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[模擬]考研英語(二)閱讀PartA模擬12

SectionIIReadingComprehensionDirections:Readthe

followingfourterts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtext

bychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWER

SHEET1.

Text1

OrganizationalpsychologistsTimothyJudgeandBethLivingston

foundthatmenwhoreportedholdingtraditionalviews(thatis,thatwomen

belonginthehome,whilemenearnthemoney)earnedmorefordoingthe

samekindofworkasmenwhoheldmoreegalitarianviews.Thereversewas

trueforwomen,toamuchsmallerdegree.Theeffectwasmostobvious,

however,whenresearcherscomparedwomenJssalariestothoseofmen,

whilealsotakingintoaccounttheirgender-rolebiases.Menwith

traditionalattitudesmade71%morethanwomenwithtraditional

attitudes,whileegalitarian-mindedmenmadejutt7%morethantheir

femalecounterparts.

“Whatsurpriseduswasthedegreetowhichthateffectheld,

evenwhenyoustartcontrollingforavariablethatyouthinkwouldmake

theeffectgoaway,likehowmanykidsyouhave,orwhattypeof

occupation.”saysJudge.^WesuspectedthattraditionalJgender-role

attitudeswouldworkagainstwomen."Whentheresearcherscontrolled

foreducation,intelligence,occupation,hoursworkedandevenwhat

regiontheylivedintheUnitedStates,Judgefoundthat“noneofthose

reallymadetheeffectgoaway.”

Whythegappersist,Judgethinksitmighthavesomethingto

dowiththedifferentwaysmenandwomensignontonewjobs.Womenonthe

wholearelesseffectiveatnegotiatingsalariesthanmen,andtheytend

tobelessaggressiveaboutaskingforbiggersalaries,ortheyaccept

employersofferswithoutnegotiatingatall.AndJudgesuspectsthat

tradition-boundwomenmaybeevenworseatitthantheirmoreegalitarian

counterparts:”Iwouldsupposethategalitarianwomenarenotas

susceptibletosettlingforlessinthenegotiatingprocess,“hesays.

Anotherfactorcouldbebiasonthepartoftheemployer."It

maybethatemployersaremorelikelytotakeadvantageoftraditional

gender-rolewomen,“saysJudge.Wecanlearnalotaboutsomeonebased

onaveryshortacquaintance;perhapsemployersmakejudgmentsabouta

prospectiveemployee'sgenderattitudes,onthebasisofthingslike

amoreconservativestyleofdressorhairstyleandreservedmanners,

Judgesays.

Judgethinksthere,shopeforfuturegenerationsofworkers:

uOlderpeopledohavemoretraditionalviewsbuteachyearthegapbetween

thosethatholdtraditionalviews,andthosethatbelievemenandwomen

areequalisnarrowing.Onewouldbehopefulthatfornewentrantsinto

theworkforce,thiswon'tbeasmuchaneffect.”

第1題:

Inthefirstparagraph,thetwopsychologistshavefoundthat.

A.traditionalmenearnfarmorethanegalitarianmen

B.egalitarianmenearnfarmorethanegalitarianwomen

C.traditionalwomenearnfarmorethanegalitarianwomen

D.traditionalmenearnfarmorethantraditionalwomen

參考答案:D

根據(jù)題干要求我們可以精確定位到文中第一段最后一句:Menwithtraditional

attitudesmade71%morethanwomenwithtraditionalattitudes,while

egalitarian-mindedmenmadejust7%morethantheirfemale

counterparts(持傳統(tǒng)觀點的男性比持傳統(tǒng)觀點的女性收入多71%,而持平等觀

點的男性僅比持平等觀點的女性收入多7吩,可見[D]選項所表達的含義與原文

是一致的,屬于典型的“同義替換”,因此[D]選項為正確選項。[A]選項的干

擾來自于文中第一段第一句:menwhoreportedholdingtraditionalviews

earnedmorefordoingthesamekindofworkasmenwhoheldmoreegalitarian

views(自稱持傳統(tǒng)觀點的男性比做相同工作但持平等觀點的男性賺錢多),可見

雖然[A]項與第一句的意思很接近,但是原文并沒有表達出“farmore(多得多)”

的意思、,屬于“偷換概念”;[B]選項的干擾來自于文中第一段最后一句:Menwith

traditionalattitudesmade71%morethanwomenwithtraditional

attitudes,whileegalitarian-mindedmenmadejust7%morethantheir

femalecountei'parts(持傳統(tǒng)觀點的男性比持傳統(tǒng)觀點的女性收入多71%;,而

持平等觀點的男性僅比持平等觀點的女性收入多7冊可見[B]項與原文的意思是

完全相反的,屬于“正反混淆”;[C]選項的干擾來自于文中第一段第二句:The

reversewastrueforwomen(女性的情況剛好相反),可見[C]項與原文所表達

的意思恰恰相反,也就是說“持傳統(tǒng)角色觀點的女性比持平等角色觀點的女性掙

得少”,也屬于“正反混淆”。當題中選項結構一致時,抓住其中的變量,仔

細對照原文來一一排除錯誤選項。[知識點]細節(jié)題[選項個數(shù)]4[試題編號]

[分數(shù)][題目類型][難度]

第2題:

Whichofthefollowingvariableswasn'tconsideredinthestudy?

A.Theintelligenceoftheemployee.

B.Theworkinghoursoftheemployee.

C.Thepersonalityoftheemployee'skids.

D.Theeducationalbackgroundoftheemployee.

參考答案:C

根據(jù)題干關鍵詞variables我們可以精確定位到文章第二段第一句whenyou

startcontrollingforavariable…(當你想要開始考慮某一變量),緊接著

like引出了可能存在的一些變量,搜索整段發(fā)現(xiàn)只有這一句提到了kids,就是

howmanykidsyouhave(你有幾個小孩),而不是thepersonalityofthe

employee'skids(雇員孩子的個性)。而且根據(jù)上下文我們都可以推測雇員孩子

的個性不可能成為影響人們收入差異的“變量”該選項屬于“偷換概念”。所以,

正確答案應該是[C]o[A]、[B]和[D]三個選項均可以從原文中找到對應的表

達,利用選項可定位到文中第二段最后一句:Whentheresearcherscontrolled

foreducation,intelligence,occupation,hoursworkedandevenwhatregion

theylivedintheUnitedStates,Judgefoundthat“noneofthosereally

madetheeffectgoaway.”(當研究人員把教育、智力、職業(yè)、工作時間,

甚至在美國的居住地區(qū)等變量都考慮進去后,嘉杰發(fā)現(xiàn)“這一切均不能夠消除最

終的影響?!保┛梢姡跘]選項對應的是intelligence,[B]選項對應的是hours

worked,[D]選項對應的是education,都是avariablethatyouthinkwould

maketheeffectgoaway(你認為可能消除收入差異的變量),三個選項都屬于

典型的“同義替換”![知識點]細節(jié)題[選項個數(shù)]4[試題編號][分數(shù)][題

目類型][難度]

第3題:

What'sthedifferencebetweenmenandwomenwhensigningontoanewjob?

A.Womenreportsatisfactionwiththeirsalariesoffered.

B.Menarelessaggressiveaboutnegotiatingsalaries.

C.Egalitarianwomenareskilledinsalarynegotiations.

D.Tradition-boundwomendon'tlikenegotiatingsalaries.

參考答案:D

根據(jù)題干關鍵詞signingontoanewjob我們可以準確定位到原文第三段第二

句:Womenonthewholearelesseffectiveatnegotiatingsalariesthan

men,andtheytendtobelessaggressiveaboutaskingforbiggersalaries,

ortheyacceptemployers?offerswithoutnegotiatingatall.(總、體上

來說,女性在薪酬談判方面要遜于男性,她們往往不如男性那樣勇于要求更高的

薪酬,或者她們接受雇主提出的薪酬待遇而不做任何討價還價)以及第三句…

tradition-boundwomenmaybeevenworseatit***(...那些保持傳統(tǒng)觀點的

女性的情形甚至更嚴重……)!可見,女性不喜歡跟雇主協(xié)商薪資方面的問題!

所以,正確答案為[D]選項。[A]選項在文中沒有涉及,屬于典型的“無中生

有”,因此排除;根據(jù)原文第三段第二句:Womenonthewholearelesseffective

atnegotiatingsalariesthanmen,andtheytendtobelessaggressiveabout

askingforbiggersalaries,ortheyacceptemployers?offerswithout

negotiatingatall.(女'性在薪酬談判方面要遜于男性,她們往往不如男性那

樣勇于要求更高的薪酬,或者她們接受雇主提出的薪酬待遇而不做任何討價還價)

可知,[B]選項的主語不是men而是women,屬于“張冠李戴",故排除;[C]選項

的干擾來自Iwouldsupposethategalitarianwomenarenotassusceptible

tosettlingforlessinthenegotiatingprocess我認為那些持平等觀點的

女性不像持傳統(tǒng)觀點的女性那樣在談判中輕易地接受較低收入),文中只是說持

平等觀點的女性不會像持傳統(tǒng)觀點的女性那么輕易接受低收入,并沒有說持平等

觀點的女性擅長薪資談判,屬于“偷換概念”,因此排除。[知識點]細節(jié)題[選

項個數(shù)]4[試題編號][分數(shù)][題目類型][難度]

第4題:

Employersknowaprospectiveemployee?sgenderroleattitudesbasedon_

A.hisdressingstyleandbehaviour

B.hisfamilyvalues

C.hisoccupationalbias

D.hispersonality

參考答案:A

根據(jù)題干信息可以準確定位到原文中的第四段第三句:employesmakejudgments

aboutaprospectiveemployee'sgenderattitudes,onthebasisofthings

likeamoreconservativestyleofdressorhairstyleandreserved

manners(雇主通過應聘者較傳統(tǒng)的衣著或發(fā)型和保守的舉止就能夠判斷出他們

的性別角色觀點),可知正確答案為[A]選項,屬于“同義替換”。由第一段對

于傳統(tǒng)觀點的說明(女主內(nèi),男主外)可知,本題干的“性別角色觀點”就是“家

庭價值觀",故[B]項屬于“問題本身";[C]項在文中找不到對應信息,屬于“無

生中生";[D]項是根據(jù)第四段第三句的amoreconservativestyleofdress

orhairstyleandreservedmanners的過度引申,屬于“推理過度”。[知

識點]細節(jié)題[選項個數(shù)]4[試題編號][分數(shù)][題目類型][難度]

第5題:

What'sthemainideaofthispassage?

A.Thetraditionalgender-roleattitudemattersinone,scareer.

B.Educationandoccupationaffectone'sgender-roleattitude.

C.Thewagegapmaybeattributedtothegender-roleattitude.

D.Thegendergapinearningsmightbereducedinthefuture.

參考答案:C

整篇文章都在分析人們的性別角色觀點,第一段講男性和女性中持傳統(tǒng)性別角色

觀點和持平等角色觀點之間的收入差距;第二段講變量不能消除傳統(tǒng)角色觀點對

人們收入的影響;第三、四段講差異存在的原因;最后一段概括全文,指出性別觀

點造成的差異在未來會有所減小。由此可知,[C]項能概括文章的主旨,所以為正

確答案,具有“概括性”。[A]選項只提到“傳統(tǒng)的性別角色觀點”,而不是

具有概括性的“性別角色觀點”,屬于“以偏概全”文章第二段提及教育、職業(yè)

等變量不消除由性別觀念帶來的收入差距,但未提到“教育和職業(yè)影響人們的性

別角色觀點”,故[B]選項屬于“無中生有";[D]選項的干擾來自最后一段的…

buteachyearthegapbetweenthosethatholdtraditionalviews,andthose

thatbelievemenandwomenareequalisnarrowing.Onewouldbehopeful

thatfornewentrantsintotheworkforce,thiswontbeasmuchaneffect.

但是傳統(tǒng)觀點者和男女平等觀點者的觀點差異在逐年縮小。人們有理由希望,將

來對于新入職的人來說,觀點差異不會造成很大的影響),是對這兩句的合理引

申,但是這一趨勢預測只是最后一段的內(nèi)容,屬于“以偏概全”。[知識點]主旨

題[選項個數(shù)]4[試題編號][分數(shù)][題目類型][難度][文章導讀]這是一

篇現(xiàn)象分析型文章,按照“提出并說明現(xiàn)象分析現(xiàn)象的原因預測未來趨勢”的

脈絡展開論述。文章第一、二段提出現(xiàn)象:性別觀念不同造成收入差距(同工不

同酬),并說明差距的具體表現(xiàn)。第三、四段揭示了產(chǎn)生現(xiàn)象的兩個原因:男性

和女性不同的薪酬談判方式和雇主的偏見。最后一段展望未來預測未來因性別

觀點造成的收入差異會縮小。[文章超精讀]①Organizational

psychologistsTimothyJudgeandBethLivingstonfoundthatmenwho

reportedholdingtraditionalviews(thatis,thatwomenbelonginthehome,

whilemenearnthemoney)earnedmorefordoingthesamekindofworkas

menwhoheldmoreegalitarianviews.(2)Thereversewastrueforwomen,

toamuchsmallerdegree.(3)Theeffectwasmostobvious,however,when

researcherscomparedwomen?ssalariestothoseofmen,whilealsotaking

intoaccounttheirgender-rolebiases.(4)Menwithtraditionalattitudes

made71%morethanwomenwithtraditionalattitudes,while

egalitarian-mindedmenmadejust7%morethantheirfemalecounterparts.

[逐句超精講]①<u>Organizationalpsychologists</u>TimothyJudge

andBethLivingston<u>foundthat</u>menwhoreportedholding

traditionalviews(thatis,thatwomenbelonginthehome,whilemenearn

themoney)earnedmorefordoingthesamekindofworkasmenwhoheld

moreegalitarianviews.[精講]本句為復合句,主干為Organizational

psychologistsfoundthat…(組織心理學家發(fā)現(xiàn)....)。TimothyJudgeandBeth

Livingston是Organizationalpsychologists的同位語,that引導賓語從

句。賓語從句中who引導的定語從句whoreportedholdingtraditional

views(自稱持傳統(tǒng)觀點)修飾men;其后that引導的同位語從句thatwomen

belonginthehome,whilemenearnthemoney(女主內(nèi),男主外)修飾

trad-tionalviews,while在此表示對比;句末也是一個who引導的定語從句,

修飾as面后的men0[譯文]組織心理學家蒂莫西?嘉杰和貝斯?利文斯通

發(fā)現(xiàn),自稱持傳統(tǒng)觀點(即女主內(nèi),男主外)的男性比做相同工作但持平等觀點

的男性賺錢多。②<u>Thereversewastrue</u>forwomen,toamuch

smallerdegree.[精講]本句是一個簡單句,主干為Thereversewas

true(與之完全相反的情況才是真的)。Thereverse在此表示與前面的情況剛

好相反,表示的應該是womenwhoreportedholdingtraditionalviewsearned

lessfordoingthesamekindofworkaswomenwhoheldmoreegalitarian

views(自稱持傳統(tǒng)觀點的女性比做相同工作但持平等觀點的女性賺錢少)。toa

muchsmallerdegree是插入語,表該種情況的程度相對較小。[譯文]女性

的情況剛好相反,但程度要小得多。③<u>Theeffectwasmd

obvious</u>,however,whenresearcherscomparedwomen?ssalariestothose

ofmen,whilealsotakingintoaccounttherrgenderrolebiases.[精

講]本句為復合句,主干為Theeffectwasmostobvious(效果最明顯),however

表轉折。when引導時間狀語從句whenresearcherscomparedwomen?ssalaries

tothoseofmen(當研究者比較男女收入差異時),后面是由while引導的省略

主語researchers和系動詞were的時間狀語從句while(researcherswere)

alsotakingintoaccounttheirgender-rolebiases(同時考慮他們的性別角

色偏見)。when和while都是時間狀語從句的引導詞,區(qū)別在于when引導從

句的謂語動詞可以在主句謂語動作之前、之后或同時發(fā)生;while引導從句的謂

語動作必須是和主句謂語動作同時發(fā)生的。takeintoaccount表示“把...考

慮進去”的意思。[譯文]然而,當研究者比較男女收入差異,同時考慮他們

的性別角色偏見時,這個差異最明顯。④Menwithtraditional

attitudesmade71%morethanwomenwithtraditionalattitudes,

<u>while</u>egalitar-an-mindedmenmadejut7%morethantherrfemale

counterparts.[精講]本句為while連接的并列句,前后兩個分句具有對比

關系。[譯文]持傳統(tǒng)觀點的男性比持傳統(tǒng)觀點的女性收入多71%,而持平等

觀點的男性僅比持平等觀點的女性收入多7%oParagraph2①

“Whatsurpriseduswasthedegreetowhichthateffectheld,even

whenyoustartcontrollingforavariablethatyouthinkwouldmakethe

effectgoaway,likehowmanykidsyouhave,orwhattypeofoccupation,”

saysJudge.@"Wesuspectedthattraditionalrgender-roleattitudes

wouldworkagainstwomen."(3)Whentheresearcherscontrolledfor

education,intelligence,occupation,hoursworkedandevenwhatregion

theylivedintheUnitedStates,Judgefoundthat“noneofthosereally

madetheeffectgoaway.”[逐句超精講]①“Whatsurprised

uswasthedegreetowhichthateffectheld,evenwhenyoustart

controllingforavariablethatyouthinkwouldmaketheeffectgoaway,

likehowmanykidsyouhave,orwhattypeofoccupation,“saysJudge.

[精講]本句為復合句,主干為saysJudgeosays的賓語為引號內(nèi)的直接引語,

直接引語的主干為Whatsurpriseduswasthedegree…。towhichthateffect

held是由which引導的定語從句,修飾degree0該定語從句屬于典型的

which引導的限定性定語從句中介產(chǎn)前置的用法,which實際上指代的是

degree,todegree是固定搭配,表示“在...程度上”的意思。evenwhenyou

startcontrollingforavariablethatyouthinkwouldmaketheeffectgo

away(即使你開始考慮某一變量,認為它會消除影響)是由when引導的時間狀語

從句,其中又包含一個that引導的定語從句修飾variableolike在該句中作介

詞,表示對variable的舉例。goaway是介詞短語,表示“離開,消失”的意

思。[譯文]“我們吃驚的是影響會那么大,即使你開始考慮某一變量,認為

它會消除影響,如:有幾個孩子,或者從事什么樣的職業(yè)等,”嘉杰說!②

“<u>Wesuspectedthat</u>traditional,gendeiroleattitudeswould

workagainstwomen.”[精講]本句為復合句,主干為Wesuspectedthat…

(我們懷疑...)。that引導賓語從句。gender-roleattitudes表示“關于性

別角色的觀點”的意思。[譯文「我們懷疑傳統(tǒng)的性別角色觀點對女性不利。”

③Whentheresearcherscontrolledforeducation,intelligence,

occupation,hoursworkedandevenwhatregiontheylivedintheUnited

States,<u>Judgefoundthat</u>“noneofthosereallymadetheeffect

goaway.”[精講]本句為復合句,主干為Judgefoundthat…(嘉杰發(fā)

現(xiàn)...),that引導賓語從句;whentheresearcherscontrolledfor…(當

研究人員考慮……這些變量時)是由when引導的時間狀語從句,主句中的謂語動

作found發(fā)生在從句的謂語動作control之后。[譯文]當研究人員把教育、

智力、職業(yè)、工作時間,甚至在美國的居住地區(qū)等變量都考慮進去后,嘉杰發(fā)現(xiàn)

“這一切均不能夠消除最終的影響。"Paragraph3①Whythegap

persist,Judgethinksitmighthavesomethingtodowiththedifferent

waysmenandwomensignontonewjobs.②Womenonthewholeareless

effectiveatnegotiatingsalariesthanmen,andtheytendtobeless

aggressiveaboutaskingforbiggersalaries,ortheyacceptemployersJ

offerswithoutnegotiatingatall.(3)AndJudgesuspectsthat

tradition-boundwomenmaybeevenworseatitthantheirmoreegalitarian

counterparts:④“Iwouldsupposethategalitarianwomenarenotas

susceptibletosettlingforlessinthenegotiatingprocess,“hesays.

[逐句超精講]①Whythegappersist,<u>Judgethinks</u>itmight

havesomethingtodowiththedifferentwaysmenandwomensignontonew

jobs.[精講]本句為復合句,主干為Judgethinks---(嘉杰認為....),thinks

的賓語是省略that的賓語從句;在賓語從句中it指代thegap。Whythegap

persist是由why引導的原因狀語從句。signonto表示“簽約受雇”的意思。

[譯文]為什么會存在這種差異?嘉杰認為它可能和男性、女性在新工作簽約時有

關。②<u>Women</u>onthewhole<u>arelesseffective</u>at

negotiatingsalariesthanmen,<u>andtheytendtobelessaggressive</u>

aboutaskingforbiggersalaries,<u>ortheyacceptemployers,offers</u>

withoutnegotiatingatall.[精講]本句是由and和or連接的并列句,

主干為womenarelesseffective…andtheytendtobelessaggressive---

ortheyacceptemployersJoffers->^onthewhole是插入語,表示“從總

體上看,總的來說”的意思。[譯文]總體上來說,女性在薪酬談判方面要遜

于男性,她們往往不如男性那樣勇于要求更高的薪酬,或者她們接受雇主提出的

薪酬待遇而不做任何討價還價。③And<u>Judgesuspectsthat</u>

tradition-boundwomenmaybeevenworseattthantheirmoreegalitarian

counterparts.[精講]本句為復合句,主干為Judgesuspectsthat…(嘉杰

懷疑……),that引導賓語從句。應當注意,and除了連接兩個并列結構,還可

以用來表示遞進,即表示后一(分)句11前一(分)句有進一層的意思,一般可

譯為“而且"、"甚至"、“何況"等等。tradition-boundwomenmaybeeven

worseat持傳統(tǒng)觀點的女性的情形甚至更嚴重...),此處worse相當于less

effective,it是代詞,代替前一句所提到的negotiatingsalaries,所以此句

可以還原為tradition-boundwomenmaybeevenlesseffectiveat

negotiatingsalaries…。tradition-bound中的bound在該詞組中表示,被...

束縛的,被……限制的"的意思。[譯文]而且嘉杰懷疑那些持傳統(tǒng)觀點的女

性要比持平等觀點的女性的情形甚至更嚴重。④“Iwouldsuppose

thategalitarianwomenarenotassusceptibletosettlingforlessinthe

negotiatingprocess,v<u>hesays</u>.[精講]本句為復合句,主干為

hesays(,引語的主干為Iwouldsupposethat…(我認為...),that引導賓

語從句。assusceptibletosettlingforless后面省略astradition-bound

womenobesusceptibletosth.是固定搭配,表示“易受...影響的,容易接

受的”的意思;介詞短語settlefor表示“勉強接受……,滿足于……”的意

思。[譯文]他說““我認為那些持平等觀點的女性不像持傳統(tǒng)觀點的女性

那樣在談判中輕易地接受較低收入?!盤aragraph4①Anotherfactor

couldbebiasonthepartoftheemployer.(2)“Itmaybethatemployers

aremorelikelytotakeadvantageoftraditionalgender-rolewomen,“

saysJudge.③Wecanlearnalotaboutsomeonebasedonaveryshort

acquaintance;(4)perhapsemployersmakejudgmentsaboutaprospective

employeesgenderattitudes,onthebasisofthingslikeamoreconservative

styleofdressorhairstyleand[逐句超精講]①<u>Another

factorcouldbebias</u>onthepartoftheemployer.[精講]本

句為簡單句,主干為Anotherfactorcouldbebias(另外一個因素是偏見),

onthepartoftheemployer(由雇主做出的,由雇主表現(xiàn)出的)是bias的后置

定語。[譯文]另外一個因素是雇主的偏見。②"Itmaybe

thatemployersaremorelikelytotakeadvantageoftraditional

gender-rolewomen,“<u>saysJudge</u>.[精講]本句為復合句,主語為

Judge,謂語為says,賓語為直接引語。直接引語的主干為Itmaybethat…((很

可能...),thatemployersaremorelikelytotakeadvantageoftraditional

gender-rolewomen(雇主在利用那些持傳統(tǒng)性別角色觀點的女性)是由that引導

的表語從句。belikelytodosth.可譯為“很有可能做某事",takeadvantage

ofsb.表示“利用某人”的意思。[譯文]嘉杰說道:有可能雇主在利用那些

持傳統(tǒng)性別角色觀點的女性。"③<u>Wecanlearnalot</u>about

someonebasedonaveryshortacquaintance;[精講]本句為簡單句,主

干為Wecanlearnalot…(我們能了解很多...);aboutsomeone是介詞短語

作alot的后置定語;basedonaveryshortacquaintance是過去分詞短語作

狀語,用來修飾learno[譯文]我們在很短時間接觸一個人之后就可以了解

到他的很多信息。④perhapsemployersmakejudgmentsabouta

prospectiveemployee'sgenderattitudes,onthebasssofthingslikea

moreconservativestyleofdressorhairstyleandreservedmanners,Judge

says.[精講]本句為復合句,主干為Judgesays…(嘉杰說....);前面的直

接引語為says的賓語從句,賓語從句的主干為employersmakejudgments(雇

主作出判斷);aboutaprospectiveemployee"sgenderattitudes(關于潛在

員工的性別態(tài)度)是介詞短語作定語,修飾前面的judgments;onthebasisof

thingslikeamoreconservativestyleofdressorhairstyleandreserved

manners(基于較傳統(tǒng)的衣著或發(fā)型和保守的舉止)作方式狀語;onthebasisof

sth.表示“基于...,,的意,限;likeamoreconservativestyleofdressor

hairstyleandreservedmanners(比如較傳統(tǒng)的衣著或發(fā)型和保守的舉止)舉例

說明thingso[譯文]嘉杰說,或許雇主通過應聘者較傳統(tǒng)的衣著或發(fā)型和

保守的舉止就能夠判斷出他們的性別態(tài)度。Paragraph5①Judge

thinksthere,shopeforfuturegenerationsofworkers:②Olderpeople

dohavemoretrad-tionalviewsbuteachyearthegapbetweenthosethat

holdtraditionalviews,andthosethatbelievemenandwomenareequal

isnarrowing.③Onewouldbehopefulthatfornewentrantsintothe

workforce,thiswon,tbeasmuchaneffect.”[逐句超精講]①

<u>Judgethinks</u>there?shopeforfuturegenerationsofworkers:

[精講]本句為復合句,主干為Judgethinks…(嘉杰認為...);there'shope

forfuturegenerationsofworkers(這種現(xiàn)象在將來的工作者中有希望改觀)

這個therebe句型是省略了引導詞that的賓語從句。[譯文]嘉杰認為這種

現(xiàn)象在將來的工作者中有希望改觀。②<u>01derpeopledohave

moretraditionalviewsbut</u>eachyear<u>thegap</u>betweenthosethat

holdtraditionalviews,andthosethatbelievemenandwomenareequal

<u>isnarrowing</u>.[精講]本句是由but連接的并列復合句。前一分句為

強調(diào)句,主干為Olderpeopledohavemoretraditionalviews,其中do為助

動詞,起強調(diào)作用;后一分句為復合句,其主干為thegapisnarrowing,其中

between-"and連接的兩個并列結構thosethatholdtraditionalviews(持

傳統(tǒng)觀點者)和thosethatbelievemenandwomenareequal(持男女平等觀

點者)都含有由that引導的定語從句。[譯文]老一輩人確實觀點比較傳統(tǒng),

但是傳統(tǒng)觀點者和男女平等觀點者的觀點差異在逐年縮小。③<u〉0ne

wouldbehopeful</u>thatfornewentrantsintotheworkforce,this

won,tbeasmuchaneffect.[精講]本句為復合句,主干為Onewouldbe

hopeful…,后接that引導的賓語從句0fornewentrantsintotheworkforce(對

于新人職的人來說)為狀語,this在此句中指代的是上一句提到的thegap(觀點

差異)。[譯文]人們有理由希望,將來對于新入職的人來說,觀點差異不會

造成很大的影響。[全文翻譯]組織心理學家蒂莫西?嘉杰和貝斯?利文斯

通發(fā)現(xiàn),自稱持傳統(tǒng)觀點(即女主內(nèi),男主外)的男性比做相同工作但持平等觀

點的男性賺錢多。女性的情況剛好相反,但程度要小的多。然而,當研究者比較

男女收入差異,同時考慮他們的性別角色偏見時,這個差異最明顯。持傳統(tǒng)觀點

的男性比持傳統(tǒng)觀點的女性收入多71%,而持平等觀點的男性僅比持平等觀點的

女性收入多7虬“我們吃驚的是影響會那么大,即使你開始考慮某一變量,

認為它會消除影響,如:有幾個孩子,或者從事什么樣的職業(yè)等,”嘉杰說?!拔?/p>

們懷疑傳統(tǒng)的性別角色觀點對女性不利?!碑斞芯咳藛T把教育、智力、職業(yè)、工

作時間,甚至在美國的居住地區(qū)等變量都考慮進去后,嘉杰發(fā)現(xiàn)“這一切均不能

夠消除最終的影響?!睘槭裁磿嬖谶@種差異?嘉杰認為它可能和男性、女

性在新工作簽約時有關??傮w上來說,女性在薪酬談判方面要遜于男性,她們往

往不如男性那樣勇于要求更高的薪酬,或者她們接受雇主提出的薪酬待遇而不做

任何討價還價。而且嘉杰懷疑那些持傳統(tǒng)觀點的女性要比持平等觀點的女性的情

形甚至更嚴重:“我認為那些持平等觀點的女性不像持傳統(tǒng)觀點的女性那樣在談

判中輕易地接受較低收入。”另外一個因素是雇主的偏見。嘉杰說道:有可

能雇主在利用那些持傳統(tǒng)性別角色觀點的女性。”我們在很短時間接觸一個人之

后就可以了解到他的很多信息,或許雇主通過應聘者較傳統(tǒng)的衣著或發(fā)型和保守

的舉止就能夠判斷出他們的性別態(tài)度。嘉杰認為這種現(xiàn)象在將來的工作者中

有希望改觀:老一輩人確實觀點比較傳統(tǒng),但是傳統(tǒng)觀點者和男女平等觀點者的

觀點差異在逐年縮小。人們有理由希望,將來對于新入職的人來說,觀點差異不

會造成很大的影響。

Text2

Americanuniversitiesliketothinkofthemselvesasengines

ofsocialjustice,throngingwithadiversity.Buthowmuchtruthisthere

inthisflatteringself-image?OverthepastfewyearsDanielGoldenhas

writtenaseriesofstoriesintheWallStreet?ournalabouttheadmissions

practicesofAmerica,seliteuniversities,suggestingthattheyarenot

somuchenginesofsocialjusticeasbastionsofprivilege.

Goldenshowsthateliteuniversitiesdoeverythingintheir

powertoadmitthechildrenofprivilege.Iftheycannotgetthemin

throughthefrontdoorbyrelaxingtheirstandards,thentheysmugglethem

inthroughtheback.Nolessthan60%oftheplacesineliteuniversities

aregiventocandidateswhohavesomesortofextra“hook”,fromrich

oralumniparentsto“sportingprowess”.Thenumberofwhiteswhobenefit

fromthisaffirmativeactionisfargreaterthanthenumberofblacks.

TheAmericanestablishmentisextraordinarilygoodatgetting

itschildrenintothebestcolleges.TheformerpresidentGeorgeBushand

hisrivalintheelectionJohnKerrywere"C"studentswhowouldhave

hadlittlechanceofgettingintoYaleiftheyhadnotcomefromYale

families.AlGoreandBillFristbothgottheirsonsintotheiralmamaters

(HarvardandPrincetonrespectively),despitetheiraverageacademic

performances.Universitiesbendoverbackwardstoadmit“l(fā)egacies,,.

Harvardadmits40%oflegacyapphcantscomparedwith11%ofapplicants

overall.Whenitcomestothechildrenofparticularlyrichdonors,the

bending-over-backwardsreachesastonishinglevels.

Mostpeoplethinkofblackfootballandbasketballstarswhen

theyhearabout“sportsscholarships”.Buttherearealsosports

scholarshipsforrichwhitestudentswhoplaypreppiesportssuchas

fencing,squash,sailing,riding,golfand,ofcourse,lacrosse.The

UniversityofVirginiaevenhasscholarshipsforpolo-players,relatively

fewofwhomcomefromtheinnercities.

Youmightimaginethatacademicswouldbeupinarmsaboutthis.

Alas,theyhavetoomuchskininthegame.Academicsnotonlyescapetuition

feesiftheycangettheirchildrenintotheuniversitieswheretheyteach.

Theygethugepreferencesaswell.BostonUniversityaccepted91%of

“facultybrats”in2003,atacostofabout$9m.NotreDameaccepts

about70%ofthechildrenofuniversityemployees,comparedwith19%of

“unhooked“applicants,despitemarkedlyloweraverageSATscores.Two

groupsofpeopleoverwhelminglybeartheburdenofthesepolicies

Asian-Americansandpoorwhites.Asian-Americansarethe“newJews”,

heldto

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