初升高英語暑假銜接第01講 句子成分及五種簡單句（學生版）

第01講句子成分及五種簡單句(知識講解+高考必考題型練習)目標1熟悉句子的各個成分。目標2了解五種簡單句。一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定義：構(gòu)成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主語和謂語；次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補足語、同位語和插入語。主語主語是一個句子所敘述的主體，表明句子里所談的是:“什么人”或“什么物”，一般位于句首。但在therebe結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句(當主語不是疑問詞時)和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。如:Sincethe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular(名詞)自從20世紀90年代以來，美國鄉(xiāng)村音樂已經(jīng)變得越來越流行。TheyoftenspeakEnglishafterclass.(代詞)Twentyyearsisashorttimeinhistory.(數(shù)詞)Toswiminthedeepriverisagreatpleasure.(不定式)Eatingtoomuchdoesharmtoyourhealth.(動名詞)·Therichshouldhelpthepoor.(名詞化的形容詞).Whatheneedsisabook.(主語從句)Itisnecessaryforustomasteraforeignlanguage(it作形式主語，真正的主語為后面的不定式)掌握一門外語對我們來說是必要的。Itisveryclearthattheelephantisroundandtalllikeatree(It形式主語，that引導的主語從句是真正主語》大象像樹一樣又圓又高，這一點是顯然的。謂語謂語說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。說明主語“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么樣”。動詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后(在倒裝語序下，謂語可放于主語之前)。謂語的構(gòu)成如下:(1)簡單謂語:由一個動詞或動詞短語構(gòu)成。如:Shepractisesrunningeverymorning.(單個動詞practise做謂語)(2)復合謂語①由情態(tài)動詞或其他助動詞加動詞原形構(gòu)成。如:·Youmaykeepthebookforthreeweeks.(情態(tài)動詞may+動詞原形keep做謂語)Thelittlegirlhascaughtabadcold.(助動詞hast動詞過去分詞caught做謂語)②由系動詞加表語構(gòu)成。如:Wearestudentsnow.(系動詞are+名詞students構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)做謂語)【注意】謂語和主語在人稱和數(shù)方面必須保持一致。如:Iamreading.Youarereading.He/Sheisreading.Wearereading.Marylovesswimming.Youdon'ttrustme.Hebelievesme.表語表語用以表述說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，說明主語“是什么”或“怎么樣”，它一般位于系動詞(如be、become、get、look、grow、turn、seem等)之后，與系動詞共同構(gòu)成謂語。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。如:OurforeignteacherisanAmerican.(名詞)Aretheyyours?(代詞)(Theyareyours.)Theweatherhasturnedwarm.(形容詞)Thelectureisexciting.(分詞)Threetimessevenistwenty-one.(數(shù)詞)三乘七等于二十一。HerjobistoteachEnglish.(不定式)Herhobbyissingingpopularsongs.(動名詞)Theoldmachinemustbeoutoforder.(介詞短語)這臺老機器肯定運轉(zhuǎn)不暢。Timeisup.Classisover.(副詞)Thetruthisthatshehasneverbeenabroad.(表語從句)事實是她從沒去過國外。賓語賓語表示動作行為的對象或承受者。由名詞、代詞或相當于名詞或代詞的詞或短語充當，和及物動詞一起構(gòu)成謂語，說明主語“做什么”。如:Hewenttoseeafilmyesterday.(名詞)Thethickfogpreventedusfromcomingtoschoolontime.(代詞)濃霧使我們無法準時到校。Howmanybooksdoyouhave?-Ihavefifty.(數(shù)詞)Wehelpedtheoldwiththeirhousework.(名詞化形容詞)·Shepretendednottoseeme.(不定式短語)Heenjoyslisteningtopopularsongs.(動名詞短語)·Wethink(that)sheisfitforherjob.(賓語從句)賓語種類:直接賓語和間接賓語--有些及物動詞可以有兩個賓語，一個指人，一個指物，指人的通常為動詞的間接承受者叫作間接賓語，指物的通常為動詞的直接承受者叫直接賓語，在一起稱為成為雙賓語，一般間接賓語在前，直接賓語在后，如:Hegave me someink.他給了我一些墨水。 間接賓語 直接賓語 Ourteachertoldus aninterestingstory.老師給我媽講了一個有趣的故事。 間接賓語 直接賓語賓語補足語英語中有些及物動詞，除有一個直接賓語以外，還要有一個賓語補語，才能使句子的意義完整。賓語和它的補足語構(gòu)成賓語復合賓語。帶有賓語補足語的一般句型為:某些及物動詞(如make等)+賓語+賓補。賓補可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當。如:Hisfather named him Jack. 謂語賓語賓補(名詞) Hepaintedhiswallyellow.(形容詞)·Letthedogout.(副詞)Youmustn'tforcehertolendhermoneytoyou.(不定式短語)你不能強迫她借錢給你。Wesawhimenteringtheroom.(現(xiàn)在分詞)Hefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder. 謂語 定語(修飾everything)(介詞短語) Wewillsoonmakeourschoolwhatyourschoolisnow.(從句)我們不久就要把我們的學校發(fā)展成你們學校目前的那個樣子。定語修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語?？梢宰鞫ㄕZ的除形容詞外，還有名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、介詞短語或相當于形容詞的詞或短語等。如:Hangzhouisabeautifulcity.(形容詞)ChinaisadevelopingcountrywhiletheUSAisadevelopedcountry(分詞)中國是個發(fā)展中國家，而美國是個發(fā)達國家。Therearethirtymenteachersinourschool.(名詞)HerprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.(代詞)Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.(不定式短語)我們班長總是第一個進教室的人。Ourteachingplanforthenexttermhasbeenworkedout.(動名詞)Heisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnaforeignlanguage.(介詞短語)他正在讀一本關(guān)于如何學外語的書。狀語修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子，說明動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語?？梢宰鳡钫Z的主要是副詞、介詞短語或相當于副詞的詞或短語等。如:Lighttravelsmostquickly.(副詞及副詞性詞組)·Wehavelivedinthecityfortenyears.(介詞短語)Sheisproudtohavepassedtheexamination.(不定式短語)·Theboyisintheroommakingamodelplane.(分詞短語)·Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.(狀語從句)狀語的種類如下:Howaboutmeetingagainatseven?(時間狀語)Lastnightshedidn'tgotothepartybecauseoftheheavyrain.(原因狀語).Weshallgothereifitdoesn'train.(條件狀語)·Mrs.Greenlivesonthethirdfloor.(地點狀語)Heputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.(方式狀語)Hecameinwithabookinhishand.(伴隨狀語)手上拿著本書，他進來了。Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,wemustworkharder.(目的狀語)Shewassotiredthatshefellasleepimmediately.(結(jié)果狀語)TuYouyouworksveryhardthoughsheisold.(讓步狀語)Iamtallerthansheis.(比較狀語)同位語把一個名詞(短語)、代詞或從句放在另一名詞或代詞后，對前面的名詞或代詞作進一步解釋，用以說明前者的性質(zhì)或情況，這樣的名詞或代詞叫同位語。如:·WeChinesepeoplelovepeace.(Chinesepeople是主語We的同位語)Youallshouldbepunished.(代詞做同位語)Sheherselfwentthere.(反身代詞做同位語)OurEnglishteacher,Mr.Zhang,isverythin.(名詞做同位語)DoctorLi,akindandfriendlygirl,livesnexttome.(名詞短語做同位語)李醫(yī)生，一個善良又待人友好的女孩兒，住在我家隔壁。二、五種基本句型結(jié)構(gòu)一、句型1：Subject(主語)＋Vi(謂語)這種句型中的動詞大多是不及物動詞，所謂不及物動詞，就是這種動詞后不可以直接接賓語。常見的動詞有：work,sing,swim,fish,jump,arrive,come,die,disappear,cry,happen等。如：1)LiMingworksveryhard.2)Springiscoming.補充：少數(shù)不及物動詞后面能跟一個相同意義的名詞作賓語這個名詞和前面的動詞在詞根上是相同的或者在意義上是相近的這樣的賓語就叫做同源賓語。常見的能帶同源賓語的動詞有l(wèi)ead,live,die,sleep,dream,breathe,smile,laugh,fight,run,sing等。如：1)UndertheleadershipofthePartyweleadahappylife.2)Idreamedaterribledreamlastnight.3)OursoldiersfoughtawonderfulfightagainstthefloodslastAugust.4)Hediedagloriousdeath.二、句型2：Subject(主語)＋Link.V(系動詞)＋Predicate(表語)這種句型主要用來表示主語的特點、身份等。其系動詞一般可分為下列兩類：(1)表示狀態(tài)。這樣的詞有：be,look,seem,smell,taste,sound,keep等。如：1)Thiskindoffoodtastesdelicious.2)Helookedworriedjustnow.(2)表示變化。這類系動詞有：become,turn,get,grow,go等。如：1)Springcomes.Itisgettingwarmerandwarmer.2)Thetreehasgrownmuchtallerthanbefore.三、句型3：Subject(主語)＋Vt(謂語)＋Object(賓語)這種句型中的動詞一般為及物動詞,所謂及物動詞，就是這種動詞后可以直接接賓語，其賓語通常由名詞、代詞、動詞不定式、動名詞或從句等來充當。例：1)Hetookhisbagandleft.(名詞)2)LiLeialwayshelpsmewhenIhavedifficulties.(代詞)3)SheplanstotravelinthecomingMayDay.(不定式)4)Hemanagedtoescapesufferingfromthedisease.(動名詞)5)Idon'tknowwhatIshoulddonext.(從句)注意：英語中的許多動詞既是及物動詞，又是不及物動詞。如：start,answer,sing,close,consider,insist,read,learn,prepare,pay,hurt,improve,grow,beat,operate,smell,play,hang,ring,speak等。如：Everybody,ourgamebegins.Let’sbeginourgame.四、句型4：Subject(主語)＋Vt(謂語)＋Indirectobject(間接賓語)＋Directobject(直接賓語)這種句型中，直接賓語為主要賓語，表示動作是對誰做的或為誰做的，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名詞來充當；間接賓語也被稱之為第二賓語，去掉之后，對整個句子的影響不大，多由指“人”的名詞或代詞承擔。引導這類雙賓語的常見動詞有：buy,pass,lend,give,tell,teach,show,bring,send等。如：Herfatherboughtheradictionaryasabirthdaypresent.2)TheoldmanalwaystellsthechildrenstoriesabouttheheroesintheLongMarch.這種句型還可轉(zhuǎn)換為其他兩種句型：動詞＋直接賓語＋forsb.；B.動詞＋直接賓語＋tosb.。上述句子還可以表達為：1)Herfatherboughtadictionaryforherasabirthdaypresent.2)TheoldmanalwaystellsstoriesabouttheheroestothechildrenintheLongMarch.五、句型5：Subject(主語)＋Vt(動詞)＋Object(賓語)＋Complement(補語)這種句型中的“賓語＋補語”統(tǒng)稱為“復合賓語”。賓語補足語的主要作用或者是補充、說明賓語的特點、身份等；或者表示讓賓語去完成的動作等。擔任補語的常常是名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、分詞、動詞不定式等。如：1)Youshouldkeeptheroomcleanandtidy.(形容詞)2)Wemadehimourmonitor.(名詞)3)Hisfathertoldhimnottoplayinthestreet.(不定式)4)Myfatherlikestowatchtheboysplayingbasketball.(現(xiàn)在分詞)5)YesterdayIhadapicturetakenwithtwoAmericans.(過去分詞)6)Wewenttoherhousebutfoundherout.(副詞)7)Ifoundhimintrouble.(介詞短語)●常見的動詞有:tell,ask,advise,help,want,wouldlike,order,force,allow等?！褡⒁猓簞釉~have,make,let,see,hear,notice,feel,watch等后面所接的動詞不定式作賓補時，不帶to。如：1)Thebossmadehimdotheworkallday.2)Iheardhersinginthenextroomallthetimelastnight.名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞、代詞和介詞辨析（2022年全國甲卷語法填空）...InspiredbytheBeltandRoadForumforInternationalCooperationheldinBeijing,Caodecidedtocovertheroutebyhikingasatribute(致敬)totheancientSilkRoad.___64___friendofhis,WuFan,volunteeredtobehiscompanionduringthetrip.CaoandWualsocollectedgarbagealongtheroad,inordertopromoteenvironmental___65___(protect).Caobelievesthiswillmakethehikingtripevenmore___66___(meaning).Thetwoofthemcollectedmorethan1,000plasticbottlesalongthe40-dayjourney.Inthelastfiveyears.Caohaswalkedthrough34countriesinsixcontinents,andin2016,hereachedthetopofKilimanjaro,Africa’s___68___(high)mountain.Now,CaohasstartedthesecondpartofhisdreamtowalkalongtheBeltandRoadroute.Heflew4,700kilometers___69___Xi’antoKashgaronSept.20,planningtohikebacktoXi’aninfivemonths.（2022年全國甲卷短文改錯）MyfatheroftentookmetohishospitalwhenIwasoffmyschool.Heshowedmehowhismedicalinstrumentswereused.Ifeltsocloselytohim.However,afterIwenttohighschool,somehowIbecomedistantfromhim....ThedisagreementwassosharpthatneitherhenorIknewhowtosettleit.Oneday,hetalkedwithmeorhopedtomendourrelations.Withtheeffortsmadebyallsides,webegantounderstandeachotherbetter.基礎(chǔ)過關(guān)檢測一、指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分：1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.10.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.11.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.12.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.13.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.14.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?15.Tobehonest,yourpronunciationisnotsogood.16.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?17.Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.18.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.19.Henoticedamanentertheroom.20.Theapplestastedsweet.二、寫出下列句子是什么簡單句型。1.Ourschoolisnotfarfrommyhome.2.Itisagreatpleasuretotalkwithyou3.Allofusconsideredhimhonest.4.Mygrandfatherboughtmeapairofsportsshoes.5.Hebrokeapieceofglass.6.Hemadeitclearthathewouldleavethecity．7.Atlasthegothome,tiredandhungry.8.Treesturngreenwhenspringcomes.9.Theypushedthedooropen.10.Grandmatoldmeaninterestingstorylastnight.11.Hewrotecarefullysomeletterstohisfriends.12.Allthestudentsthinkhighlyofhisteaching13.Weneedaplacetwicelargerthanthisone.14.HeaskedustosinganEnglishsong.15.Don’tgetnervous.Helpyourselftowhatyoulike．三、劃分下列簡單句的成分，并寫出是什么句型。Allmyeffortswillpayoff.Seniorhighschoolisatimeoflearninganddiscovering.AllroadsleadtoRome.Jackofferedmesomehelpfuladvice.Settinggoalsmakesyoumoreconfident.Teenagers’physicalchangesmayresultinsuchfamilytensions.Moderntechnologyhasallowedrichpeopletoaccumulatewealthmoreeasily.PopulationgrowthremainsaseriousprobleminBangladesh.四、用所學簡單句句型翻譯下列句子。這個提議聽起來很棒?。ㄖ?系+表）天氣很重要。（主+謂+狀）下周六我們將舉辦一場英語演講比賽。（主+謂+賓+狀）全球氣候一直在變化。（主+謂）很多父母覺得和他們的孩子們經(jīng)常溝通是很困難的。（find+形式賓語+賓補）我無法想象沒有互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的生活。（主+謂+賓）互聯(lián)網(wǎng)有助于我們與我們的朋友保持聯(lián)系。（主+謂+賓+賓補）太陽給了我們光和熱。（主+謂+間接賓語+直接賓語）高考必考題型練習閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入1個適當?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。Text1(湖南省長沙市雅禮中學2022-2023學年新高一入學分班考試)1(address)anxietyandmentalhealthconcernscausedbythenovelcoronavirusoutbreak,theNationalHealthCommissionhasrequiredprovincial-levelregionstocombine2(psychology)supportresourcesandstandardizesuchpublicservices."Colleges3(equip)withpsychologicalcentersarealsoencouragedtostepupinterventionandcounseling（建議）tostudents4maybeaffectedbythedisease'sspread,"saidWangBin,deputydirectorofthecommission'sdiseasecontroland5(prevent)bureau（局，辦事處）atanewsconferenceheldonMonday.Daysofintensive（密集的）workhadexhaustedhimandcausedhimtolosehistemperforabriefmoment.Thedoctorquicklycollected6(he)andwentbackto7(treat)patients.YangFude,PartysecretaryoftheBeijing