考研英語(yǔ)閱讀模擬248

[模擬]考研英語(yǔ)閱讀模擬248

多項(xiàng)選擇

Newtechnologiescontinuetobeadrivingforce,asdevelopmentsin

satellites,digitalvideo,andinteractivemultimediathathaveyetto

worktheirwayintobroadcastorcablearebecomingessentialtocorporate

TVoperations.Unencumberedbystrictqualitystandardsandconstantly

pushedtothebottomline,corporateproducershavemadethemostof

economicalinnovations."Businessisredefiningvideo,“notesDouglas

Brush,executivevicepresidentofthemarketresearchfirmof.DJBrush

Associates."Whatwasonceavariationoftelevisionisnowdefinedin

termsofothertechnologies,particularlythecomputer.”

[1]Indeed,withcomputersasbasicasaMacintosh,producers

canwritescripts,budgetproductions,andkeeptrackofschedulesand

locationsallonthesamemachine.Byaddingafewcomponents,theycan

edittapeandcreateanarrayofgraphicsandvisualeffectsthatare

barelydistinguishablefromsystemscosting5to10timesasmuch.Video

evencanbeintegratedwithtexttoproducelive-actionandanimated

documents.

Justasdesktoppublishingalteredthetraditionalrelationship

amongwriters,editors,anddesigners,itsvideocounterparthas

aleveragedtheindividualwithinthecompany,“Brushpointsout."Where

youoncehadvariousdepartmentsdothesethings,nowonepersoncanget

themdone.”

[2]What'smore,themergerofcomputersandTVisshifting

controlofthemediumfromtheproducertotheend-user.Audiencesnow

pickandchoosefromamong,andwithin,variousprograms,customizing

contenttomeettheirneeds.Viewerssimplycanwatchwhatisonor

interactwithapresentationviaakeyboard,touchscreenormouse.They

alsomayhavetheoptiontotakepartdirectlyinanonscreenexperience

throughvividlyrealisticsimulations.Whateverthecase,thedistinction

betweencreatorsandusersofcorporatetelevisionisblurring.

Yet,asthemeansofproductionarebeingtransformed,sois

distribution.[3]Businesstelevisionisatermcoinedinthemid-1980s

byKathleenHansell,presidentofKJHCommunications,todescribeprivate

systemsthattransmitprogramsalmostexclusivelybysatellite.While

similartotraditionalTVnetworks,businesstelevisiondiffersintwo

significantrespects-itsaudiencesarespeciallytargeted,andtheycan

talkback.

In1986,eachoftheBigThreeautomakersregularlydistributed

trainingandinformationprogramstoemployeesanddealersnationwide.

FederalExpressproducesadailyfive-minutereportforcourierson

i

weatherandrouteconditions.Morethan75companies,universities,

governmentagencies,andnonprofitorganizationsmanagenetworkslinking

themwithworkers,students,customers,andconstituentsatremotesites

aroundtheworld.

（414words）

1.script［n.］劇本，腳本，講稿

2.array［v.］部署（尤指兵力等）［同義］order,range,lineup

3.graphics［n.］文字，繪圖

4.desktop［n.］臺(tái)式計(jì)算機(jī)，桌面出版

5.simulation［n.］假裝，偽裝，模擬

6.blur［v.］（使某事物）變得模糊不清［同義］obscure,darken,dim

7.transmit［v.］（常用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）傳輸，傳播（信號(hào)、節(jié)目等）［同

義］broadcast,send

［聽(tīng)力原文］

參考譯文

由于衛(wèi)星研發(fā)、數(shù)字化圖像以及尚未進(jìn)入廣播或有線(xiàn)電視的交互式多媒體

技術(shù)的發(fā)展逐漸成為公司電視業(yè)務(wù)的核心，新技術(shù)仍是一種推動(dòng)力量。盡管受到

許多嚴(yán)格的質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)限制，并不斷被壓到底線(xiàn)，制片人還是進(jìn)行了很多經(jīng)濟(jì)創(chuàng)新。

一家市場(chǎng)調(diào)查公司DJBrushAssociates的副總裁DouglasBrush說(shuō)："商務(wù)正

在重新定義電視，以前它被稱(chēng)為電視變體，現(xiàn)在卻以其他技術(shù)、尤其是計(jì)算機(jī)技

術(shù)對(duì)其進(jìn)行定義?！?/p>

借助于一些簡(jiǎn)單的計(jì)算機(jī)，如Macintosh,制片人確實(shí)能夠在同一臺(tái)電腦

上進(jìn)行下述所有工作：書(shū)寫(xiě)文稿、做制作預(yù)算、記錄進(jìn)度和位置。通過(guò)增加一些

零件，他們可以編輯錄像帶，并制作出一系列圖像及視覺(jué)效果，它們與造價(jià)高出

其5到10j倍的系線(xiàn)制作的圖象效果幾乎一樣好。錄象可以與文本結(jié)合起來(lái)以便

生成活動(dòng)畫(huà)面和動(dòng)畫(huà)文件。

如同電腦印刷改變了作者、編輯、策劃者之間的傳統(tǒng)關(guān)系那樣，它的電視

同行們也影響著公司里的每一個(gè)人。Brush指出：“以前需要若干個(gè)部門(mén)做的工

作，現(xiàn)在一個(gè)人就可以完成?！?/p>

再者，電腦和電視的結(jié)合正在使由制片人控制的媒體轉(zhuǎn)向由終端用戶(hù)所控

制。觀眾們?nèi)缃窨梢詮牟煌问降拿襟w中或者一種媒體中選擇各種節(jié)目，定制內(nèi)

容以滿(mǎn)足其需要。觀看者可以只看節(jié)目，也可以通過(guò)鍵盤(pán)、觸摸屏或鼠標(biāo)與與節(jié)

目互動(dòng)。他們也可以通過(guò)生動(dòng)的現(xiàn)實(shí)模擬直接體驗(yàn)電視活動(dòng)?？傊虅?wù)電視的

制片與用戶(hù)的之間的界限變得模糊了。

然而，制作方式轉(zhuǎn)變的同時(shí)，銷(xiāo)售方式也發(fā)生了變化。商業(yè)電視是由KJH

通信集團(tuán)總裁KathleenHansell在八十年代中期杜撰的術(shù)語(yǔ)，指幾乎完全通過(guò)

人造衛(wèi)星傳輸專(zhuān)有節(jié)目的私人通訊系統(tǒng)。盡管與傳統(tǒng)的電視網(wǎng)絡(luò)相似，但商務(wù)電

視有兩個(gè)顯著的不同點(diǎn)：觀眾的專(zhuān)門(mén)化和互動(dòng)。

1986年，汽車(chē)界三大生產(chǎn)商定期向全國(guó)的員工及銷(xiāo)售商發(fā)布信息，提供

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培訓(xùn)。聯(lián)邦快訊每天都要播放每五分鐘的天氣和道路情況報(bào)道或快訊，超過(guò)75

家公司、大學(xué)、政府機(jī)關(guān)以及非盈利組織利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)與員工、學(xué)生、顧客及世界各

地的子公司保持聯(lián)系。

第1題：

Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat

A.desktopisavariationoftelevision.

B.traditionalTVnetworksareinteractivemeansoftransmitting.

C.videoisnowdefinedintermsofthecomputertechnology.

D.satellitesareexclusivelyusedbybusinesstelevision.

參考答案：C

答案解析：

推理題。參考第一段最后一句話(huà)。

第2題：

“ThemergerofcomputersandTV”refersto

A.desktop.

B.Macintosh.

C.satellite.

D.video.

參考答案：D

答案解析：

細(xì)節(jié)題。參見(jiàn)三、四段。

第3題：

Whichofthefollowingisnottrueabout“businesstelevision?

A.It'saninventedterm.

B.It'saformoftraditionalTVnetworks.

C.It'sviewersarespeciallytargeted.

D.Communicationisinteractive.

參考答案：B

答案解析：

歸納題。根據(jù)第五段中對(duì)商業(yè)電視(businesstelevision)的介紹可知，這是一

個(gè)杜撰(coined：invented)的術(shù)語(yǔ);有特殊的觀眾群體；交互式交流(theycan

talkback:interactive)o而后兩點(diǎn)正是與傳統(tǒng)電視網(wǎng)的區(qū)別之處。

第4題：

Theword“end-user”(Line2,Para.4)meansthepersonwho

A.receivesinformation.

B.actuallyusesaparticularproduct.

C.isattheendofhistether.

D.putsanendtohiswork.

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參考答案：B

答案解析：

:詞語(yǔ)釋義題。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可推知：end-user是計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的真正用戶(hù)而非原始

設(shè)備制造商theactualuserofacomputersystem,notanoriginalequipment

manufacturer0

第5題：

“Thedistinctionbetweencreatorsandusersofcorporatetelevisionis

blurring”because

A.producerstrytomakevariousprogramstomeetaudiences'needs.

B.end-usersofcorporatetelevisioncontrolthemedium.

C.viewershavetheoptiontotakepartininteractiveandcreative

programs.

D.creatorsdependontheusersofcorporatetelevision.

參考答案：B

答案解析：

因果關(guān)系題。參見(jiàn)第二段內(nèi)容：由于觀眾可以借助鍵盤(pán)、鼠標(biāo)、可觸屏幕等參與

各種交互式、模擬式節(jié)目，電視節(jié)目制作者與電視使用者之間的界定日益模糊。

Scientistshaveknownsince1952thatDNAisthebasicstuffof

heredity.There，veknownitschemicalstructuresince1953.Theyknowthat

humanDNAactslikeabiologicalcomputerprogramsome3billionbitslong

thatspellsouttheinstructionsformakingproteins,thebasicbuilding

blocksoflife.

Buteverythingthegeneticengineershaveaccomplishedduring

thepasthalf-centuryisjustapreambletotheworkthatCollinsand

Andersonandlegionsofcolleaguesaredoingnow.CollinsleadstheHuman

GenomeProject,a15-yearefforttodrawthefirstdetailedmapofevery

nookandcrannyandgeneinhumanDNA.Anderson,whopioneeredthefirst

successfulhumangene-therapyoperations,isleadingthecampaigntoput

informationaboutDNAtouseasquicklyaspossibleinthetreatmentand

preventionofhumandiseases.

Whattheyandotherresearchersareplottingisnothingless

thanabiomedicalrevolution.LikeSiliconValleypirates

reverse-engineeringacomputerchiptostealacompetitor，ssecrets,

geneticengineersaredecodinglife，smolecularsecretsandtryingtouse

thatknowledgetoreversethenaturalcourseofdisease.DNAintheirhands

hasbecomebothablueprintandadrug,apharmacologicalsubstanceof

extraordinarypotencythatcantreatnotjustsymptomsorthediseases

thatcasethembutalsotheimperfectionsinDNAthatmakepeople

susceptibletoadisease.

Andthat'sjustthebeginning.Forallthefeveredworkbeing

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done,however,scienceisstillfarawayfromtheBraveNewWorldvision

ofengineeringaperfecthuman-orevenaperfecttomato.Muchmore

researchisneededbeforegenetherapybecomescommonplace,andmany

diseaseswilltakedecadestoconquer,iftheycanbeconqueredatall.

Intheshortrun,themostpracticalwaytousethenew

technologywillbeingeneticscreening.Doctorswillbeabletodetect

allsortsofflawsinDNAlongbeforetheycanbefixed.Insomecases

theknowledgemayleadtotreatmentsthatdelaytheonsetofthedisease

orsoftenitseffects.Someonewithageneticpredispositiontoheart

disease,forexample,couldfollowalow-fatdiet.Andifscientists

determinethatavitalproteinismissingbecausethegenethatwas

supposedtomakeitisdefective,theymightbeabletogivethepatient

anartificialversionoftheprotein.Butinotherinstances,almost

nothingcanbedonetostoptheravagesbroughtonbygeneticmutations.

第6題：

ItcanbeinferredfromthesecondparagraphofthetextthatCollinsand

Andersonandlegionsofcolleagues

A.knowthathumanDNAactslikeabiologicalcomputerprogram.

B.havefoundthebasicbuildingblocksoflife.

C.haveaccomplishedsomegeneticdiscoveryduringthepast

half-century.

D.aremakingabreakthroughinDNA.

參考答案：D

答案解析：

[D]正在DNA方面取得突破?？蓮牡诙蔚?句推論出：基因工程師們?cè)谶^(guò)去年

中取得的一切與Collins和Anderson及其眾多的同事們的工作相比只不過(guò)是一

個(gè)序幕。暗示他們正在取得重大突破。

第7題：

CollinsandAndersonarecitedinthetexttoindicateallthefollowing

EXCEPTthat

A.time-consumingeffortisneededtoaccomplishthedetailedmapof

inhumanDNA.

B.humangene-therapyoperationsmaybeappliedtothepatients.

C.gene-therapynowisalreadygenerallyusedtothetreatmentand

preventionofhumandiseases.

D.informationaboutDNAmaybeusedinthetreatmentandprevention

ofhumandiseases.

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參考答案：C

答案解析：

［C］基因療法已普遍用于治療和預(yù)防人類(lèi)疾病。從全文我們看不到這樣的事實(shí)，

因此應(yīng)當(dāng)排除。其余選項(xiàng)都能在文中找到依據(jù)。比如，［A］項(xiàng)，第二段第三行，

15年的努力畫(huà)出了人類(lèi)基因詳細(xì)圖。［B］項(xiàng)，第二段第四行，Anderson是先成

功地進(jìn)行了人類(lèi)基因療法的手術(shù)。［D］項(xiàng)，第二段第五行，Anderson正在努力

盡可能快地把DNA的知識(shí)應(yīng)用到人類(lèi)的治病和防病中。

第8題：

Theword“pirate”(Line2,Paragraph3)means

A.onewhorobsatseaorplundersthelandfromthesea.

B.onewhomakesuseoforreproducestheworkofanotherwithout

authorization.

C.totake(something)bypiracy.

D.tomakeuseoforreproduce(another，swork)withoutauthorization.

參考答案：B

答案解析：

［B］剽竊者;非法翻印者。此處的pirate,為名詞,原文的LikeSiliconValley

piratesreverse-engineeringacomputerchiptostealacompetitor，s

secrets,其結(jié)構(gòu)可簡(jiǎn)化為:likesb.doingsth.todosth.。

第9題：

Wecandrawaconclusionfromthefourthparagraphofthetextthat

A.engineeringaperfecthumanisnotfeasibleforthetimebeing.

B.it'simpossibleforscientiststoengineeraperfecttomato.

C.manydiseaseswillneverbeconqueredbyhumanbeings.

D.doctorswillbeabletocureallsortsofflawsinDNAinthelong

run.

參考答案：A

答案解析：

［A］目前用基因工程來(lái)制造理想的人并不現(xiàn)實(shí)可行。具本段內(nèi)容：用基因療法治

病的研究還剛剛開(kāi)始，雖然目前進(jìn)行的工作令人興奮，但是，要想制造出理想的

人，甚致理想的土豆，都有很多工作要做。在基因療法變?yōu)槠毡榭尚兄耙瓿?/p>

很多研究工作，而且很多種病病要幾十年才能戰(zhàn)勝它們。［B］項(xiàng)，科學(xué)家工能制

造出完美的土豆，文中已講。［C］項(xiàng)，很多疾病人類(lèi)永遠(yuǎn)不能戰(zhàn)勝，與文不符。

［D］項(xiàng)，在未來(lái)的長(zhǎng)時(shí)間內(nèi)將能治好人類(lèi)基因方面的缺陷，文中沒(méi)提。

第10題：

Thebesttitleforthetextmaybe

A.DNAandHeredity.

B.TheGeneticRevolution.

C.ABiomedicalRevolution.

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D.HowtoApplyGeneticTechnology.

參考答案：B

答案解析：

[B]基因革命。這是英語(yǔ)原文所使用的標(biāo)題，我們通過(guò)全文可得出這一標(biāo)題。選

項(xiàng)[B]不全面，只歸納了Collins和Anderson的研究；[C],[D]不切題。

Thesocialsciencescompeteforattentionevenmorethanforresources.

MorethanhalfabillionpeoplearefamiliarwithCarlSagan，sCosmos,

buthoweffectivehavesocialscientistsbeeninexplainingtheirideas

tothepublic?WhatSaganandothershaveachievedisabondbetweenthe

ambitionsofthenaturalsciencesandthedesiresofthepopular

imagination.Suchanaffectivebondispossiblebecausebetweenwhereyou

sitandwherePlutoorbits,thepersonaldoesnotbecomepoliticaland

thepoliticaldoesnotbecomepersonal.[1]Inthevastpublicconsumption

ofknowledgeandinformation,thesocialscientistshaveoftensucceeded

inpopularizingideologicalclaimsbyjoiningwithvariousmovementsthat

mobilizeandsustainsuchclaims；allthisdespitethefactthatnomodern

governmentcouldfunctionwithoutthemethodsandapplicationsofsocial

science.

Yetanotherpossibilityalreadyexistsinthecultivationof

connectionsbetweensocialscienceandthepublic.Ahalfcenturyago,

thesociologistRobertK.Mertonobserved："Science,likeanyother

activityinvolvingsocialcollaboration,issubjecttoshifting

fortunes.v[2]Forthephysicalscientist,thismeantcomingtotermswith

notonlytheshiftingpublicsentimentsaboutsciencebutalsothesocial

consequencesofscientificwork.Mertoncalledthenormativestability

ofscientificactivity,the“ethosofscience"or"thataffectivelytoned

complexofvaluesandnormswhichisheldtobebindingonthemanof

science."Hedescribedvaluesandnormsofthreekinds：universalism,

disinterestedness,andorganizedskepticism.Justasthesenormsoncehad

anespeciallyimportantapplicabilitytothechallengesof

totalitarianismatmid-century,theymayalsonowhavespecialimportance

forthecharacterandconductofsocialscienceatcentury，send.

Eventually“prions”willeitherpanoutornot,regardlessof

NobelPrizes,butassessmentsof“theendofwelfareasweknowit,“

orofglobalizationandhumanrights,allpushthehot-buttonsofpublic

debatetopointswheresomenormativeaccountoftheroleofsocialscience

mayhelpindefiningthatroleinmoreconstructiveways.Byuniversalism,

Mertonmeanttopointoutthatwhateveroneclaimstobetruemustbe

subjectedtopreestablishedimpersonalcriteria：[3]“Theacceptanceor

rejectionofclaimsenteringthelistsofscienceisnottodependonthe

personalorsocialattributesoftheirprotaganist；hisrace,nationality,

religion,class,andpersonalqualitiesareassuchirrelevant.

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Objectivityprecludesparticularism."Thenormofsocial-scientific

universalismrejectstheclaimthatthevalidityofwhatisstatedis

determinedbeforehandbywhomakesthestatement,orwheresuchstatements

aremade,orhowresearchisfunded.

（434words）

1.bond［n.］（具有法律效力的）合同、契約［同義］obligation,

compact,binding

2.consumption［n.］（食物、能量、資源等的）消耗

3.mobilize［v.］（使某人或物）準(zhǔn)備行動(dòng)，動(dòng)員，調(diào)動(dòng)

4.sustain［v.］支承,支撐［例］Willthisshelfsustaintheweight

ofallthesebooks?這個(gè)書(shū)架能支撐起這些書(shū)的重量嗎？

5.sentiment［n.］（對(duì)憐憫、懷舊等的）柔懦情感（可為夸張的或?yàn)E施

的，尤與理智相對(duì)）

6.universalism［n.］全體主義，普遍主義

7.skepticism［n.］特殊主義，個(gè)別主義

8.totalitarianism［n.］極權(quán)主義

9.preestablish［v.］先建立

10.criteria是criterion的復(fù)數(shù)形式［n.］標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，尺度

［聽(tīng)力原文］

參考譯文

社會(huì)科學(xué)更多的是要爭(zhēng)奪社會(huì)關(guān)注而不是資源,有超過(guò)5億的人熟知Carl

Sagan（卡爾?薩根）的《宇宙論》,但社會(huì)學(xué)家在向公眾闡釋他們的理論時(shí)效果

如何呢？Sagan和其他人所取得的是一種自然科學(xué)的野心與大眾想象力的欲望

之間的契約。這種情感化的契約之所以可能，是因?yàn)樵谀阕牡胤胶挖ね跣堑倪\(yùn)

行軌道之間，個(gè)人的不會(huì)變成政治的，政治的也不會(huì)變成個(gè)人的。在大量的知識(shí)

和信息消費(fèi)中，社會(huì)科學(xué)家經(jīng)常能夠支持其主張的各種運(yùn)動(dòng)聯(lián)手而成功地推廣他

們的意識(shí)主張；盡管如此，如果脫離社會(huì)科學(xué)方法和應(yīng)用，沒(méi)有一個(gè)現(xiàn)代政府能

夠正常運(yùn)作。

另一種可能早已存在于社會(huì)科學(xué)與公眾之間聯(lián)系的創(chuàng)建。半個(gè)世紀(jì)前，社

會(huì)科學(xué)家RobertK.Merton說(shuō)：“科學(xué)如同其他任何涉及社會(huì)協(xié)作的活動(dòng)一樣,

受制于變化的時(shí)勢(shì)。”對(duì)于物理學(xué)家，這意味著不僅要讓步于公眾對(duì)科學(xué)的情感

的變化，而且要考慮科學(xué)工作的社會(huì)結(jié)果。Merton把這種科學(xué)活動(dòng)的準(zhǔn)則穩(wěn)定

性稱(chēng)為”科學(xué)的回聲”或“那種情感化的用以約束科學(xué)工作者的價(jià)值觀及準(zhǔn)則的

復(fù)合物?！彼枋隽巳N價(jià)值觀和準(zhǔn)則：普遍性、公正性以及有組織的懷疑態(tài)度。

正如這些原則曾經(jīng)在世紀(jì)中期對(duì)極權(quán)主義的挑戰(zhàn)中發(fā)揮的作用一樣，它們對(duì)世紀(jì)

末的社會(huì)科學(xué)的形象及行為也具有特殊重要的意義。

最終不管“骯病毒”篩選成功與否，不考慮諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)如何頒發(fā)，但是對(duì)“我

們所知道的福利的終結(jié)”或?qū)θ蚧叭藱?quán)問(wèn)題的評(píng)價(jià)會(huì)把爭(zhēng)論的焦點(diǎn)引導(dǎo)到對(duì)

社會(huì)科學(xué)角色的原則性闡述上來(lái)，這些闡述能以富有建設(shè)的方式界定它的作用。

8

Merton所說(shuō)的“普遍性”是指無(wú)論聲稱(chēng)什么東西是正確的，都要做到不受先入

為主的個(gè)人標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的制約：“接受或拒絕科學(xué)主張并非取決于參與者的個(gè)人品質(zhì)或

社會(huì)屬性，與種族、民族、宗教、階級(jí)和個(gè)人才能同樣也不相關(guān)，客觀性排除唯

一論?！鄙鐣?huì)科學(xué)的普遍性準(zhǔn)則拒絕接受“觀點(diǎn)的正確性是事先由以何人在何地

所做的陳述以及何人資助來(lái)決定的”這樣的說(shuō)法。

第11題：

WhatdidMertonrejectmostaboutsocial-science?

A.Objectivity.

B.Disinterestedness.

C.Predeterminedpersonalcriteria.

D.Organizedskepticism.

參考答案：c

答案解析：

細(xì)節(jié)題。參考第二段中“Hedescribedvaluesandnormsofthreekinds：

universalism,disinterestedness,andorganizedskepticism.”止匕句中

universalism（普遍性）與objectivity（客觀性）同義。

第12題：

Thetextisprimarilyconcernedwith

A.connectionsbetweensocialscienceandthepublic.

B.theambitionsofthenaturalsciences.

C.socialscienceandthepopularimagination.

D.thenormofparticularism.

參考答案：A

答案解析：

主旨大意題。本文主要論及社會(huì)科學(xué)與公眾的關(guān)系。

第13題:

Fromthesecondparagraph,weknowthat

A.RobertK.Mertonwasasociologistwhohadsucceededinpopularizing

ideologicalclaimsbyjoiningwithvariousmovements.

B.theauthorbelievesthatthethreekindsofvaluesandnorms

describedbyMertonarealsoveryimportantguidanceforsocial-science.

C.universalismisoutdatednow.

D.sciencedoesnotinvolvesocialcollaboration.

參考答案：B

答案解析：

歸納題。第二段中，作者引用了半個(gè)世紀(jì)以前的社會(huì)學(xué)家RobertK.Merton所

闡述的三種價(jià)值準(zhǔn)則，認(rèn)為它們同樣適用于社會(huì)科學(xué)領(lǐng)域，也是社會(huì)科學(xué)研究的

重要指導(dǎo)方針。

9

第14題：

Whatdoestheword"skepticism”meanaccordingtotheauthor?

A.Atopiconhopefulness.

B.Aviewonbeingdepressed.

C.Anattitudeofbeingdoubtful.

D.Astatementofbeingoptimistic.

參考答案：C

答案解析：

詞語(yǔ)釋義題。skepticism是指懷疑主義，懷疑態(tài)度。

第15題：

Whichofthefollowingmostaccuratelydescribesthetext?

A.Asummaryreportofscientificfindings.

B.Arefutationofahypothesis.

C.Aconfirmationofearlierresearch.

D.Ainterpretationofearliersocialobservation.

參考答案：D

答案解析：

主旨概括題。文章主要解釋和闡述了Merton的有關(guān)社會(huì)學(xué)理論。

Theairwebreathekeepsusaliveinmorewaysthanone.Withoutour

atmosphere,averageglobaltemperaturewouldbeaboutminus18℃(minus

0.4°F)insteadofthepresent15℃(590F).Alltheincomingsunlight,

withenergyequivalenttoaboutthree100-wattlightbulbspersquareyard,

wouldstrikeEarth，ssurface,causingittoemitinfraredwaveslikea

giantradiator.Thatheatwouldsimplytravelunimpededbackoutintothe

void.

Becauseoftheatmosphere,however,onlyafractionofthatheat

makesitdirectlybackintospace.Therestistrappedinthelowerair

layers,whichcontainanumberofgases,watervapor,CO(2),methane,and

others—thatabsorbtheoutgoinginfraredradiation.Asthosegases

heatup,someoftheirwarmthradiatesbackdowntothesurface.Theentire

processiscalledthegreenhouseeffect,andmostofitiscausedbythe

predominantgreenhousegas,watervapor.

Withincreasedheating,morewaterevaporatesfromoceans,

lakes,andsoils.Becauseawarmeratmospherecanholdmorewatervapor,

thiscreatesapowerfulfeedbackloop:Thehotteritgets,thehigherthe

watervaporcontentoftheair,andthusthegreaterthegreenhouse

warming.

Humanbeingshavelittledirectcontroloverthevolumeofwater

intheatmosphere.Butweproduceothergreenhousegasesthatintensify

theeffect.TheIPCCestimatesthatrisingCO,emissions,mostlyfrom

io

burningfossilfuels,accountforabout60percentofthewarmingobserved

since1850.Carbondioxideconcentrationhasbeenincreasingabout0.3

percentayear,anditisnowabout30percenthigherthanitwasbefore

theindustrialrevolution.Ifcurrentratescontinue,itwillrisetoat

leasttwicepreindustriallevelsbyabout2060一andbytheendofthe

centurycouldbefourtimesashigh.Thatisparticularlyworrisome

becauseCO(2),lifetimeofmorethanahundredyearsintheatmosphere,

comparedwitheightdaysforwatervapor.

Methane,theprincipalingredientofnaturalgas,hascaused

anestimated15percentofthewarminginmoderntimes.Generatedby

bacteriainricefields,decomposinggarbage,cattleranching,andfossil

fuelproduction,methanepersistsintheatmospherefornearlyadecade

andisnowabout2.5timesasprevalentasitwasinthe16thcentury.

Othermajorgreenhousegasesincludenitrousoxideproducedbyboth

agricultureandindustry-andvarioussolventsandrefrigerantslike

chlorofluorocalbons,orCFCs,whicharenowbannedbyinternational

treatybecauseoftheirdamagingeffectonEarth，sprotectiveozonelayer.

TherelentlessaccumulationofgreenhousegaseshasledtheIPCC

toprojectthatinthenexthundredyearsglobalaveragetemperatureswill

riseby1to3.5degreesC.Thatmaynotseemlikemuch.Yettheulittle

iceage,“ananomalouscoldsnapthatpeakedfrom1570to1730andforced

Europeanfarmerstoabandontheirfields,wascausedbyachangeofonly

halfadegreeC.

Buthowcrediblearecurrentprojections?Thecomputermodels

usedtoprojectgreenhouseeffectsfarintothefuturearestillbeing

improvedtoaccommodatearapidlygrowingfrontofknowledge.Anditis

remarkablydifficulttodetectadefinitive“signature“ofhumanactivity

intheworld，swidelyfluctuatingclimaterecord.

a

第16題:

Whatisthetitleofthepassage

A.TheFormationoftheGreenEffect.

B.TheAirWeBreathe.

C.TheGreenhouseEffect.

D.TheGasesContributingtotheGreenhouseWarming.

參考答案：C

答案解析：

[C]溫室效應(yīng)本文敘述了溫室效應(yīng)(greenhouse)在大氣層的形成，人類(lèi)對(duì)溫室

效應(yīng)形成所起的加劇作用，同時(shí)還給出了一些統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，使我們看到全球變暖日

益嚴(yán)重以及對(duì)人類(lèi)所產(chǎn)生的影響。由此判斷，溫室效應(yīng)可覆蓋全文主要內(nèi)容，故

11

適合作文章標(biāo)題。［A］,［B］,［D］都是表述某一支流問(wèn)題，不具有全面性。

第17題：

Themajorpartoftheheatcausedbysunlightisabsorbedby

A.thelowerairlayers.

B.anumberofgasesinthelowerairlayers.

C.theearth，ssurface.

D.watervapor.

參考答案：B

答案解析：

［B］低大氣層中的一些氣體參見(jiàn)第二段前兩句，但是由于大氣層關(guān)系，僅有一小

部分熱量直接反射回空間，其余部分被低大氣層吸收，低大氣層中包含有一些氣

體，水蒸汽、二氧化碳、沼氣以及其它等等。由此得知，太陽(yáng)發(fā)出的熱的主要部

分被低大氣層中各種成份，其中包括一些氣體所吸收。故［B］是答案。

第18題:

Paragraph4andParagraph5dealwithothergreenhousegasesmanmake

A.byburningfossilfuels.

B.bybacteriainricefields.

C.byCO（2）,methane,andnitrousoxide.

D.bothAandB.

參考答案：D

答案解析：

［D］A和B參見(jiàn)第四段第2,3兩句，但是，我們制造了另外的溫室效應(yīng)氣體加劇

這種效應(yīng)，IPCC估計(jì)，二氧碳含量上升主要是燃燒礦物燃料所致（即［A］）；第

5段第2句，另一些原因是谷物生產(chǎn)地中的細(xì)菌、腐爛的蔬菜、牧場(chǎng)的牲畜，等

等（BPEBD,所以即］和［B］,即［D］是答案。

第19題：

Theword'relentless'inSentenceoneofParagraph6means

A.steady.

B.continuous.

C.irregular.

D.refrigeratin.

參考答案：B

答案解析：

［B］殘忍的本句句意：溫室效應(yīng)殘忍地積累的后果導(dǎo)致全球平均溫度在下世紀(jì)將

上升1至3.5度。這里就是指溫室效應(yīng)不斷積累后果是殘忍的。

第20題:

WhichofthestatementsaboutvolumeofwaterinatmosphereisTRUE

12

A.Manhasdonealotwithit.

B.Manhaslittledirectcontroloverit.

C.Manhastakenmeasuresforit.

D.Manhasnothingtodowithit.

參考答案：B

答案解析：

［B］人類(lèi)幾乎沒(méi)有直接去控制它［A］人類(lèi)對(duì)于大氣中水蒸汽的控制做了許多事

情，［D］人類(lèi)對(duì)大氣中的水分含量的控制什么也沒(méi)做，這兩點(diǎn)都與文中所講事實(shí)

相悖，即，不是很多也不是沒(méi)有，而是極少，如［B］所述：人類(lèi)幾乎沒(méi)有去直接

控制它（把大氣中水份含量）。至于［C］人類(lèi)已采取了措施，文中根本沒(méi)提，故

只有［B］是答案。

Whenitcomestohealth,thepooraredoublycursed.Notonlyarethey

morepronetodeadlyinfectiousdiseasesthantherich,buttheyhavefar

lessaccesstothemeansofimprovement.Twentyyearsago,PaulFarmer,

anAmericandoctorandanthropologist,setouttodosomethingaboutthis.

AmidthepoliticalturmoilandpovertyofruralHaiti,hecreateda

community-basedhealth-caresystemcalledZanmiLasante,orPartnersin

Health.Itnotonlydeliversappropriate,affordablemedicaltreatment

tothousandsofpoorpeople,butgoesbeyondtheclinictoaddressthe

socialcausesmakingthemsickandkeepingthemfromgettingbetter.

AsDr.Farmerargues,improvingthehealthofthepoorisnot

justamedicalchallenge,butaquestionofhumanrights.Tacklingthe

inequality,racism,sexismandotherformsof^structuralviolence,,

whichoppressthepoorisascriticalasdolingoutthedrugs.Or,ashis

Haitianpatientsaptlyputit,medicinewithoutfoodislikewashingone's

handsanddryingtheminthedirt.

Unfortunately,Dr.Farmer，spowerfulmessageisoftenweakened

byhisbook，sacademictone.Itdoes,however,screamoutinpassages

describingthehumanfaceof^structuralviolence”.Itisthesepersonal

storiesthatmakeDr.Farmer，sangeratsuch“stupiddeaths”so

compelling.

Thegooddoctor'smotivesandmethodsarebetterdescribedin

uMountainsBeyondMountains”.ThisbiographybyTracyKiddertracesDr.

Farmerfromhisunconventionalupbringingandunusualeducation,

shuttlingbetweentheshacksofcentralHaitiandthehallsofHarvard

MedicalSchool,tohislaterworkaroundtheworld.Thoughwe11written,

Mr.Kidder，sbookalsomakesforuncomfortablereading.Theauthoris

clearlyclosetohissubject,havingtravelledwithDr.Farmerfromthe

greenpovertyofHaititothetubercularwhitenessofRussia.Tooclose,

perhaps.Thebiographerseemstobeseekinghissubject'sapproval,rather

thantheotherwayround.Mr.Kidderwrites,ratherdisturbingly,about

hisfearofdisappointingDr.Farmer,hisownpainatwoundinghimwith

13

acriticalremarkandhisreliefatthedoctor，sforgiveness.

WhenMr.Kidder，shealthfalters,thisdependencebecomesall

themoreintense.Butratherthancompromisethebook，simpartiality,this

intimacyservestohighlightDr.Farmer，sadmirable,yetultimately

exasperating,character.AsMr.Kidderobserves,Farmerwasn，tputon

earthtomakeanyonefeelcomfortable,exceptthoseluckyenoughtobe

hispatients.Or