2023年考研英語一真題

2023

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankand

markA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisone

ofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1to

sayitanyway.Heisthat2bird,ascientistwhoworksindependently3any

institution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughtto

haveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfections,whicharousedmuch

controversywhenitwasfirstsuggested.

5he,however,mighttrembleatthe6ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwith

anothertwoscientists,heispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7thatonegroup

ofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothers,butexplainstheprocessthat

hasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfrom

centralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection.

ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest,912-15pointsabovethe10valueof100,

andhavecontributed11totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWest,asthe

12oftheirelites,includingseveralworld-renownedscientists,13heyalsosuffer

moreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseases,suchas

breastcancer.Thesefacts,14avepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.The

formerhasbeen15socialeffects,suchasastrongtraditionof16ucation.The

latterwasseenasa(an)17geneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhatthe

intelligenceanddiseasesareintimatelyl8isargumentisthattheunusual

historyofthesepeoplehas19emtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathave

resultedinthis20ateofaffairs.

1.[A]selected[B]prepared[C]obliged[D]pleased

2.[A]unique[B]particular[C]special[D]rare

3.[A]of[B]with[C]in[D]against

4.[A]subsequently[B]presently[C]previously[D]lately

5.[A]Only[B]So[C]Even[D]Hence

6.[A]thought[B]sight[C]cost[D]risk

7.[A]advises[B]suggests[C]protests[D]objects

8.[A]progress[B]fact[C]need[D]question

9.[A]attaining[B]scoring[C]reaching[D]calculating

10.[A]normal[B]common[C]mean[D]total

11.[A]unconsciously[B]disproportionately

[C]indefinitely[D]unaccountably

12.[A]missions[B]fortunes[C]interests[D]careers

13.[A]affirm[B]witness[C]observe[D]approve

14.[A]moreover[B]therefore[C]however[D]meanwhile

15.[A]givenup[B]gotover[C]carriedon[D]putdown

16.[A]assessing[B]supervising[C]administering[D]valuing

17.[A]development[B]origin[C]consequence[D]instrument

18.[A]linked[B]integrated[C]woven[D]combined

19.[A]limited[B]subjected[C]converted[D]directed

20.[A]paradoxical[B]incompatible[C]inevitable[D]continuous

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing

A,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

Text1

Whilestillcatching-uptomeninsomespheresofmodernlife,womenappearto

bewayaheadinatleastoneundesirablecategory."Womenareparticularly

susceptibletodevelopingdepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostress

comparedtomen,"accordingtoDr.Yehuda,chiefpsychiatristatNewYork's

Veteran'sAdministrationHospital.

Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormonessomehow

affectthestressresponse,causingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthe

triggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.Inseveralofthe

studies,whenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovaries(thefemale

reproductiveorgans)removed,theirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothose

ofthemales.

Addingtoawoman'sincreaseddoseofstresschemicals,areherincreased

"opportunities"forstress."It'snotnecessarilythatwomendon'tcopeaswell.

Ifsjustthattheyhavesomuchmoretocopewith,"saysDr.Yehuda."Their

capacityfortoleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthanmen's,”sheobserves,

"it'sjustthatthey'redealingwithsomanymorethingsthattheybecomeworn

outfromitmorevisiblyandsooner."

Dr.Yehudanotesanotherdifferencebetweenthesexes."Ithinkthatthekinds

ofthingsthatwomenareexposedtotendtobeinmoreofachronicorrepeated

nature.Mengotowarandareexposedtocombatstress.Menareexposedto

moreactsofrandomphysicalviolence.Thekindsofinterpersonalviolencethat

womenareexposedtotendtobeindomesticsituations,by,unfortunately,

parentsorotherfamilymembers,andtheytendnottobeone-shotdeals.The

wear-and-tearthatcomesfromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequite

devastating."

AdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoason,butwasdeterminedto

finishcollege."Istruggledalottogetthecollegedegree.Iwaslivinginsomuch

frustrationthatthatwasmyescape,togotoschool,andgetaheadanddo

better."Later,hermarriageendedandshebecameasinglemother."It'sthe

hardestthingtotakecareofateenager,haveajobzpaytherent,paythecar

payment,andpaythedebt.Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck."

NoteveryoneexperiencesthekindsofseverechronicstressesAlvarezdescribes.

Butmostwomentodayarecopingwithalotofobligations,withfewbreaks,and

feelingthestrain.Alvarez'sexperiencedemonstratestheimportanceoffinding

waystodiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealthandyourabilityto

function.

21.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs?

[A]Womenarebiologicallymorevulnerabletostress.

[B]Womenarestillsufferingmuchstresscausedbymen.

[C]Womenaremoreexperiencedthanmenincopingwithstress.

[D]Menandwomenshowdifferentinclinationswhenfacedwithstress.

22.Dr.Yehuda'sresearchsuggeststhatwomen

[A]needextradosesofchemicalstohandlestress.

[B]havelimitedcapacityfortoleratingstress.

[C]aremorecapableofavoidingstress.

[D]areexposedtomorestress.

23.AccordingtoParagraph4,thestresswomenconfronttendstobe

[A]domesticandtemporary.

[B]irregularandviolent.

[C]durableandfrequent.

[D]trivialandrandom.

24.Thesentence"Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck."(Line6,Para.5)shows

that

[A]Alvarezcaredaboutnothingbutmakingmoney.

[B]Alvarez'ssalarybarelycoveredherhouseholdexpenses.

[C]Alvarezgotpaychecksfromdifferentjobs.

[D]Alvarezpaidpracticallyeverythingbycheck.

25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

[A]StrainofStress:NoWayOut?

[B]ResponsestoStress:GenderDifference

[C]StressAnalysis:WhatChemicalsSay

[D]GenderInequality:WomenUnderStress

Text2

Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthe

laboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournal

editorwouldthenremovetheauthors'namesandaffiliationsfromthepaper

andsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceived,the

editorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwith

thejournalpublisher,andresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswould

havetosubscribetothejournal.

Nolonger.TheInternet-andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoare

questioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfrom

government-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit-ismakingaccessto

scientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationand

Development(OECD)hasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reaching

consequencesofthis.Thereport,byJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityin

AustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavyreadingforpublishers

whohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.It

signalsachangeinwhathas,untilnow,beenakeyelementofscientific

endeavor.

Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearch

depends,inpart,uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.In

America,thecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billion

and$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientific,Technicaland

MedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2,000publishersworldwide

specializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseach

yearinsome16,000journals.

Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreport,some75%ofscholarly

journalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;three

mainoneswereidentifiedbythereport'sauthors.Thereistheso-calledbigdeal,

whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournal

titlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishing,

typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor(orhisemployer)topayforthepaper

tobepublished.Finally,thereareopen-accessarchives,whereorganizations

suchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutional

repositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethree,suchasdelayed

open-access,wherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirst

sixmonths,beforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.

Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocess,atleastfor

thepublicationofpapers.

26.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthordiscusses

[A]thebackgroundinformationofjournalediting.

[B]thepublicationroutineoflaboratoryreports.

[C]therelationsofauthorswithjournalpublishers.

[D]thetraditionalprocessofjournalpublication.

27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheOECDreport?

[A]Itcriticizesgovernment-fundedresearch.

[B]Itintroducesaneffectivemeansofpublication.

[C]Itupsetsprofit-makingjournalpublishers.

[D]Itbenefitsscientificresearchconsiderably.

28.Accordingtothetext,onlinepublicationissignificantinthat

[A]itprovidesaneasieraccesstoscientificresults.

[B]itbringshugeprofitstoscientificresearchers.

[C]itemphasizesthecrucialroleofscientificknowledge.

[D]itfacilitatespublicinvestmentinscientificresearch.

29.Withtheopen-accesspublishingmodel,theauthorofapaperisrequiredto

[A]coverthecostofitspublication.

[B]subscribetothejournalpublishingit.

[C]allowotheronlinejournalstouseitfreely.

[D]completethepeer-reviewbeforesubmission.

30.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthemainideaofthetext?

[A]TheInternetisposingathreattopublishers.

[B]Anewmodeofpublicationisemerging.

[C]Authorswelcomethenewchannelforpublication.

[D]Publicationisrenderedeasierbyonlineservice.

Text3

Intheearly1960sWiltChamberlainwasoneofonlythreeplayersinthe

NationalBasketballAssociation(NBA)listedatoversevenfeet.Ifhehadplayed

lastseason,however,hewouldhavebeenoneof42.Thebodiesplayingmajor

professionalsportshavechangeddramaticallyovertheyears,andmanagers

havebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformstofitthegrowingnumbers

ofbigger,longerframes.

Thetrendinsports,though,maybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:

Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing.Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinches

tallernowthan140yearsago,today'speople-especiallythoseborntofamilies

whohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerations-apparentlyreachedtheirlimit

intheearly1960s.Andtheyaren'tlikelytogetanytaller,"Inthegeneral

populationtoday,atthisgenetic,environmentallevel,we'veprettymuchgone

asfaraswecango/'saysanthropologistWilliamCameronChumleaofWright

StateUniversity.InthecaseofNBAplayers,theirincreaseinheightappearsto

resultfromtheincreasinglycommonpracticeofrecruitingplayersfromallover

theworld.

Growth,whichrarelycontinuesbeyondtheageof20,demandscaloriesand

nutrients-notably,protein-tofeedexpandingtissues.Atthestartofthe20th

century,under-nutritionandchildhoodinfectionsgotintheway.Butasdietand

healthimproved,childrenandadolescentshave,onaverage,increasedin

heightbyaboutaninchandahalfevery20years,apatternknownasthe

seculartrendinheight.YetaccordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControland

Prevention,averageheight-5'9"formen,5'4〃forwomen-hasn'treally

changedsince1960.

Geneticallyspeaking,thereareadvantagestoavoidingsubstantialheight.

Duringchildbirth,largerbabieshavemoredifficultypassingthroughthebirth

canal.Moreover,eventhoughhumanshavebeenuprightformillionsofyears,

ourfeetandbackcontinuetostrugglewithbipedalpostureandcannoteasily

withstandrepeatedstrainimposedbyoversizelimbs.*'Therearesomereal

constraintsthataresetbythegeneticarchitectureoftheindividualorganism,"

saysanthropologistWilliamLeonardofNorthwesternUniversity.

Geneticmaximumscanchange,butdon'texpectthistohappensoon.ClaireC.

Gordon,senioranthropologistattheArmyResearchCenterinNatick,Mass.,

ensuresthat90percentoftheuniformsandworkstationsfitrecruitswithout

alteration.Shesaysthat,unlikethoseforbasketball,thelengthofmilitary

uniformshasnotchangedforsometime.Andifyouneedtopredicthuman

heightinthenearfuturetodesignapieceofequipment,Gordonsaysthatby

andlarge,"youcouldusetoday'sdataandfeelfairlyconfident."

31.WiltChamberlainiscitedasanexampleto

[A]illustratethechangeofheightofNBAplayers.

[B]showthepopularityofNBAplayersintheU.S..

[C]comparedifferentgenerationsofNBAplayers.

[D]assesstheachievementsoffamousNBAplayers.

32.Whichofthefollowingplaysakeyroleinbodygrowthaccordingtothetext?

[A]Geneticmodification.

[B]Naturalenvironment.

[C]Livingstandards.

[D]Dailyexercise.

33.Onwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthormostprobablyagree?

[A]Non-Americansaddtotheaverageheightofthenation.

[B]Humanheightisconditionedbytheuprightposture.

[C]Americansarethetallestonaverageintheworld.

[D]Largerbabiestendtobecometallerinadulthood.

34.Welearnfromthelastparagraphthatinthenearfuture

[A]thegarmentindustrywillreconsidertheuniformsize.

[B]thedesignofmilitaryuniformswillremainunchanged.

[C]genetictestingwillbeemployedinselectingsportsmen.

[D]theexistingdataofhumanheightwillstillbeapplicable.

35.Thetextintendstotellusthat

[A]thechangeofhumanheightfollowsacyclicpattern.

[B]humanheightisbecomingevenmorepredictable.

[C]Americanshavereachedtheirgeneticgrowthlimit.

[D]thegeneticpatternofAmericanshasaltered.

Text4

In1784,fiveyearsbeforehebecamepresidentoftheUnitedStates,George

Washington,52,wasnearlytoothless.Sohehiredadentisttotransplantnine

teethintohisjaw-havingextractedthemfromthemouthsofhisslaves.

That'safardifferentimagefromthecherry-tree-choppingGeorgemostpeople

rememberfromtheirhistorybooks.Butrecently,manyhistorianshavebegun

tofocusontherolesslaveryplayedinthelivesofthefoundinggeneration.They

havebeenspurredinpartbyDNAevidencemadeavailablein1998,which

almostcertainlyprovedThomasJeffersonhadfatheredatleastonechildwith

hisslaveSallyHemings.Andonlyoverthepast30yearshavescholars

examinedhistoryfromthebottomup.Worksofseveralhistoriansrevealthe

moralcompromisesmadebythenation'searlyleadersandthefragilenatureof

thecountry'sinfancy.Moresignificantly,theyarguethatmanyoftheFounding

Fathersknewslaverywaswrong-andyetmostdidlittletofightit.

Morethananything,thehistorianssay,thefounderswerehamperedbythe

cultureoftheirtime.WhileWashingtonandJeffersonprivatelyexpressed

distasteforslavery,theyalsounderstoodthatitwaspartofthepoliticaland

economicbedrockofthecountrytheyhelpedtocreate.

Foronething,theSouthcouldnotaffordtopartwithitsslaves.Owningslaves

was"likehavingalargebankaccount,"saysWiencek,authorofAnImperfect

God:GeorgeWashington,HisSlaves,andtheCreationofAmerica.The

southernstateswouldnothavesignedtheConstitutionwithoutprotectionsfor

the"peculiarinstitution,"includingaclausethatcountedaslaveasthreefifths

ofamanforpurposesofcongressionalrepresentation.

Andthestatesmen'spoliticallivesdependedonslavery.Thethree-fifths

formulahandedJeffersonhisnarrowvictoryinthepresidentialelectionof1800

byinflatingthevotesofthesouthernstatesintheElectoralCollege.Oncein

office,JeffersonextendedslaverywiththeLouisianaPurchasein1803;thenew

landwascarvedinto13states,includingthreeslavestates.

Still,JeffersonfreedHemings'schildren-thoughnotHemingsherselforhis

approximately150otherslaves.Washington,whohadbeguntobelievethatall

menwerecreatedequalafterobservingthebraveryoftheblacksoldiersduring

theRevolutionaryWar,overcamethestrongoppositionofhisrelativestogrant

hisslavestheirfreedominhiswill.Onlyadecadeearlier,suchanactwould

haverequiredlegislativeapprovalinVirginia.

36.GeorgeWashington*sdentalsurgeryismentionedto

[A]showtheprimitivemedicalpracticeinthepast.

[B]demonstratethecrueltyofslaveryinhisdays.

[C]stresstheroleofslavesintheU.S.history.

[D]revealsomeunknownaspectofhislife.

37.Wemayinferfromthesecondparagraphthat

[A]DNAtechnologyhasbeenwidelyappliedtohistoryresearch.

[B]initsearlydaystheU.S.wasconfrontedwithdelicatesituations.

[C]historiansdeliberatelymadeupsomestoriesofJefferson'slife.

[D]politicalcompromisesareeasilyfoundthroughouttheU.S.history.

38.WhatdowelearnaboutThomasJefferson?

[A]Hispoliticalviewchangedhisattitudetowardsslavery.

[B]Hisstatusasafathermadehimfreethechildslaves.

[C]Hisattitudetowardsslaverywascomplex.

[D]Hisaffairwithaslavestainedhisprestige.

39.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?

[A]SomeFoundingFathersbenefitpoliticallyfromslavery.

[B]Slavesintheolddaysdidnothavetherighttovote.

[C]Slaveownersusuallyhadlargesavingsaccounts.

[D]Slaverywasregardedasapeculiarinstitution.

40.Washington'sdecisiontofreeslavesoriginatedfromhis

[A]moralconsiderations.

[B]militaryexperience.

[C]financialconditions.

[D]politicalstand.

PartB

Directions:

Inthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions

41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthe

numberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthe

blanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

Thetimeforsharpeningpencils,arrangingyourdesk,anddoingalmost

anythingelseinsteadofwritinghasended.Thefirstdraftwillappearonthe

pageonlyifyoustopavoidingtheinevitableandsit,standup,orliedownto

write.(41)

Beflexible.Youroutlineshouldsmoothlyconductyoufromonepointtothenext,

butdonotpermitittorailroadyou.Ifarelevantandimportantideaoccursto

younow,workitintothedraft.(42)Grammar,punctuation,andspellingcan

waituntilyourevise.Concentrateonwhatyouaresaying.Goodwritingmost

oftenoccurswhenyouareinhotpursuitofanidearatherthaninanervous

searchforerrors.

(43)Yourpageswillbeeasiertokeeptrackofthatway,and,ifyouhavetoclip

aparagraphtoplaceitelsewhere,youwillnotloseanywritingontheotherside.

Ifyouareworkingonawordprocessor,youcantakeadvantageofitscapacity

tomakeadditionsanddeletionsaswellasmoveentireparagraphsbymaking

justafewsimplekeyboardcommands.Somesoftwareprogramscanalsocheck

spellingandcertaingrammaticalelementsinyourwriting.(44)Theseprintouts

arealsoeasiertoreadthanthescreenwhenyouworkonrevisions.

Onceyouhaveafirstdraftonpaper,youcandeletematerialthatisunrelatedto

yourthesisandaddmaterialnecessarytoillustrateyourpointsandmakeyour

paperconvincing.Thestudentwhowrote"TheA&PasaStateofMind"wisely

droppedaparagraphthatquestionedwhetherSammydisplayschauvinistic

attitudestowardwomen.(45)

Rememberthatyourinitialdraftisonlythat.Youshouldgothroughthepaper

manytimes-andthenagain-workingtosubstantiateandclarifyyourideas.

Youmayevenendupwithseveralentireversionsofthepaper.Rewrite.The

sentenceswithineachparagraphshouldberelatedtoasingletopic.Transitions

shouldconnectoneparagraphtothenextsothattherearenoabruptor

confusingshifts.Awkwardorwordyphrasingorunclearsentencesand

paragraphsshouldbemercilesslypokedandproddedintoshape.

[A]Tomakerevisingeasier,leavewidemarginsandextraspacebetweenlines

sothatyoucaneasilyaddwords,sentences,andcorrections.Writeononlyone

sideofthepaper.

[B]Afteryouhaveclearlyandadequatelydevelopedthebodyofyourpaper,

payparticularattentiontotheintroductoryandconcludingparagraphs.It's

probablybesttowritetheintroductionlast,afteryouknowpreciselywhatyou

areintroducing.Concludingparagraphsdemandequalattentionbecausethey

leavethereaderwithafinalimpression.

[C]It'sworthremembering,however,thatthoughacleancopyfreshoffa

printermaylookterrific,itwillreadonlyaswellasthethinkingandwritingthat

havegoneintoit.Manywritersprudentlystoretheirdataondisksandprint

theirpageseachtimetheyfinishadrafttoavoidlosinganymaterialbecauseof

powerfailuresorotherproblems.

[D]Itmakesnodifferencehowyouwrite,justsoyoudo.Nowthatyouhave

developedatopicintoatentativethesis,youcanassembleyournotesand

begintofleshoutwhateveroutlineyouhavemade.

[E]Althoughthisisaninterestingissue,ithasnothingtodowiththethesis,

whichexplainshowthesettinginfluencesSammy'sdecisiontoquithisjob.

Insteadofincludingthatparagraph,sheaddedonethatdescribedLengel's

crabbedresponsetothegirlssothatshecouldleaduptotheA&P"policy"he

enforces.

[F]Inthefinalparagraphaboutthesignificanceofthesettingin"A&P/'the

studentbringstogetherthereasonsSammyquithisjobbyreferringtohis

refusaltoacceptLengel'sstorepolicies.

[G]Byusingthefirstdraftasameansofthinkingaboutwhatyouwanttosay,

youwillverylikelydiscovermorethanyournotesoriginallysuggested.Plentyof

goodwritersdon'tuseoutlinesatallbutdiscoverorderingprinciplesasthey

write.Donotattempttocomposeaperfectlycorrectdraftthefirstt