英語閱讀（二）（含答案）

對外經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易大學(xué)遠(yuǎn)程教育學(xué)院

英語閱讀（二）期末考試大綱

（含答案）

本復(fù)習(xí)大綱適用于本學(xué)期的期末考試，所列題目為期末試卷試題的出題范圍。

本次期末考試題型分為4種：詞匯和語法，是非判斷題，閱讀理解和快速閱讀，全部

采用單項選擇的形式。

詞匯和語法占30%,是非判斷題20%,閱讀理解占40%,快速閱讀10%。

期末復(fù)習(xí)題

Part1Vocabulary

Directions:Choosethebestwordsforthefollowingsentences.

1.Soonyouwillseeanimportantpaperthatmaywellthecourseof

thehistory.

A.effectB.abate

C.affectD.affectation

2.Renewabletechnologiesneedenergypoliciestoencouragetheir

development.

A.soundB.sensitive

C.out-of-dateD.numerous

3.Whentheopponentsofthesystemshoutaboutthelackofparentalchoice,they

thefactthatintheoldsystemtherewasnochoiceeitherformost

parents.

A.confuseB.forgive

C.understandD.overlook

4.Askingonequestionafteranotherisaconversation.

A.thesameasB.afarcryfrom

C.acryagainstD.bewithincryof

5.HenryVIIIEnglandfromtheCatholicChurchandestablishedthe

ChurchofEngland.

A.marchedB.withdrew

C.petitionedD.commanded

6.Still,thewindbusinesshassometoovercome.

A.elementsB.factors

C.hurdlesD.elephants

7.ALotofpeoplesaythattomakeaseriousconversationsuccessful,onehastobea

goodspeaker,eloquentandonawiderangeoftopics.

A.talkativeB.hesitant

C.well-informedD.pitiful

8.Ifyouhaveanyquestionsinclass,firstyourhandandthento

askyourteacher.

A.raise;raiseB.raise;rise

C.ruse;raiseD.rise;rise

9.Onhearingthering,herosetothetelephone.

A.acceptB.answer

C.receiveD.reply

10.Ourschoolhasstrictrules.Fightingatschoolispermitted.

A.byallmeansB.bynomeans

C.byanymeansD.withinhismeans

11.Dr.Kistiakowskyforwardthefactorsthatmakeithardforwomen

tobeinscience.

A.suggestB.hold

C.putD.take

12.Forthenewbornalltheemotionsheexperiencescanbesummarized

"generalizedexcitement"，ofwhichtheexternalevidenceiscrying

andthrashingabout.

A.asB.down

C.forD.against

13.Adoctorcanexpectatanyhourofthedayornight.

A.callingB.seeing

C.beingcalledD.tobecalled

14.AfterQueenElizabethIdied,JamesStuartherandbecameJamesI.

A.succeededB.mourned

C.sobbedD.missed

15.Theonlyeffectiveapproachistothefuture,insteadofreturningto

themethodsofthepast.

A.denyB.challenge

C.seeD.lookto

16.Sciencebooksonboy'sexperiences.

A.makeuseB.draw

C.linkD.revise

17.isDenmark;withgovernment'ssupport,ithasbecomeoneofthe

mostsuccessfulcountrieswithwindpower.

A.AcaseinpointB.Offthepoint

C.WithoutanypointD.Incase

18.Inrecentyears,thingshavechangedfor.Realizingtheimportance

ofrainforestprotection,Braziliangovernmenthasmadechangestothepolicies

thatencouragedpeopletofelltrees.

A.worseB.better

C.nothingD./

19.TheQueenawayat69onMarch24th,1603andwasburiedin

WestminsterAbbey,London.

A.passedB.went

C.foundD.sailed

20.Itwasasmallroom,onthesixthandtopfloor,andasettingfora

romanticfigure.

A.nearlyB.moreorless

C.almostD.scarcely

21.Toomanyquestionswillmaketheotherpersonatease;andyoumay

beconsideredasnosey.

A.warm-heartedB.ill

C.interestingD.humorous

22.Itseemsreasonabletothateverysurveyhasfoundseriousdefectsin

theeducationstandardsofitsday.

A.assumeB.speak

C.tellD.foretell

23.Manyfactorsindividualdifferencesinthewayemotionsare

developed.

A.accountB.accountfor

C.accountwithD.findaccountin

24.Sincetheyhaveastrongforeachother,don'tengagethemina

conversation.Nomatterwhat,theywouldn'ttalktoeachother.

A.dislikeB.feelings

C.affectionD.friendship

25.Thelocaleconomystartedoffinthemid-1990s.

A.takeB.move

C.takingD.moving

26.Thefatmanchuckledtohimselfashethedoorofhisroomandstood

asidetolethisguestenter.

A.explodedB.unlockedC.brokeintoD.burstinto

27.TheoftheBrazilianpartofAmazoniahasboughteconomicaswell

asenvironmentaldisaster.

A.deforestationB.deforestC.forestforestation

28.Manypeopletakequestionsasnothingsignalsforthemtospeak,and

utterwhateverhappenstobeontheirmindatthemoment.

A.ratherthanB.morethan

C.besideD.inadditionto

29.MaxglancedFowler,whowasstandingafewfeetfromAusable.

A.inB.at

C.onD.above

30.Thenhepressedadvertisingagain,thoughneitherofusreallyknewanything

aboutit,thatyoucouldworkinManhattan.

A.exceptB.expect

C.inadditionD.more

31.Intelligenceisrelatedtoemotionsinourcapacitytoreasonandthink

canaffectouremotionalbehavior.

A.whichB.that

C.whereD.what

32.Women,presentandancient,athomeandabroad,wearlonghair,

addstotheirbeauty.

A.bywhichB.which

C.itD.this

33.Thelightisstillon.Theytoswitchitoff.

A.mayforgetB.shouldhaveforgotten

C.musthaveforgottenD.can'thaveforgotten

34.Inadditionanappropriatediet,youneedtodoexercisetokeepfit.

A.toB.for

C.withD.on

35.herrule,Englandgrewstrongerandmorestable.

A.InspiteofB.Under

C.WithoutD.Against

36.ItwaswiththatexperiencefreshinmymindthatIattendedaconference

scienceliteracy.

A.inB.on

C.atD.concern

37.HetoldmeaboutitwhenIwasnineteen:66Youbettermakealotof

money.^^

A.needB.had

C.shouldD.must

38.MywifeandIwereinthecarheadingEdinburgh.

A.towardB.from

C.onD.under

39.________Iamsureheisanhonestman.

A.NomatterpeoplesayB.Nomatterdopeoplesay

C.NomatterwhatpeoplesayD.Whateverdopeoplesay

40.ComparedtheU.S.,Denmark'spublicpolicyhasbeenmore

consistent.

A.toB.for

C.againstD.with

41.Thepianoplayermadeamistakeandasoundcouldbeheard.

A.consonantB.troublesome

C.dissonantD.dinosaur

42.Microsofthasbeentakentocourtonthechargeof.

A.monopolyB.monologue

C.duopolyD.dialogue

43.oftheelderlyisrarelytoleratedinaJapanesecommunity.

A.treatmentB.mistreatmentC.non-treatmentD.auto-treatment

44.Kidswithlittlewiththeirmotherorfathertendtohaveproblems

whentheygrowup.

A.internationalB.interpersonal

C.interactionD.interrelation

45.Thepandacametothevillagersforhelpwhenitswasinjured.

A.forefatherB.forefoot

C.forecourseD.foreground

46.Thereareanumberofprogramsinthisuniversity.Amongthem

EnglishLiteratureisthebest.

A.postwarB.postgraduate

C.postindustrialD.postscript

47.Whatyouhavesaidistothetopic.Don'tstrayawayagain.

A.relevantB.irrelevant

C.regularD.irregular

48.Ican'ttellwhatsheisthinking.Aofideasarealwaysinhermind.

A.multitudeB.attitude

C.interactionD.international

49.Moreofmanagementiscalledforinyesterday'sconference.

A.transparencyB.dessert

C.transmissionD.denationalize

50.Thisisrushhour.Let'stakethe.

A.byroadB.bystanderC.bylawD.sideways

51.Accordingtolegend,phoenixisa(n)bird.

A.immortalB.mortal

C.normalD.abnormal

52.Helookedbackathisearlierlifeandbegantowritehis.

A.biographyB.autobiography

C.graphD.autograph

53.Beethoven'sarepassionateandpowerful.

A.symphoniesB.symptoms

C.phoneticsD.atom

54.Hereceivedcollegeeducationbytaking.

A.televisionB.telescope

C.telecommunicationD.telecourse

55.Beingawayforsolongandwithnoideahowtalltheboywas,themotherbought

a(n)sweaterforhim.

A.undersizedB.underestimated

C.undersizeD.underestimate

56.Istheinfectionbymosquitoes?

A.transparentB.transmitted

C.transmissionD.transparency

57.exchangesincreaseastradeincreasesbetweenthetwocountries.

A.nationalB.international

C.bilateralD.lateral

58.Peoplesufferingshouldtrytheirbesttostaycalm;otherwisetheir

bloodpressurecancauseproblems.

A.hypertensionB.hyperaction

C.intentionD.detention

59.Thepatientwasfedupwiththedoctor'sandrefusedtotakeany

pills.

A.descriptionsB.describe

C.prescriptionsD.prescribe

60.Ourcreatedahugewealthofcultureandweshouldtryourbestto

preserveit.

A.fatherB.forefathers

C.forestageD.forepaw

參考答案：

1—5CADBB6—10CCBBB11—15CADAD16—20BABAD

21—25BABAC26—30BABBA31—35BBCAB36—40BBACD

41—45CABCB46—50BBAAA51—55ABADA56—60BCACB

Part2TrueorFalse

Directions:Thefollowingstatementsarebasedonthetenarticleswehavelearnedin

thissemester.Decidewhethertheyaretrueorfalse.Iftrue,write"A”;iffalse,write

“B”.

(Unit1)

In“CellphoneMadnessGoesOrT,theauthorbelievesthatmobilephonesadd

comedytoourlife.

Totalkloudlyonmobilephoneasonestridesalonginacitycenterwillsurelyattract

alotofattention.

Theauthor'swifehadanillopinionofthecallerMike.

Obviouslytheauthor'swifemisunderstoodthemeaningoftheword“shoot”,inthe

text"CellphoneMadnessGoesOn”.

(Unit2)

Theauthorof"Bricklayer'sBoy"camefromawell-to-dofamily.

ItiseasytomakefortuneandchangeyourfateinU.S.,accordingtotheauthor.

Theauthorof“Bricklayer'sBoy"wasverysatisfiedwithhiswhite-collarworkand

life.

Thefather'spreparingexambecomesaturningpointinhisrelationshipwiththe

authorin“Bricklayer'sBoy".

(Unit3)

“Denmark'sWindIndustry^^holdsanoptimisticviewonthefutureofwindindustry.

U.S.governmenthasgivenitswindindustrysteadysupportfromtheverybeginning.

Thoughacleansourceofenergy,windpowerhasitsownlimitsandcan'tbe

developedeverywhere.

ThewindindustryinDenmarknolongerneedsthesupportfromitsgovernment.

(Unit4)

Theauthorof“WasThereaGoldenAge?”criticizesthecomprehensivesystemof

educationinBritain.

ThereisnogoldenageinthehistoryofBritisheducation,accordingtothetext.

Weshouldlookbackatthehistoryandmakegooduseoftheteachingmethodsinthe

past.

(Unit5)

Itcanbeimpliedthatemotionshaveaveryimportantroletoplayinheart-to-heart

talks.

Ifyouwanttohaveaseriousconversationwithsomeone,youshouldseekany

momenttotalktohim.

Tomakeagoodconversation,listeningisasimportantasspeaking.

(Unit6)

“TheMidnightVisitor“tellsaromanticstoryaboutFowler'sexperienceatAusable's

place.

AusablestayedcalmandcoolwhenhefoundMaxinhisroom.

AusablepanickedwhenhefoundMaxinhisroom

Maxknewhecouldn'toutwitAusable,thushecommittedsuicide.

(Unit7)

Humanbeingsarebornwithcomplexemotions.

Environmentinfluencesaperson'semotionaldevelopment.

Angerandfearareirrational,uselessanddestructive.

Angerandfearsometimesplayapositiveroleinourlife.

(Unit8)

QueenMarywasfriendlytoElizabeth,thehalf-sister.

QueenElizabethledtheBritishnavyinpersonanddefeatedtheSpanish.

WhenQueenElizabethpassedaway,Englandbecametherichestandmostpowerful

countryinEurope.

Elizabethremainedsingleallherlife.

(Unit9)

Theauthorof"ManagingtheRainforests^^isinfavorof"sustainablemanagement”of

forests.

Withoutcarefulplanning,thetoppredatorJaguarwoulddieout.

Thefutureofsustainableforestryisnotclearyet.

"Sustainablemanagement“offorestshasprovedfruitful..

(Unit10)

Earlyconditioningplaysaroleinthescientificabilityofboysandgirls.

Womenarediscriminatedinscience.

Testsshowedthatboysaresmarterthangirlsinscience.

Girlsareallhappywiththefactthattheyareexcludedfromthesciencecircle.

參考答案：

(Unit1)AAAA(Unit2)BBAA(Unit3)ABAB(Unit4)BAB

(Unit5)ABA(Unit6)BABB(Unit7)BABA(Unit8)BBAA

(Unit9)AABA(Unit10)AABB

Part3ReadingComprehension

(Passage1)

Shoppingforclothesisnotthesameexperienceforamanasitisforawoman.A

mangoesshoppingbecauseheneedssomething.Hispurposeissettledanddecidedin

advance.Heknowswhathewants,andhisaimistofinditandbuyit;thepriceisa

secondaryconsideration.Allmensimplywalkintoashopandasktheassistantfor

whattheywant.Thejobcanbeandofteniscompletedinlessthanfiveminutes,with

hardlyanysmalltalktoeveryone'ssatisfaction.

Nowhowdoesawomangoaboutbuyingclothes?Inalmosteveryrespectshe

doessointheoppositeway.Hershoppingisnotoftenbasedonneed.Shehasnever

fullymadeuphermindwhatshewants,andsheisonly“havingalookround”.She

willtryonanynumberofthings.Themostimportantthinginhermindisthethought

offindingsomethingthateveryonethinkssuitsher.Mostwomenhaveanexcellent

senseofvaluewhentheybuyclothes.Theyarealwaysreadyfortheunexpected

bargain.Facedwitharoomfulofdresses,awomanmayeasilyspendanhourgoing

fromoneshelftoanother,beforeselectingthedressesshewantstotryon.Itisalong

andhardjob,butobviouslyonetobeenjoyed.Mostdressshopsprovidechairsforthe

waitinghusbands.

(Passage2)

Alltheusefulenergyatthesurfaceoftheearthcomesfromtheactivityofthesun.

Thesunheatsandfeedsmankind.Eachyearitprovidesmenwith200milliontonsof

grainandnearly10milliontonsofwood.

Coal,oil,naturalgas,andallotherfuelsarestored-upenergyfromthesun.Some

wascollectedbythisseason'splantsascarboncompounds（化合物）.Somewas

storedbyplantsandtreesagesago.Evenwaterpowerderivesfromthesun.

Water-tumed-into-vapor（水汽）fallsasrain.Itcomesdownthemountainsandit

convertstoelectricpower.

Lighttransmitsonlytheenergythatcomesfromthesun'souterlayersandmuch

ofthisenergythatisdirectedtowardstheearthneverarrives.Aboutnine-tenthsofit

isabsorbedbytheatmosphereoftheearth.Infact,theearthitselfgetsonlyone

half-billionthofthesun'sentireoutputofradiantenergy.

（Passage3）

JessicaandElizabethoftendidthesamethingatthesametime.That'sbecause

theyweretwins.Theylookedexactlyalike.Eachgirlhadblue-greeneyesandlong

blondhair.Whentheyworematchingoutfits,eventheirbestfriendshadahardtime

tellingthemapart.Ithelpedalotthattheyworenamebracelets.

JessicaandElizabethlookedliketwopeasinapod,buttheirpersonalitieswere

verydifferent.Elizabethlovedtoreadandmakeupstories,andsheenjoyedher

classesatschool.Sheplayedsocceranddidn'tminddivingintothemudtostopaball.

Greenwasherfavoritecolor.

Jessicawastheopposite.Herfavoritepartofschoolwasrecessandtalkingwith

friends.Shelikedtowearprettyclothesandwasalwayscarefultokeepthemclean.

That'swhyshepreferredtoplaygameslikehopscotchandjumprope.Shethought

pinkwasthebestcolor.Inspiteoftheirdifferences,theywerebestfriends.

（Passage4）

Sociologists（社會學(xué)家）tellusthatweareheadingforasocietyleisure.Thetrend

isunmistakable.Onehundredyearsago,theypointout,aworkerputin12or13

hoursaday,6daysaweek,andweekfollowedweekwithoutannualvacation.But

overtheyearsthepicturehaschanged.Todaythetypicalworkweekhasfive8-hour

days,andworkersenjoyaboutthreeweekofpaidvacationeveryyear,withtheresult

thattodaywespendlesstimeonthejobaspeopledidbefore.

Inspiteofthis,today'sworkermaynotfeelthathehasagreatdealofleisure

time.Thisisbecausealotofthenon-worktimeistakenupwithfulfillingfamilyand

socialobligations.Forexample,hefeelsthatheshouldspendsometimewithhis

childreneveryday,andifamandoesphysicalactivityinhisjob,thattoocutsintohis

freetime.

Nevertheless,thefinalresultisthatwedohavemoreleisure???moretimefree

fromobligationofworkoranyothersocialrequirement.Leisureistimenotusedto

earnmoneyordothingsaroundthehousewhichsavemoney.Itistimespentonlyin

seekingsatisfaction,andwegiveupwhatwearedoingwhenitnolongersatisfiesus.

Leisuregivesustheopportunitytorecoverfromthephysicalandmentalfatigue（疲

倦）ofworkanditfreesourcreativetalentsfromthepressureandtheformplacedon

usbythejob.

Today'sleisureistimeprogrammedfordoingwhatyouwantto.Itdoesnothave

tobemadeupthenextday.Thisissomethingnew.Itreallyfreesapersonfromthe

workshoptoenjoy,foratime,thingsinwhichheisinterested.Manisabouttogoout

totheplayground.

（Passage5）

Womenarealsounderrepresentedintheadministrationandthisisbecausethere

aresofewwomenfullprofessors.In1985,RegentBerylMilburnproducedareport

blasting（譴責(zé)）theUniversityofTexasSystemadministrationfornotencouraging

women.Theuniversitywasratedamongthelowestforthesystem.Ina1987update,

Milburncommended（稱贊）theprogressthatwasmadeandcalledforevenmore

improvement.

Oneofthepositiveresultsfromherstudywasasystem-wideprogramtoinform

womenofavailableadministrativejobs.

CollegeofCommunicationAssociateDeanPatriciaWitherspoon,saiditis

importantthatwomenbeflexiblewhenitcomestorelocatingiftheywanttorisein

theranks.

Althoughachillyclimateoncampus,manytimesinorderforhertosucceed,she

mustriseabovetheproblemsaroundherandconcentrateonherwork.

Untilwomenmakeupagreaterpercentageoftheseniorpositionsinthe

universityandallacademia(學(xué)術(shù)界),inequalitieswillexist.

“Womenneedtospendtheirenergiesandtimedoingscholarlyactivitiesthatare

importanthereattheUniversity,Spirdusosaid."Iftheydothattheywillbe

successfulinthissystem.Iftheyspendtheirtimeinlittlegroupsmourningthesexual

discriminationthattheythinkexistshere,theyarewastingvaluablestudy

(Passage6)

AsmorewomenintheUnitedStatesmoveuptheprofessionalladder,moreare

findingitnecessarytomakebusinessjourneysalone.Sincethisisnewformany,

someusefulpiecesofadvicearecertainlyinorder.Ifyouaremanied,itisagood

ideatoencourageyourhusbandandchildrentolearntocookafewsimplemeals

whileyouareaway.Theywillbemuchhappierandprobablytheywillenjoythe

experience.Ifyouwillbeeatingaloneagoodmeal,choosegoodrestaurants.Inthe

end,theywillbemuchbetterforyourdigestion.Youmayalsofinditusefultocallthe

restaurantinadvanceandstatethatyouwillbeeatingalone.Youwillprobablyget

betterserviceandalmostcertainlyabettertable.Finally,andmostimportantly,

consideraheadoftimeyourtravelneedsasabusinesswoman,thisstartswith

lightweightluggagewhichyoucaneasilymanageevenwhenfullyfilledwiththings.

Takeafoldingcaseinsideyoursuitcase,itwillbeextremelyusefulforbusiness

papersyounolongerneedonthejourney.Andmakesureyouhaveabriefcasesothat

youcankeepcurrentlyrequiredpapersseparate.Obviously,experiencehelps,butyou

canmakethingseasieronyourselffromthefirstbycarefulplanning,sothatright

fromthestartyoureallycanhaveagoodjourney.

(Passage7)

Thedarksmokethatcomesoutofstacksorfromaburningdumpcontainstiny

bitsofsolidorliquidmatter.Thesmokealsocontainsmanygases,mostofwhich

cannotbeseen.Altogether,theymakeuptheseriousproblemsofairpollution.Inso

manyplacesitkeepsusfromseeingthesun,irritateoureyes,causesustocough,and

makesusill.

Airpollutioncanspreadfromcitytocity.Itevenspreadsfromonecountryto

another.SomenorthernEuropeancountrieshavehad“blacksnow^^frompollutants

thathavetraveledthroughtheairfromothercountriesandhavefallenwiththesnow.

Soairpollutionisaglobalproblem.Itcankillbabies,olderpeopleandthosewho

haverespiratory(呼吸道的)disease.In1952,fourthousandpeoplediedinoneweek

asaresultofaseriousairpollutionbreakoutinLondon.In1948inasmalltownof

Pennsylvania,20peoplediedinafour-dayperiodofairpollution.Asoftenfoundin

cities,airpollutionincreasestherisksoflungdiseases,suchasbronchitisandasthma.

Ofcourse,smokingandotherfactorshelptocausetheseillnesses,too,butthesecases

haveincreasedgreatlyduringrecentyearsasairpollutionhasbecomeworse.

(Passage8)

AreyouinterestedinseeingthebeautifulfallfoliageofNewEnglandbuttiredof

trafficjamsandoverbookedhotels?Thenthisyear,forgetthecrowdsinNewEngland

andseethebeautifulcolorsofautumnintheCatskills.

TheseruggedmountainsinNewYorkState,just90milesnorthwestofNewYork

City,arefamousforthelegendarytalesofRipVanWinkle,andmorerecentlyforthe

summerhotelsthatsprangupintheregionduringthe1940s,1950sand1960s.

FamiliestryingtoescapetheheatofNewYorkCityfoundtheCatskillstobethe

perfectplacetostayforamonthorsoeachsummer.Bythelate1950stherewereover

500resortsandhotelsofferingnighttimeentertainmentaswellasallkindsofoutdoor

activities.FamouscomedianslikeJackieGleason,JoanRivers,andSidCaesarallgot

theirstarttouringthehotelclubshere.Sincetheintroductionofair-conditioningand

cheaperairtravel,however,familieshavestoppedcomingtotheCatskillsinsuch

largenumbers,choosinginsteadmoredistantlocationsatdifferenttimesoftheyear.

ManyoftheCatskillhotelsclosedinthe1970s,butsomeremainandhaveexpanded

andchangedtheirfacilitiestomeettheneedsoftoday'svisitors.

（Passage9）

Bythemid-19lhcentury,theterm“icebox“hadenteredtheAmericanlanguage,

buticewasstillonlybeginningtoaffectthedietofordinarycitizensintheU.S.The

icetradegrewwiththegrowthofcities.Icewasusedinhotels,taverns（酒館）,and

hospitals,bysomeforward-lookingcitydealersinfreshmeat,freshfishandbutter.

AftertheCivilwar（1861-1865）,asicewasusedtorefrigeratefreightcars,italso

cameintohouseholduse.Evenbefore1880,halftheicesoldinNewYork,

Philadelphia,theBaltimore,andone-thirdofthatsoldinBostonandChicago,wentto

familiesfortheirownuse.Thishadbecomepossiblebecauseanewhousehold

convenience,theicebox,hadbeeninvented.

Makinganefficienticeboxwasnotaseasyaswemightnowsuppose.Intheearly

19thcentury,theknowledgeofthephysicsofheat,whichwasessentialtoascienceof

refrigeration,wasrudimentary（未發(fā)展的）.Thecommon-sensenotionthatthebest

iceboxwasonethatpreventedtheicefrommeltingwas,ofcourse,mistaken,forit

wasthemeltingoftheicethatperformedthecooling.Nevertheless,earlyeffortsto

economize（節(jié)?。﹊ceincludedwrappingtheiceinblanket,whichkepttheicefrom

doingitsjob.Notuntilneartheendofthe19thcenturydidinventorsachievethe

delicatebalanceofinsulation（隔絕）andcirculationneededforanefficienticebox.

（Passage10）

Whenwethinkofcreativepeoplethenamesthatprobablyspringtomindare

thoseofmensuchasLeonardodaVinci,AlbertEinstein,andPabloPicasso,i.e.great

artists,inventorsandscientists-aselectedandexceptionallygiftedbodyofmenwith

raretalentandgenius.Thetendencytoregardcreativityandimaginativethinkingas

theexclusiveofaluckyfewdisregardsthecreativeandimaginativeaspectsinherent

inthesolutionofmanyofthetasksweregularlyhavetoface—thediscoveryand

developmentofnewmethodsandtechniques,theimprovementofoldmethods,

existinginventionsandproducts