Ch 2,Defining Communication as an Element of …：CH 2定義通信的一個(gè)元素…

UnderstandingFace-to-Face&MediatedCommunicationInterculturalCommunication=communicationamongdiversepeoples(pg.35).ICCommunicationCompetence“…referstoone’sskillinfacilitatingsuccessfulICoutcomes〞“themulticulturalpersonisonewhorespectsculturesandhastolerancefordifferences〞p35Competence:CommunicationApproach,pg.35-36PersonalityStrengths:TraitsthataffectICareself-concept,self-disclosure,self-monitoring,andsocialrelaxation.CommunicationSkills:Messageskills,behaviorflexibility,interactionmanagement,socialskills.PsychologicalAdjustment:Cultureshock-frustration,stressandalienationinambiguoussituations.CulturalAwareness:Understandsocialcustomsandsocialsystemofhostcountry.Howpeoplethink&behave.InterculturalsensitivityCognitiveorinterculturalawarenessBehaviororinterculturaladroitnessICCommunicationEthicsGuidesforliving,themoralright&wrongswelearnfromourculture.Differentcultureshavedifferentethicalguidelines.CommontoallisthebeliefthatPeaceisafundamentalhumanvalue. Respect Truthfulness Uniqueness IdentificationEnvironmentalEthicsRachelCarson’s

SilentSpring-1962PaulEhrlich’s-1968ThePopulationBomb“Whatdutiesdohumanshavewithrespecttotheenvironment,andwhy?〞CulturalDefinitionsof

Communication“Cultureisacodewelearn&share…whichbothrequirecommunication〞p.39Howculturesdefinecommunicationprovidesinsightintotheculture.K’ung-Fu-Tzu(550-478B.C.E),laterLatinizedtoConfucius,proposedagovernmentbasedlessonhereditythanonmorality&merit.P.39ConfucianismisaphilosophicalsystemthathasdeeprootsinAsianbeliefsculture.FamilyStructure ModernChineseFamilyConfucianismprovidesanethicalsystemtoguideinteractionsinthefamily,thecommunity,andthestate.Ofthefivesocialguidelinessetforth,threerelatetothefamilyrelationships:husbandandwife(chasteconduct),fatherandson(love),elderbrotherandyoungerbrother(order).Theothertwoarebetweenrulerandsubjects(relationofrighteousness),andfriends(faithfulness).Filialpietyisthechiefvirtuecombiningloyaltyandreverence,sonshonorfather.Particularism

UnliketheUnitedStateswherecommunicationisguidedbythevalueofequality,Confucianinfluencedculturescommunicatebasedonstatus,intimacy,andcontext.Therulesguidewhotalkstowhom,aboutwhat,andinwhatmanner.InConfuciancultures,aspecificlanguageformisusedtoaddressthosewhoareolderorwhohavehigherstatus.WhensomeonefromtheU.S.interactswithaChinese,Korean,Vietnamese,Cambodian,Lao,Japanese--anyonefromanareawithalargeChinesepopulation(nowincludingTibetandwesternTajikistan),thisrulewillgoverntheinteraction.RoleofIntermediariesThesecondeffectthatConfucianismhasoninterpersonalrelationshipsinvolvessituationswhereconflictcanoccur.Becauseconfrontationsordisputesdisruptharmony,directdealingsthatmayresultinconflictarehandledbyathirdparty.Thispersonnegotiatesanagreeablesolutionbetweenthetwoormoreparties.ThephotosshowweddingceremoniesinJapan,Korea,andChina.1)Reciprocity,

2)In-group/outgroupdistinction,and

3)OverlapofpersonalandpublicrelationshipsThesethreeremainingeffectsrelatetohowpeopleunderstandtheirroleinrelationshiptoothers.Reciprocitymeanseachpartyinacomplementaryrelationshipowestheothersomething.Itisanobligationanditensuresthatsomeonewillalwaysbelookingoutforyou.In-Outgroups.Youbelongtooneortheother.In-groupsmembershipmeansyouhaveaccesstoadeeperlevelofdisclosureandknowledgeoftheothersinthegroup.Overlapofpersonalandpublicrelationships.Thereisnodistinctionbetweenbusinesshoursandprivatetime.CommunicationtheoriesreflecthowaculturethinksConfucianismguidesinterpersonalrelationshipsbyfocusingonbalanceandharmony.HerearefivespecificdifferencesbetweenAsianandWesterncommunication:1.Particularism2.Roleofintermediaries3.Reciprocity4.In-group/out-groupdistinction5.OverlapofpersonalandpublicrelationshipsConnectionsConfucianVerbalStrategiesweredevelopedtoensurethevaluesofbalanceandharmonywereobserved.Compliments,greetingrituals,etc.reinforceunderstandingandguideinterpersonalrelationships.Useofhonorificformsofspeechtodistinguishsocialstatus,gender,occasion,anddegreeofintimacy.Collectivismmandatesrespectfortherelationshipisemphasizedoverinformationdisclosed.Modestyandconcernaboutlossoffacedominate.Communicationisthereforedefinedasaninfiniteinterpretiveprocesswhereallpartiesaresearchingtodevelopandmaintainsocialrelationships.WesternPerspectivesonCommunicationCommunicationisintentional,issymbolic,andinvolvesatleasttwopeople.Context=CultureComponentsofCommunication:BerloModelTheMediaofInterculturalCommunicationHumanCouriers&IntermediariesFromsemaphoreflagstosmokesignals,tickertapetothetelegraph,carrierpigeonstocarrierradiowaves,humanhistoryhascountlessexamplesoftechnologiesdevelopedtohelppeoplecommunicate.Telephone/Cell&theInternetaretodaysmodesMediatedcommunication.Featuresincludelanguageuse,designelements,socialnetworksitesTheSpecialCaseofPrejudice&RacismPrejudiceisdiscrimination,orantagonismdirectedagainstsomeoneofadifferentracebasedonthebeliefthatone’sownraceissuperior.HateSpeechincludesthreatsorverbalslursdirectedagainstspecificgroups,burningcrosses,paintingswastikas(p.52)Racismdefined(dictionary)rac·ismabeliefordoctrinethatinherentdifferencesamongthevarioushumanracesdetermineculturalorindividualachievement,usuallyinvolvingtheideathatone'sownraceissuperiorandhastherighttoruleothers.2.apolicy,systemofgovernment,etc.,baseduponorfosteringsuchadoctrine;discrimination.3.hatredorintoleranceofanotherraceorotherraces.Origin:1865–70;<Frenchracisme.“Communicationcanplayaroleineitherspreadingprejudice&racismorstoppingtheirspread〞p.52“Researchshowsthatevaluationsofindividualminoritygroupmemberscanbebiasedbyoverheardderogatoryethniclabelswhentheperson’sbehaviorislessthanperfect〞(p.52)HateSpeec