xí)者身心的發(fā)展水平對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)的適合性，被稱為（）

A.關(guān)鍵期B.學(xué)習(xí)準(zhǔn)備C.最近發(fā)展區(qū)D.印刻現(xiàn)象

2.經(jīng)過(guò)歌訣的形式來(lái)記憶二十四節(jié)氣屬于認(rèn)知策略中的（）

A.復(fù)述策略B.組織策略C.精細(xì)加工策略D.計(jì)劃策略

3.有些學(xué)生雖然知道道德規(guī)范，也愿意遵守，但卻受個(gè)人欲望的支配，不能抗

拒誘惑因素，結(jié)果干出了違反道德規(guī)范的事。其主要原因是這些學(xué)生（）

A.缺乏正確的道德認(rèn)識(shí)

B.缺乏良好的情感

資料僅供參考

C.道德意志薄弱

D.沒(méi)有掌握正確的道德行為方式

4.桑代克的共同要素說(shuō)屬于學(xué)習(xí)遷移的（）

A.一般遷移B.具體遷移C.水平遷移D.垂直遷移

5.教師不得對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行謾罵、體罰、變相體罰和其它侮辱學(xué)生行為，這由學(xué)生

的（）決定的。

A.人身自由權(quán)B.榮譽(yù)權(quán)C.隱私權(quán)D.人格尊嚴(yán)權(quán)

6.小學(xué)低年級(jí)學(xué)生，注意了寫(xiě)字的間架結(jié)構(gòu)就忽略了字的筆劃，注意了寫(xiě)字，

而忘了正確的坐姿，原因是這個(gè)年齡階段的學(xué)生，（）方面發(fā)展水平較低。

A.注意廣度B.注意轉(zhuǎn)移C.注意分配D.注意穩(wěn)定

7.“建國(guó)君民，教學(xué)為先”這句話反映了。

A.教育與政治的關(guān)系B.教育與經(jīng)濟(jì)的關(guān)系

C.教育與文化的關(guān)系D.教育與科學(xué)的關(guān)系

8.中國(guó)近代由國(guó)家頒布并實(shí)施的第一部學(xué)制是（）

A.癸卯學(xué)制B.壬寅學(xué)制C.癸丑學(xué)制D.壬戌學(xué)制

9.一名教師是否能真正具備從事教師職業(yè)的條件，以下不屬于教師的學(xué)科專業(yè)

素養(yǎng)的是O

A.精通所教學(xué)科的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)和技能

B.具有一定的校本研究能力

C.了解該學(xué)科領(lǐng)域的思維方式與方法論

D.了解與該學(xué)科相關(guān)的知識(shí)

10."教育不應(yīng)再局限于學(xué)校圍墻之內(nèi)”體現(xiàn)了教育理念。（）

A.前制度化B.制度化C.非制度化D.前三項(xiàng)兼有

11.“警示”教育所產(chǎn)生的強(qiáng)化作用屬于（）

A.外部強(qiáng)化B.自我強(qiáng)化C.替代強(qiáng)化D.積極強(qiáng)化

12.“因材施教”這一概念最早由誰(shuí)提出來(lái)？（）

A.孔子B.老子C.朱熹D.陶行知

13.學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)中表現(xiàn)為“我要學(xué)”，這是（）的特點(diǎn)之一。

A.接受學(xué)習(xí)B.探究學(xué)習(xí)C.自主學(xué)習(xí)D.合作學(xué)習(xí)

資料僅供參考

14.學(xué)生在課堂上聽(tīng)老師朗讀《荷塘月色》一文，頭腦中浮現(xiàn)出月色下荷塘美景,

這種想像準(zhǔn)確的說(shuō)屬于（）

A.無(wú)意想像B.再造想像C.創(chuàng)造想像D.幻想

15.“讓學(xué)校的每一面墻壁都開(kāi)口說(shuō)話”、“讓學(xué)校的一草一木、一磚一石都發(fā)揮

教育影響”體現(xiàn)了何種德育方法（）

A.榜樣示范B.說(shuō)服教育C.陶冶教育D.品德評(píng)價(jià)

16.中國(guó)法律規(guī)定，中學(xué)生的身份是（）

A.國(guó)家公民

B.國(guó)家和社會(huì)未成年公民

C.國(guó)家和社會(huì)的成年公民

D.接受教育的未成年公民

E.接受教育的成年公民

17.教學(xué)工作的基本環(huán)節(jié)包括（）

A洛課

B.上課

C.布置和批改作業(yè)

D.課外輔導(dǎo)

E.考核和評(píng)定學(xué)業(yè)成績(jī)

18.研究表明學(xué)生心理發(fā)展的基本特征有（）

A.連續(xù)性和階段性B.定向性和順序性C.不平衡性D.差異性

19.素質(zhì)教育的內(nèi)涵包括（）

A.以分?jǐn)?shù)高低來(lái)判斷學(xué)生能力的教育B.面向全體學(xué)生

C.是全面發(fā)展的教育D.是促進(jìn)學(xué)生個(gè)性發(fā)展的教育

E.是以培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)新精神為重點(diǎn)的教育

20.教育如何培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的主體性？以下措施正確的有（）

A.建立民主和諧的師生關(guān)系，重視學(xué)生自學(xué)能力培養(yǎng)

B.重視學(xué)生主體參與課堂，獲得體驗(yàn)

C.尊重學(xué)生的個(gè)性差異，進(jìn)行針對(duì)性教育

D.教育目標(biāo)要反映社會(huì)發(fā)展

資料僅供參考

三、簡(jiǎn)答題（5分）

結(jié)合教學(xué)實(shí)際，簡(jiǎn)述影響問(wèn)題解決的因素都有哪些？

四、案例分析題（10分）

珍妮是個(gè)總愛(ài)低著頭、很憂郁的小女孩，因?yàn)樗恢庇X(jué)得自己長(zhǎng)得不夠漂

亮。老師想了個(gè)辦法，一天，老師帶著她到飾物店去買了只綠色蝴蝶結(jié)，店主

不斷贊美她戴上蝴蝶結(jié)挺漂亮，珍妮雖然不信，可是挺高興，不由昂起了頭，

急于讓大家看看，出門(mén)與人撞了一下，把蝴蝶結(jié)撞掉了都不知道。老師也夸她,

"珍妮，你昂起頭來(lái)真美！”老師愛(ài)撫地拍拍她的肩膀說(shuō)。那一天，她得到了許多

人的贊美。她心想，一定是蝴蝶結(jié)的功勞。從此以后，她一直都不肯把蝴蝶結(jié)

摘掉（她一直以為蝴蝶結(jié)在頭上），每天都昂起頭開(kāi)心地走路。

請(qǐng)你結(jié)合教育學(xué)、心理學(xué)的知識(shí)，對(duì)上述案例中教師的做法作出評(píng)析。

第二卷英語(yǔ)專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)（80分）

一、單項(xiàng)選擇題（每小題1分，共20分）

1.—Wouldyouliketojoinusinthegame?

—,forIhavesomethingimportanttodo.

A.IwillB.TdlovetoC.Iwon'tD.Kmafraidnot

2.We/regoingtothebookstore.Youcancomewithusyoucanmeetus

therelater.

A.andB.butC.orD.then

3.—Nancyisnotcomingtothepartytonight.

-Butshemeshe/dloveto.

A.tellsB.toldC.hadtoldD.istelling

4.—IknockedintoatreewhenIwenttotherailwaystationformyfriend.

—Isupposeyoutoofast.

A.driveB.aredrivingB.droveD.weredriving

5.—WhomwouldyouliketobeyourassistantsJackorDavid?

-IfIhadtochoose?Davidwouldbechoice.

A.goodB.betterC.thebetterD.thebest

6.—IfeelveryhappythatItobethehost.

-Congratulations!

A.chooseB.amchosenC.waschosenD.havechosen

7.—Haveyoufoundtheinformationaboutfamouspeopleyoucanuse

forthereport?

-Notyet.KIIsearchsomeontheInternet.

A.whichB.whoC.whatD.whom

8.—HowiseverythinggoingonwithyouinAmerica?

資料僅供參考

-Quitewell.NotsosmoothlyasIhope,.

A.eitherB.tooC.thoughD.yet

9.Youbehungryalready-youhadlunchonlytwohoursago.

A.wouldn'tB.can/tC.mustn'tD.needn't

10.—Iknockedovermycoffeecup.Itwentrightoverkeyboard.

-Youshouldn'tputdrinksnearcomputer.

A.the；/B.the；aC.a；/D.a；a

11.Shebroughtwithherthreefriends,noneofIhadevermetbefore.

A.themB.whoC.whomD.these

12.—Maybethecompanywon'tofferyougoodpay.

—,Iwon'ttakethejob.

A.ThatistosayB.whatismoreC.InotherwordsD.Inthatcase

13.Englishisforallstudents9butantandmusicareoptional.

A.availableB.compulsoryC.specificD.basic

14.unemploymentandcrimearehigh,itcanbeassumedthatthelatteris

duetotheformer.

A.BeforeB.WhereC.UnlessD.Until

15.Hehasbeentryingtothepolicethathehasnothingtodowiththe

crime.

A.conveyB.blameC.convinceD.compromise

16.awarenessofthenatureofthecrisishasgrownasmuchasithas,I

thinkitwouldbeagoodtimetodiscussallthesolutionstothecrisis.

A.NowthatB.InthatC.AsIfD.Evenif

17.Theelderlyneedspecialcareinwinter,astheyaretothesuddenly

changeofweather.

A.flexibleB.positiveC.sensibleD.sensitive

18.Someparentsarejusttooprotective.Theywanttotheirkidsfrom

everykindofdanger,realorimagined.

A.spotB.dismissC.shelterD.distinguish

19.—Sorry,Ihavetonow.Ifstimeforclass.

—OK.I'llcallbacklater.

A.hangupB.breakupC.giveupD.holdup

20.andshortofbreath,AndyandRubywerethefirsttoreachthetopof

MountTai.

A.TobetiredB.TiredC.TiringD.Beingtired

二、完形填空題（每小題1分，共10分）

Whentheglobaleconomiccrisisishappening,noteveryone_21_inoffices

andfactoriesintheworld.Thecrisisismovingtowardssmallfarmsandruralareas

oftheworld/_22_70%percentoftheworld'shungryliveandwork.

Withanincreaseof105_23_hungrypeoplein,therearenow1.02billion

malnourishedpeopleintheworld,_24_thatalmostonesixthofallhumansis

sufferingfromhunger.

Bothpublicandprivateinvestments_25_,weneedmorethroughpublic

investmenttoencourageprivateinvestment,especiallybyfarmersthemselves.

資料僅供參考

OntheworldFordWeekendWorldFoodDayJetusthinkaboutthose

numbersandthehumansufferingbehindthem.Crisisornocrisis,wehaveto

know_26_todosomethingabouthunger.Wealsohavetheabilitytofind_27_to

solveproblemswhenweconsiderthemimportant,letusworktogethertomake

surehungerisregardedisamainproblem,andsolveit.

Welcometotalkaboutyourideasandsuggestions_28_achievingfoodsafety

intimesofcrisisintheworldthisyear.

AChineseteacherhelpedstudentstotellthe_29_ofagriculturalproductsat

anelementaryschoolinGanyuCounty,JiangsuProvince,onOctober13,.The

schoolorganizedsomeactivities_30_students'awarenessofsavingfoodbefore

theWorldFoodDaythatfellonOctober16.

21.A.toworkB.workingC.worksD.worked

22.A.whoB.whereC.whichD.why

23.A.millionB.millionsC.millionsofD.millionof

24.A.meansB.tomeanC.meanD.meaning

25.A.needB.areneededC.areneedingD.needed

26.A.howB.whatC.whichD.who

27.A.timeB.placeC.moneyD.people

28.A.toB.forC.onD.with

29.A.differenceB.differentC.importantD.importance

30.A.improveB.toimproveC.improvedD.improving

三、閱讀理解題（每小題1分，共20分）

（A篇）

Eatmorehealthily.Exercisetwiceaweek.Readmorebooks.Loseweight.We

makethesameresolutionseveryyear,butmostofusfail,andquitafteronlyafew

daysor,atbest,weeks.Eventhemostsuccessfulamonguscrashwhenitcomesto

personalchange.Forexample.PresidentBarackObamastruggleswithhissmoking

habit.

Sowhyischangesochallenging?Arewewiredinawaythatkeepsusfrom

makingchanges?Anddoweneedthesupportofotherstoreachourgoal,orcan

wedoitalone?

Professionalswhohelppeoplemakechangeintheirlivessuggestthatthe

changeisdeterminednotbyone/smind.Beginningwithsmallgoalsorsteps

usuallyleadstoabiggerpay-offlater,theysay.Andtryingtomakeachangeis

easierwithsupportfromagroupoffriends9family,orco-workerswithshared

goals.

“Peoplearemorelikelytomakepositivechangesintheirlivesnotonlywhen

theirfriendsdo,butwhentheirfriendsoffriendsdo,andwhentheirfriendsof

friendsoffriendsdo,"saidNicholasChristakis9aprofessorofmedicalsociologyat

HarvardUniversity.

JhonnyAugustinunderstandsthatwell.Hisresolutionforwastoreduce

30poundsfromhis237-poundframe.Butthechangedidn'tcomeeasy.Hesaid,

'Tmahugeprocrastinator.There'sdesire,butIjustkeptputtingitoff.Ididn'tget

資料僅供參考

toituntilthesummer."However,Augustingotinspiredwhenhesawhiselder

brotherworkingout.NowAugustinweighs190pounds.

Havingapositiveattitudeisoneofthekeystomakingasuccessfulchange,

accordingtoJudyZerafa,authorofseveralbooksbasedonhowpeoplecan

improvetheirlives.Sheemphasizestheimportanceofbelievinginyourself-and

havingpositivehabits,acreativeimagination,andpersistence-tomakechange

happen.

31.Thetextismainlyabout.

A.thereasonswhymakingachangeissohard

B.thedifficultieswehaveinmakingachange

C.thewaysofmakingachangeinourlife

D.theattitudestowardsmakingachange

32.AccordingorNicholasChristakis,.

A.friendshipplaysanimportantroeinourdailylives

B.peoplearebetterabletomakechangeswheninspiredbyothers

C.friendscaneasilychangeourmindsaboutsomething

D.friends'supportplaysabiggerroleinone'ssuccessthanhismind

33.Theunderlinedword“procrastinator“inParagraph5referstoapersonwho.

A.hasgreatdeterminationtomakeachange

B.hasnodesiretodosomethinggreat

C.delaysworkespeciallyoutoflaziness

D.hashabitualcarelessnessandlaziness

34.Inthetext,whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedasawaytomakeachange

inone'slife?

A.Tryingtolearnfromone'sfriends.

B.Settingsmallgoalsatfirst.

C.Havingconfidenceandpositivehabits.

D.Changingone'senvironment.

35.Whatinformationwillprobablybeprovidedfollowingthelastparagraph?

A.Usefulmethodsusedtoavoidnegativethoughts.

B.Thesideeffectsself-denialbehavior.

C.ThewaysJudyZerafaadvisedtomakeachange.

D.Examplesshowingtheimportanceofhavingapositiveattitude.

（B篇）

AnEarthshipishomethatisbuiltofmaterialssuchasoldtireandaluminum

cans.ItistheideaofamannamedMichaelReynolds,ManyEarthshipsaremoreor

lessself-sufficientbecausetheyprovidetheirownheat,airandwater.Theyoften

havegardenswateredandfedbywastewater.Theyarecomfortableand

ecologicallyfriendly.

ThemainmaterialusedinbuildingEarthshipsistires.Tiresareplentifuland

can'tberecycledlikepaper,plastic,andmetal.Whilebuildingsuppliesformost

housescanbeveryexpensive9oldusedtiresareflee.First,thetiresarepacked

tightlywithdirt.Eachfulltireweighsasmuchas400pounds.Thetiresarethen

資料僅供參考

stackedlikebricks.Thewallsareextremelystrong.Theyalsohelpkeepaneven

temperatureinthehouse(between60and70degrees)withoutheatingand

coolingsystems.

ThewallsinsidetheEarthshiparemadeofaluminumcansthatareheld

togetherbycement.Thentheyarecoatedwithadobeorstucco.

TheroofsofEarthshipsareslopedsothatrainandsnowrunintolargetanks.

Thesetanksholdallthewaterforthehouse9andpumpspushthewaterthrough

thepipes.Sometimes,waterflowerincertainareasofthehouseaswaterfalls!

Waterthathasbeenusedispumpedoutintothegardenswhereownersgrow

theirownfood.

Inmostofthesehouses,thesouthernsidehaslargewindowsthattakein

wintersunlightasinsummer.Thehousealsohassolarpanelsthatgatherenergy

forlightsandhotwaterandcooking.TheEarthshipshaveallthecomfortsofa

regularhousewithoutthehighcostofelectricbills!

Inatimewhenwearerunningoutofenergyresources9pollutionisbad,and

wasteispilingup.Earthshipsarethebestplacestolivein.Forpeoplewhotruly

careabouttheenvironment,Earthshipsprovideagreatalternativetotraditional

houses.Youwon/tbegivingupanycomforts,andthestylesareattractive.Weall

hopethatmoreandmorepeoplewillbuildEarthshipsandtakeahugesteptoward

helpingtheenvironmentandsavingourplanet.

36.Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?

A.Earthshipsareagoodwaytoliveandprotecttheenvironment.

B.Thanksholdwatercollectedrainandsnow.

C.It'Simportanttogrowyourownfoodinavegetablegarden.

D.PeoplewholiveinEarthshipsusuallyliveinthedesert.

37.Whatdoestheunderlinedword'They"inParagraph2referto?

A.EarthshipsB.TiresC.BricksD.Walls

38.Whichsentencestatesanopinion?

A.Earthshipsaremadeoutoftiresandcans.

B.TankscollectwaterforuseinEarthships.

C.Eatthshipscanhelpsaveourplant.

D.Tirescan'tberecycledbutbottlesandpapercan.

39.WhichevidencebestsupportstheideathatEarthshipsareenvironmentally

friendly?

A.TheywereinventedbyMichaelReynolds.

B.Waterthathasbeenusedispumpedoutintothegarden.

C.Summersundoesnotcomeinthroughthesouthwindows.

D.Tirescan'tberecycledbutbottlesandpapercan.

40.Whichstatementisallexampleofpropaganda.

A.Thehousealsohassolarpanelsthatgatherenergyforlightsandhotwater.

B.Earthshipsprovideagreatadvantageovertraditionalhouses-

C.Thewallsarethencoatedwithadobeorstucco.

D.Theconstructionofhousesmadeofrecycledmaterialshasbeengrowing.

資料僅供參考

（c篇）

Drunkendriving,sometimescalledAmerica'ssociallyacceptedformof

murder,hasbecomeanationalepidemic.Everyhourofeverydayaboutthree

Americansonaveragearekilledbydrunkendrivers,addingupanincredible350,

000overthepastdecade.

Adrunkendriverisusuallydefinedasonewitha0.10bloodalcoholcontent

orroughlythreebeers,glassesofwineorshotsofwhiskydrunkwithintwohours.

HeavydrinkingusedtobeanacceptablepartoftheAmericanalcoholimageand

judgeswerelenientinmostcourts9butthedrunkenslaughterhasrecentlycaused

somanywell-publicizedtragedies,especiallyinvolvingyoungchildren,thatpublic

opinionisnolongersotolerant.

Twentystateshaveraisedthelegaldrinkingageto21,reversingatrendinthe

1960/storeduceitto18.AfterNewJerseylowereditto18,thenumberofpeople

killedby18-to-20-yeat-olddrivesmorethandoubled,sothestaterecentlyupped

itbackto21.

Reformers,however,fearraisingthedrinkingagewillhavelittleeffectunless

accompaniedbyeducationalprogramstohelpyoungpeopletodevelop”

responsibleattitudes"aboutdrinkingandteachthemtoresistpeerpressureto

drink.

Toughnewlawshaveledtoincreasedarrestsandinmanyareasalreadyytoa

markeddeclineinfatalities.Somestatesarealsopenalizingbarsforserving

customerstoomanydrinks.

Asthefatalitiescontinuetooccurdailyineverystate9someAmericansare

evenbeginningtospeakwellofthe13years/nationalprohibitionofalcoholthat

beganin1919,whichPresidentHoovercalledthewnobleexperiment”.Theyforget

thatlegalprohibitiondidn'tstopdrinking,butencouragedpoliticalcorruptionand

organizedcrime.Aswiththeboomingdrugtradegenerally,thereisnoeasy

solution.

41.Whichofthefollowingbestconcludesthemainideaofthispassage?

A.DrunkendrivinghascausednumerousfatalitiesintheUnitedStates.

B.ItsrecommendabletoprohibitalcoholdrinkingaroundtheUnitedStates.

C.TheAmericansocietyistryinghardtopreventdrunkendriving.

D.DrunkendrivinghasbecomeanationalepidemicintheUnitedState.

42.Whichofthefollowingfourdriverscanbedefinedasanillegaldriver?

A.Asixteen-year-oldboywhodrankaglassofwinethreehourago.

B.Anoldladywhotookfourshotsofwhiskyinyesterday/sparty.

C.Apolicemanwholikesalcoholverymuch.

D.Apregnantwomanwhodrankabeeranhourago.

43.Inreformers'opinion,isthemosteffectivewaytostopyoungstersfrom

drinkingalcohol.

A.risingthelegaldrinkingagefrom18to21

B.forcingteenagerstoobeydisciplines

C.developingyoungpeople/ssenseofresponsibility

資料僅供參考

D.pressingteenagerstotakesoftdrinks

44.Therulethatonlypeopleabove21yearsofagecandrink.

A.isanewlawpromotedbythetwentystates

B.hadbeenonceadoptedbeforethe1960's

C.hasbeenenforcedsincetheprohibitionofalcohol

D.willbecarriedoutalloverthecountry

45.Whatistheauthor/sattitudetowardallthelawsagainstdrunkendriving?

A.Optimistic.B.Pessimistic.C.Indifferent.D.Ironic.

（D篇）

Itisgenerallyagreedthatthefirsttruecitiesappearedabout5,000yearsago

inthefood-producingcommunitiesoftheMiddleEast.ThecitiesofSumeria,Egypt

andtheIndusValleypossessedanumberofcharacteristicsthatdistinguishedthem

astrulyurban.Thecitieswereverymuchlargeandmoredenselypopulatedthan

anyprevioussettlement,andtheirfunctionwasclearlydifferentiatedfromthatof

thesurroundingvillages.Inthecitiestheoldpatternsofkinshiprelationswere

replacedbyacomplexhierarchyofsocialclassesbasedonthespecializationof

labor.Moreover,theneedtokeeprecordsledtothedevelopmentofwritingand

arithmeticyandtheincreasedsophisticationofurbansocietygaveanewimpetus

toartisticexpressionofeverykind.

WhenthebasisofcitylifewasestablishedinEuropetheurbantraditionwas

drawnfromtheancientcitiesoftheMiddleEast,viathecivilizationofGreeceand

Rome.WecantracethreemainphasesinthegrowthoftheWestEuropeancity.

Thefirstoftheseisthemedievalphase,whichextendsfromthebeginningofthe

11thcenturyA.D.toabout1,500tothebeginningofthe19thcentury.Thethirdis

themodernphaseextendingfromtheearly19thcenturytothepresentday.

Everymedievalcitybeganasasmallsettlement,whichgrewuprounda

geographicalorculturalfocalpoint.Thiswouldbeapermanentstructuresuchasa

strongholdsacathedraloralargechurch.Indistrictswheretravelandtradewere

wellestablished?itmightbeamarket,arivercrossing,oraplacewheretwoor

moretraderoutesmet,instudiesofurbangeographytheoldestpartoftownis

referredtoasthenuclearsettlement.TherearemanysmalltownsinEurope

whereitisstillpossibletotracetheoutlineoftheoriginalnuclearsettlement.Itis,

of