新時(shí)代核心英語(yǔ)教程寫作3教學(xué)課件(U11)

oreurriculum新時(shí)代核心英語(yǔ)教程寫作311TheprocessofwritingaresearchpaperTheprocessofwritingaresearchpaperUNITappendix附錄endmatter文后輔文foreword前言frontmatter文前輔文glossary術(shù)語(yǔ)表plagiarism剽竊KeyTermspreface前言tableofcontents目錄titlepage題名頁(yè)workingbibliography臨時(shí)參考文獻(xiàn)workingoutline臨時(shí)提綱MainContentsNarrowingdownthetopicLocatingandevaluatingmaterialChoosingapropertopicanddoingpreliminaryresearchTakingnotesPreparingaworkingbibliographyOutliningthepaperMainContents–Cont.RevisingthedraftPreparingthefinishedcopyWritingthefirstdraft2.AvoidingplagiarismDifficultPoints1.ChoosingapropertopicforwritingChoosingapropertopicanddoingpreliminaryresearchChoosingapropertopicanddoingpreliminaryresearchTherearegenerallythreeconsiderationswhenyouareselectingatopic.ChooseatopicthatinterestsyouChooseatopiconwhichyoucanfindsufficientmaterialChooseatopicthatisneithertoonarrownortoocurrentChoosingapropertopicanddoingpreliminaryresearchChooseatopicthatisofinterestandvaluetoyousothatyoucanbemotivated.Avoidthosetopicsthatareoverworked,boring,orvalueless.ChooseatopicthatinterestsyouYourtopicshouldbesomethingyouarefamiliarwithandunderstandwell,andsomethingthatispotentiallyproductive.Avoidthosetopicsthatareunfamiliartoyouorthatonlyhavelimitedsources.ChooseatopiconwhichyoucanfindsufficientmaterialIfyourtopicistoonarrow,youwillsoonrunoutofresourcesandcometotheendofyourpaper,endingupwithsomethingtoohastytobecalledapaper.Ifyourtopicistoocurrentoronlybrieflypopular,youwillfinditdifficulttocarryonsustainedresearchduetothelackofdiversityofsources.ChooseatopicthatisneithertoonarrownortoocurrentSomepreliminaryreadinginthelibraryoronlineisnecessaryandhelpful.Itwillsetyouthinkingandgiveyousomeinspirationstodevelopageneraloverview.Itwillprovideyouwithavarietyoftopicstochoosefrom.Itwillshowyouwhetheratopicisworkable.ChoosingapropertopicanddoingpreliminaryresearchNarrowingdownthetopicNarrowingdownthetopicBrainstormingisaveryeffectivewaytodevelopideas,tonarrowdownyourtopic,andtofindasuitableresearchfocus.NarrowingdownthetopicListallpossibleideas,facts,orproblemsrelatedtothegeneraltopicyouhavedecidedon.Chooseafewpromisingitemsfromyourlist,comparethem,anddecideononespecifictopicthatyouthinkisthemostappropriateforyourpaper.Furtherexplorethattopictodecideonyourmainfocus.NarrowingdownthetopicListallpossibleideas,facts,orproblemsrelatedtothegeneraltopicyouhavedecidedon.Chooseafewpromisingitemsfromyourlist,comparethem,anddecideononespecifictopicthatyouthinkisthemostappropriateforyourpaper.Furtherexplorethattopictodecideonyourmainfocus.NarrowingdownthetopicNarrowdownthefollowingbroadtopicstoproperonesthatarefitforresearchpapersofabout2,000words.Activity11.Chinese-EnglishtranslationTranslationofChinesemetaphorsfromtheperspectiveofcross-culturalcommunicationNarrowdownthefollowingbroadtopicstoproperonesthatarefitforresearchpapersofabout2,000words.Activity12.AmericanhumorBlackhumorinCatch-22Narrowdownthefollowingbroadtopicstoproperonesthatarefitforresearchpapersofabout2,000words.Activity13.U.K.diplomacyafterWorldWarIIWhatisbehindU.K.occupationandgovernancediplomacyafterWorldWarIINarrowdownthefollowingbroadtopicstoproperonesthatarefitforresearchpapersofabout2,000words.Activity14.CohesionandcoherenceApplicationofthecohesionandcoherencetheoryintheteachingofEnglishreadingcomprehensioninmiddleschoolNarrowdownthefollowingbroadtopicstoproperonesthatarefitforresearchpapersofabout2,000words.Activity15.EducationalpsychologyTheThematicApperceptionTest(TAT)anditspresentdayadaptationsLocatingandevaluatingmaterialLocatingandevaluatingmaterialGenerally,thisstepcomprisesthefollowingtwosub-steps.locating:findingthemostpromisingsourcesevaluating:evaluatingthesourcestodeterminewhichonesaregenuinelyuseful,andeliminatingthosethatareout-of-date,unreliable,orlessrelevantLocatingandevaluatingmaterialThelibraryisusuallyyourfirstchoicewhenyoulookforsources.DatabasessuchasChinaNationalKnowledgeInfrastructure(CNKI)listtitlesofarticlesaswellasfulltextmaterialwhichyoucaneasilyaccess.Thereareothersourcesofinformation,forexample,socialnetworks,emails,interviews,lectures,andsoon.LocatematerialYoumayusethefollowingchecklisttoevaluateyourmaterial.Establishauthority.Determinethescopeofthework.Evaluateaccuracyandrelevance.Recognizethepointofview.EvaluatematerialPreparingaworkingbibliographyPreparingaworkingbibliographyAbibliography,alistofallwritingusedinthepreparationofyourresearchpaper,isrequiredandshouldbedraftedinadvance.PreparingaworkingbibliographyFromthebeginning,recordcompletedataforallpromisingsources.Abibliographyentryshouldidentifyasourceaccurately.Itisrecommendedthatyougiveaverybriefsummaryofeachwork’scontent.ThedetailedpublicationdataandtheaccesstoinformationarealsotwoimportantpartsofinformationPreparingaworkingbibliographyFromthebeginning,recordcompletedataforallpromisingsources.Abibliographyentryshouldidentifyasourceaccurately.Itisrecommendedthatyougiveaverybriefsummaryofeachwork’scontent.ThedetailedpublicationdataandtheaccesstoinformationarealsotwoimportantpartsofinformationPreparingaworkingbibliographyExaminethefollowingbibliographyentryandthenanswerthequestionsbelow.Activity2Examinethefollowingbibliographyentryandthenanswerthequestionsbelow.Activity21.Whatisthetitleofthebook?ThetitleofthebookisCollegeWritingSkillswithReadings.Examinethefollowingbibliographyentryandthenanswerthequestionsbelow.Activity22.Doesthebookhaveanauthor,aneditor,oratranslator?Ithasanauthor,JohnLangan.Examinethefollowingbibliographyentryandthenanswerthequestionsbelow.Activity23.Whenwasthebookpublished?Thebookwaspublishedin2014.Examinethefollowingbibliographyentryandthenanswerthequestionsbelow.Activity24.Whatistheeditioninformationofthebook?Itisthe9thedition.Examinethefollowingbibliographyentryandthenanswerthequestionsbelow.Activity25.Whatisthebookabout?Thebookisabouthowtowritecompositions,withahandbookapproachandreadings.Examinethefollowingbibliographyentryandthenanswerthequestionsbelow.Activity26.Whatisthelengthofthebook?Thebookisasthickas616pages.Examinethefollowingbibliographyentryandthenanswerthequestionsbelow.Activity27.Wherecanyoulocatethebook?Itcanbelocatedfromthelibrary.Examinethefollowingbibliographyentryandthenanswerthequestionsbelow.Activity28.Supposeyouarelookingforabookabouthowtowriteanessay,wouldyoutrytolocatethisbook?Whyorwhynot?Open-endedTakingnotesTakingnotesAssimilateyourmaterialbytakingnoteswhenyoufindsomematerialveryvaluabletoyourpaperwhilereading.Yournotesmaytakefourforms:DirectquotationsParaphrasesSummariesPersonalcommentsTakingnotesAquotationistheuseoftheexactsentences,phrases,orwordsofaspeakerorwriterinwrittenform.Adirectquotationmustbeaccurateinalldetails.DirectquotationsPayattentiontohowtodealwithadirectquotationifthereisamistakeinitanythingisaddedtoitanythingisomittedfromititistoolongDirectquotationsItmustbepointedoutthatquotationsareusedtocapturelanguagethatisparticularlyvivid,clear,ortechnicaltoconveyanexpert’svoicetodiscussthesource’schoiceofwordsDirectquotationsParaphrasing,themostcommonwayofnotewritingforresearchpapers,meansrestatingapointinyourownwordsandyourownsentencestructures.Merelyreplacingsomeoriginalwordswithsynonymshereandtheredoesnotconstituteaqualifiedparaphrase.Mostparaphrasesarealmostaslongastheoriginal,orabitshorter.ParaphrasesTosummarizemeanstocondensetheoriginalintoitsessentialpoints,againinyourownwords.SummariesAsummarymustbeaccurateandshouldnotincludeyourownideas.Makeitclearthattheideasarefromtheoriginalsources,notyourown.Allsuchmaterial,eventhoughnotquoted,mustbeacknowledgedanddocumentedinyourpaper.SummariesPersonalcommentsareideas,conclusions,orinspirationsthatoccurtoyouduringtheresearch.Theyareonhowyoumightusethesourcetostressapoint,identifyaninconsistency,drawaconclusion,orintroduceanewidea.Keeptrackofthesedevelopingthoughtsonthesubject,howevertentative.PersonalcommentsScholarshipentailsresearching,understanding,andbuildingupontheworksofothers;italsorequiresthatanyborrowedmaterialbeproperlyacknowledged.Plagiarismmeansusingotherpeople’sworkswithoutacknowledgement.AvoidanceofplagiarismPlagiarismarisingfromlackingacknowledgementcanbeavoidedwithappropriateacknowledgementoftheauthorandparentheticaldocumentation.Anotherwaytoavoidplagiarismistouseadirectquotationwhenyoufindotherpeople’sideaveryvaluablebuthardtoparaphraseorsummarize.AvoidanceofplagiarismThefollowingisadirectquotationfromHenryDavidThoreau.Firstparaphraseit,andthencommentonit.Activity3HenryDavidThoreauwritesinWalden,“Mostoftheluxuriesandmanyoftheso-calledcomfortsoflifearenotonlynotindispensable,butpositivehindrancestotheelevationofmankind”(115).ThefollowingisadirectquotationfromHenryDavidThoreau.Firstparaphraseit,andthencommentonit.Activity31.Yourparaphrase:HenryDavidThoreauclaimsthatmanyoftheluxuriesthatpeoplebelievearenecessaryforlivingacomfortablelifeactuallygetinthewayoflivingaspirituallife(115).ThefollowingisadirectquotationfromHenryDavidThoreau.Firstparaphraseit,andthencommentonit.Activity32.Yourpersonalcomments:Open-endedThereisanoriginalexcerptfollowedbytwonotesonitonp.186.Bothnotesincludeaparentheticalcitation,i.e.“(24),”acknowledgingtheoriginalsource.Readthenotescarefullyandthentellwhichoneistheappropriateway.Activity4AnswerActivity4Note2isacorrectonebecauseitparaphraseswithsufficientcitation.Theoriginalwritingisinterpretedinadifferentway,accuratelyreflectingtheoriginalidea.Note1isaninsufficientparaphrasewithinsufficientcitationandtoomanyexactwords.OutliningthepaperOutliningthepaperYoucanwritedownapreliminaryoutlinetoguideyourdraftingbysortingyournotesandideas.Asyououtlineyourpaper,refineyourthesisstatementandconsideryourmainresearchmethod.OutliningthepaperFormulateathesisstatementthatreflectsyourideasaboutwhatyouhavereadandrecorded,andthisisalwaysaprocessoftrialanderror.FormulateathesisstatementAsyoureviseyourthesisstatement,keepthefollowingrulesinmind.Yourthesisstatementshouldbeclear,comprehensible,anddirect.Itshouldpredictmajorpartsofthepaper.Itshouldprovideanunmistakablepointofview.FormulateathesisstatementSinceresearchpapersdifferwidelyintopicsandaims,theyrequiredifferenttypesofresearchmethods.DecideonyourmainresearchmethodWhateverresearchmethodyouuse,itshouldmeettwocriteria:Itshouldaddressthequestionsposedinyourthesisstatement.Youareabletoapplyyourskillsduringtheperiodofresearch.DecideonyourmainresearchmethodAnoutlineisaspecialformatinwhichyoudisplaythedetailsofyourplanforwritingyourresearchpaper.Itshouldfollowanorganizedsystemwithbothnumbersandletterstoidentifythevariouspartsandsubpartsofyourpaper.Anyoutlineissubjecttorevision.DevelopaworkingoutlineWritingthefirstdraftWritingthefirstdraftNodoubtyouusethematerialofothers,butyouselectandorganizeitaccordingtoyourownpurpose.WritingthefirstdraftToavoidsoundingasifthequotationsareseparatefromyourpaper,blendthemintotheflowofyourownwriting.Generallyspeaking,avoidquotingentiresentences.IntegratequotationsBecarefulwithmaterialfromyoursources.Rememberthatyoumustacknowledgetheseitemsinyourpaper.KeeptrackofsourcesAgooddealofthecontentofyourdraftwillbeyourownandwillnotneeddocumentingifyoufollowthepreviousstepsproperly.Also,youdon’thavetodocumentwhatiscalledcommonknowledgeButwheneveryouarenotcertain,playsafeandacknowledgethesource.ChoosewhattoacknowledgeanddocumentRevisingthedraftRevisingthedraftBecauseresearchpapersareusuallylongandcomplex,carefulrevisingisessential.Whilerevising,youshouldremovetracesofthesourcesfromyourpaper.Youcanbegintherevisingbyexaminingyourthesisstatement.RevisingthedraftForaqualitativeresearchpaper,whatisyourthesisstatement?Whereisitstated?Howcouldthethesisstatementbeexpressedmoreclearly?Foraquantitativeresearchpaper,whatisyourresearchquestion?Whatisyourresearchpurpose?Haveyoudescribedyourresearchmethodsclearly?Haveyoureportedyourresearchfindingstoyourreaders?……AchecklistforrevisingthewholepaperHaveyoucontrolledthelengthofyourquotations?Whichparagraphssimplystringtogetherquotationswithoutinterpretivecomments?Whichquotationscouldbedeleted?Haveyoumadetheideaclearwhetheryouareparaphrasing,summarizing,orprovidingyourownanalysis?……AchecklistforrevisingparagraphsAreyoursentencesclear,concise,andforceful?Canyougivevarietytoyoursentencesintermsoflengthandstructure?Haveyouputmainideasinmainclausestomakethemstandoutamongdependentideas?……AchecklistforrevisingsentencesHaveyoulookedupthewordsyouarenotsureof?Isyourwordingsimpleandclear?Haveyouavoideddeadwoodphrases?Canyouimproveyourpaperbysubstituting