湖南省婁底市新高考英語四模試卷及答案解析

湖南省婁底市新高考英語四模試卷考生須知：1．全卷分選擇題和非選擇題兩部分，全部在答題紙上作答。選擇題必須用2B鉛筆填涂；非選擇題的答案必須用黑色字跡的鋼筆或答字筆寫在“答題紙”相應(yīng)位置上。2．請用黑色字跡的鋼筆或答字筆在“答題紙”上先填寫姓名和準(zhǔn)考證號。3．保持卡面清潔，不要折疊，不要弄破、弄皺，在草稿紙、試題卷上答題無效。第一部分（共20小題，每小題1.5分，滿分30分）1．Oh!Theflowercan’tbesaved.Iftheflowerhadbeenwatered，itnow.A．wouldn’tbedying B．isdeadC．hadbeendead D．willnotdie2．_____thatitwassoldoutwhenitcameout. A．Sowashersuccessfulbook B．Sosuccessfulwasherbook C．Soherbookwassuccessful D．Sosuccessfulherbookwas3．---WhatdoesPM2.5mean？---It'saprofessional_____________indicatingtheconditionofairpollution.A．number B．markC．term D．item4．Atcollege,BarackObamadidn’tknowthathethefirstblackpresidentoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.A．wastobecome B．becomesC．istobecome D．became5．I______forShanghaithisSaturday,soIwanttoknowwhentheearliestplane______.A．leave;takesoffB．a(chǎn)mleaving;takesoffC．leave;istakingoffD．a(chǎn)mleaving;istakingoff6．Therehasbeenpositivereactiontotheproposaltohelpthedisabled,theimpactwillbelastingespeciallyforyoungerones.A．onwhich B．onwhomC．ofwhich D．ofwhom7．Asisknowntoall,_______openingceremonyofthe16thAsianGamesheldonNovember12thinGuangzhouwas_______greatsuccess.A．/;aB．the;aC．the;/D．a(chǎn);/8．—WhatdoyouthinkofyourjourneytoYunnan?—Everythingisveryfantastic，especiallyitsfreshair.Itispleasant________.A．breathedB．beingbreathedC．tobebreathedD．tobreathe9．Roberthadacomfortablechildhood,______upinapleasanthousewithaviewofthesea.A．grew B．growingC．grown D．togrow10．Whenwehaveachancetotravel,wetendto______asmanysightsintothetripaswecan---sevencountriesintendays,forexample.A．squeeze B．sneeze C．subscribe D．substitute11．We___havehurriedallthewaytotheairport—theflightwascalledoffbecauseofthefoggyweather.A．mustn’t B．couldn’t C．needn’t D．wouldn’t12．Wheneveryou________apresent,youshouldthinkaboutitfromthereceiver’spointofview.A．bought B．havebought C．willbuy D．buy13．Tedcouldn’tremembertheexactdateofthestorm,butheknewitwasSundaybecauseeverybodywasatchurch.A．/,the B．a(chǎn),/C．/,a D．the,/14．Themoviecouldn’tbemoreboring.IwishI________toit.A．hadnotbeen B．havenotbeenC．didnotgo D．havenotgone15．Withnoonethem，thetwothievesstoleintothehouse．A．watchB．watchingC．watchesD．watched16．—Mum,doyoumindifIinvitesomefriendstomybirthdayparty?—______.Itwillbemoreinteresting.A．Bynomeans B．Yes,ofcourseC．Don’tworry D．Nodoubt.17．Iwillgiveyousomearticleswhichyoucanwhenyouwritethereport.A．referto B．a(chǎn)pplyto C．leadto D．talkto18．Therearemanyfamousculturalrelicsinourcountry,many_______thousandsofyearsago.A．datingbackto B．datebacktoC．datedbackto D．weredatedbackto19．Theconditionsinthelocalschoolwerefairly_____,noelectricityandnobasicteachingfacilitiesavailable.A．unique B．typicalC．Primitive D．Stable20．Muirsucceeds______otherdesignershavefailed—herclothesareOriginal,yetstylish.A．that B．what C．which D．where第二部分閱讀理解（滿分40分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項。21．（6分）Inhisnewshow,EvanRuggieroplaysguitar,singspopstandardsandshowseverybodyhisfinefootwork.WhatmakesalloftheseespeciallyunusualisthatRuggiero,24,hasonlyoneleg.Whenhewasa19-year-oldmusicaltheaterstudentatNewJersey'sMontclairStateUniversity,Ruggierohadararebonecancerinhisrightleg.Finallyhislegwouldhavetobeamputated（截）belowtheknee.Suchasetbackcouldhaveeasilyendedthecareerofalesstoughperson,butRuggiero,whohasbeendancingsincehewasfive,nowputstheexperienceintohisperformance.Hisshow,"TheOne-LeggedSongandDanceMan:Volume3",explainshowhereturnedtodancejust18monthsaftertheamputation.Hisdancenowreliesontheuseofapegleg(假肢),heexplains.Thesecrettohissurprisingsuccess,hesays,wasbeinga"stubborn"patientwhorefusedtogiveuponhisdanceandperformingstudies,despitetheadviceofhisdoctor.“Itwasarealsetback,butafteritwasallover,Isaid,'Youknowwhat?IneedtopickuprightwhereIleftoffandcontinuemycareer,'”Ruggierosaid.Ruggierohascometoviewhispeglegasaninstrument."Tapdancers-they'realwayscallingthemselvesmusicians,andtheirfeetaretheirinstrument,"hesaid.Notingthatmanyaudiencememberswillneverhaveseenaone-leggeddancerbeforecomingtohisshow,Ruggierosayshewon'tshyawayfromthephysical"weakness"hisperformanceshowsbecauseofhiscondition.“Alotofpeoplehavecomeuptome,andtheyalwayssay,‘You'resucharolemodelandaninspiration’,”hesaid.“I'mhonoredwhenpeoplesaythat,ofcourse,butI'mjusttryingtogetonwithmylife.”1、WhatmakesRuggiero'snewshowunusual?A．One-leggeddance.B．Hisownartworks.C．Theuseofinstrument.D．Songsofpopstandard.2、Accordingtothepassage,itistruethat__________.A．RuggieroisatoughpersonwithastrongwillB．thesetbackhasendedRuggiero'sdancecareerC．Ruggieroisdancingrelyingonothers'supportD．hisdoctoragreedhekeptondancingandstudying3、Whenaudienceattendhisperformance,theymaynotice_______.A．Ruggieroplayspiano,singsanddancesB．RuggieroisadancerwiththehelpofapeglegC．therearemanytapdancersintheperformanceD．Ruggieropretendstobeaphysicallynormalperson4、What'stheauthor'sattitudetoEvan?A．WorryB．SympathyC．EncouragementD．Pity22．（8分）BestScienceBooksof2017Atitsheart,Scienceisaboutcuriosity.Soitstandstoreasonthesebooksaboutscienceshouldmakeyouexamineyourworldmoreclosely,andindoingso,giveyouasenseofwonder.BigChicken,byMarynMcKenna.InvestigativejournalistMarynMcKennausesthemodernindustrialchickenasawindowintohowantibiotics（抗生素）transformed,modernagriculture—forgoodandill.Shetraceshowanimalantibioticsendangerhumanhealth,musingseriousproblemsfromantibiotic-resistantstomachinfectionstoUTIs.RecognizingthatAmericansaregoingtocontinuetoeatchickennomatterwhat,McKennasuggestsawayinwhichfactoryfarmingridsitselfofitsdependenceonantibiotics.WhyTimeFlies,byAlanBurdickNewYorkerstaffwriterAlanBurdickexaminesthegreatestgifthumanityhaseverknown:time.Time,hewrites,appearstoexistintwodistinctforms.Onelsthestandardized,objectivekindfoundinclocksandwatches;theotherisourinternal,biologicalsenseoftime,theonewemeasureinourcells,bodiesandminds.Butthecloserhelooks,thelessclearerthisdistinctionappears.Paleoart,byZo?LescazeDinosaurshavelongcapturedtheimaginationsofscientistsandartistsalike,andPaleoartbringsthosevisionstogetherinablendofhumanknowledgeandcreativity.Theseimagesnotonlyshowourchangingunderstandingofdinosaurs,butalsoreflectthedistinctartisticsensibilitiesoftheirtime.Bothartisticandeducational,thesepicturesarecertainlyinfluential.WhatIt’sLiketoBeaDog,byGregoryBernsBerns,aneuroscientist,traineddogstositinamachine:inordertolookintothebrainsofconsciousdogsforthefirsttime.Thatpioneeringworkinspiredhimtodigdeeperintothemindsofotheranimals,fromsealionstotheextinctthylacine（袋狼）,Bernssays,“Withtheirabilitytothink,chooseandfeel,dogsandotheranimalsdonotdeservethecrueltreatmenthumanssooftendotothem.”1、Whichbookhassomethingtodowithpublichealth?A．WhyTimeFlies.B．Paleoart.C．WhatIt’sLiketoBeaDog.D．BigChicken.2、Whowritesabouttime?A．AlanBurdick.B．Zo?Lescaze.C．GregoryBerns.D．MarynMckenna.3、WhatwasBerns’pioneeringwork?A．Studyingextinctanimals.B．Observingdogbrains.C．Fightingforanimalrights.D．Trainingdogs.23．（8分）Statistically,airtravelisbyfarthesafestwaytotravelandyoucanmakeflyingevensafer,justbyfollowingthesesimplerules．Asyourchancesofbeinginvolvedinanairaccidentarepracticallynil（零）,manyoftheserulesconcernwhatyoushouldandshouldn’tdotomakeyourjourneysaferwhenyouareintheair.●Flyonnon-stoproutesMostaccidentsoccurduringthetakeoff,climb,descentandlandingperiodofaflight,soflyingnon-stopreducesyourexposuretothesecomplicatedprocedures.●ChooselargeraircraftAlthoughsmallaircraftshaveverygoodsafetyrecords,thosewithmorethan30passengerseatsaredesignedtocomply（遵守）withmuchstricterregulationsandaretestedmoreregularlytomakesuretheystillcomply.Also,intheunlikelyeventofaseriousaccident,largeraircraftsprovideabetteropportunityforpassengersurvival.●Payattentiontothepre-flightsafetybriefing（簡報）Theinformationmayseemtoberepeated,butit'sworthlisteningtotheflightattendants.Andevenifyouhaveflownbefore,itdoesn'tmeanyouknoweverythingabouttheaircraftyou'reon,suchasthelocationoftheclosestemergencyexit.●StorethingssafelyNeverputveryheavyarticlesintheoverheadstoragebins.Theymayfalloutwhensomeoneopensthebinandcauseinjury.Also,thebinmaynotbeabletoholdheavierobjectsduringtheviolentmovementsofaircausedbythewind.●KeepyourseatbeltfastenedwhileyouareseatedCabincrewalwaystellyouthis,butit'simportant.Youcouldbeseriouslyinjurediftheplanehitstheviolentmovementofairunexpectedly.Alwaysfastenyourseatbeltifyouaretoldto.Thegeneralruleofflyingisthis:Ifyouaretoldtodosomething,doitfirstandaskquestionslater.●LettheflightattendantpouryourhotdrinksFlightattendantsaretrainedtohandlehotdrinkslikecoffeeorteainacrowdedaisleonamovingaircraft,soallowthemtopourthedrinkandhandittoyou.Neverasktotakeacoffeepotfromoneofthem.1、Whatisthegeneralreasonfortheseairsafetyrules?A．Whattodointheeventofacrash.B．Howtoavoidsuddenchange.C．Howtoimprovesafetywhileyouareflying.D．Howtoavoidinjury.2、Theunderlinedphrase"Thegeneralrule"inthefifthrefersto.A．a(chǎn)nythingtheflightstafftellyoutodoB．generalsafetyadviceC．walkingaroundtheplaneD．pouringhotdrinks3、WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?A．largerplaneshavemoresafetychecksandaresaferinanaccident.B．Take-offsaresaferonnon-stopflightsthanlanding.C．Everyaircraftisdifferent,sothesafetyproceduresmaybedifferent.D．Seatbeltsshouldbeworntoprotectagainstsuddenchange.4、Thebesttitleshouldbe.A．ThesafestwaytotravelB．AirsafetytipsC．Non-stopRoutesD．Howtotakeaplane24．（8分）Wecantakeonlinejoyfullearningexperiencestoanewlevelbycombiningthebestpracticesineducationwithinspiringhands-onlessonsthatparentsandchildrencanenjoytogether.◆

StartingaWriter’sNotebookJune13th—June17thThisworkshopistoinspirechildrentoseethemselvesastrueauthors.Thewritingactivitiesinthisworkshoparemeanttohelpyoungauthorsdeveloptheirsenseofvoiceandenthusiasmforwriting.Participantswilllearnavarietyofstrategiesandtechniquesforgeneratingideasandproducingmeaningfulwriting.PRICE:$27.00($22.00cashpayment)AGE:6—10◆

BackyardScienceJune20th—June24thBysharingwhatwediscoverinourownbackyards,ourchildrenwillbeabletoexperiencefirsthandhowwildlife,climate,andgeographiclandscapesdifferacrosstheglobe.Throughthisworkshopwehavetheabilitytocreateeye-openingexplorationsforourchildren.PRICE:$27.00AGE:4—10◆

PoetryMakersJune11th—July15thWhensharingpoemswithourchildren,wenotonlyteachthemhowtoappreciatethebeautyoflanguagebutalsothatourwordshavetheabilitytoaffectothersindeepandmeaningfulways.Inthisfour-weekonlineworkshop,wewillstrengthenourchildren’sunderstandingofthemselves,eachother,andtheworldaroundthemthroughthepowerofwritingpoetry.PRICE:$27.00AGE:6—101、WhatcanwelearnaboutStartingaWriter’sNotebook?A．Itoffersadiscount. B．Itlastsfourweeks.C．Itissuitableforallages. D．Itencourageschildrentowritepoetry.2、WhatcanwelearnaboutBackyardScience?A．Itencouragesthekidstogetclosetonature.B．Itoffersthekidsvariousoutdoorexplorations.C．Itfillsthekidswithconfidenceintheirfuture.D．Itenrichesthekids’lifeexperienceandknowledge.3、WhatcankidslearnatPoetryMakers?A．Takemoreinterestintheirstudies.B．Haveastrongdesiretobesuccessful.C．Showmuchenthusiasmforliterature.D．Beawareofthepowerofwords.25．（10分）Whenyourchildliestoyou,ithurts.Asparents,itmakesusangryandwetakeitpersonally.Wefeellikewecannevertrustourchildagain.Whydoeslyingcausesuchanger,painandworryforparents?Parentsareunderstandablyveryafraidoftheirchildrengettinghurtandgettingintotrouble,buttheyhaveverylittleprotectionagainstthesethingsastheysendtheirkidsoutintotheword.Kidslearnfromotherkidsandfromexternalmedia,andthismakesparentsfeelunsafebecausetheycan’tcontroltheinformationandideasthattheirchildrenareexposedto.Whenyourkidlies,youstarttoseehimas“sneaky（卑鄙的）”,especiallyifhecontinuestolietoyou.Youfeelthathe’sgoingbehindyourback.Youbegintothinkthatyourkidsare“bad”.Because,certainly,iflyingisbad,liarsarebad.It’sjustthatsimple.Parentsneedtomaketheirkidsresponsibleforlying.Butthemistakeparentsmakeisthattheystarttoblamethekidforlying.It’sconsideredimmoraltolie.Butwhenyoulookatyourkidlikehe’sasneak,it’saslipperyslope（滑坡謬誤）thatstartswith“Youlie”andendsupat“You’reabadperson”.Kidsknowlyingisforbidden.Buttheydon’tseeitashurtful.Soakidwillsay,“Iknowit’swrongthatIeatasugarsnackwhenI’mnotsupposedto.Butwhodoesithurt?”“Iknowit’swrongthatItrademydriedfruitforaTwinkie.Butitdoesn’treallyhurtanybody.Icanhandleit.What’sthebigdeal?”That’swhatthekidsees.SoIthinkthatparentshavetoassumethatkidsaregoingtotellthemlies,becausethey’reimmatureandtheydon’tunderstandhowhurtfulthesethingsare.They’realldrawntoexcitement,andthey’llallhaveatendencytodistort(歪曲)thetruthbecausethey’rekids.1、Whydoparentsworryabouttheirkidsandfeelunsafe?A．Nobodytruststheirkidsintheworldbecauseoflying.B．Lyingalwayscausestheirkidstogethurtorgetintotrouble.C．Theirkidsareexposedtooutsideworldwithouttheircontrol.D．Theycan’tprotecttheirkidsfromotherkidsandexternalmedia.2、What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardsparents’seeingkidsasbadiftheylie?A．Immoral.B．Negative.C．Supportive.D．Different.3、Theunderlinedword“they”reallyrefersto________.A．parentsB．theirchildrenC．otherkidsD．badthings4、Howdoparentsreacttokids’lying?A．Takingnonoticeofit.B．Blamingthemimmediately.C．Pretendingtobeangryandeducatethem.D．Acceptitbutmakethemresponsibleforit.第三部分語言知識運用（共兩節(jié)）第一節(jié)（每小題1.5分，滿分30分）閱讀下面短文，從短文后各題所給的A、B、C和D四個選項中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項．26．（30分）WhileshoppinginaBigBazarstore,Ihearda1talkingtoaboyof5or6years,“I’msorry,butyoudon’thaveenoughmoneytobuythisdoll.”Iwalkedtowardhimandaskedhim2hewishedtogivethisdollto.“It’sformysisterinthe3.DaddysaysthatMommyisgoingtoseeGod

verysoontoo,soIwantherto4itto

mysister.”Myheartnearly5.6meanicephoto,wherehewas

laughing,hetoldmehewantedhisMommytotakeittoo.Then,helookedagainatthedollwith7eyes,veryquietly.Quickly

reachingformy8,Isaidtotheboy,“Let’s9againtoseeifyouhaveenoughmoney.”Someofmymoneywas10tohis,11.

Thus,therewasenoughforthedollandevensome12money.Thelittleboy13,“ThanksGodforgivingmeenoughto

buythedollandawhiteroseformymommytoo.”Ifinishedmyshoppinginatotallydifferentstate14whenIstarted.I

couldn’t15thelittleboyoutofmymind.ThenI16anaccident.Adrunkdriverhitacar,causingthelittlegirldied17andthemotherwasleftinacriticalstate.Was

thisthefamilyofthelittleboy?Twodayslater,whenIlearnedthattheyoungwomanhad18,Iwenttothefuneralhome.Shewasthere,inhercoffin,holdingabeautiful

white19inherhandwiththephotoofthelittleboyandthedollplacedover

herchest.Ilefttheplace,teary-eyed,feelingthatmylifehadbeen20forever.1、A．cashierB．customerC．shopperD．parent2、A．whyB．howC．whoD．what3、A．hospitalB．HeavenC．carD．home4、A．bringB．giveC．rewardD．buy5、A．jumpedB．beatC．stoppedD．broken6、A．ShowingB．LeadingC．PressingD．Holding7、A．happyB．hopefulC．satisfiedD．sad8、A．pocketB．coatC．cartD．wallet9、A．checkB．circulateC．calculateD．find10、A．increasedB．a(chǎn)ddedC．broughtD．placed11、A．secretlyB．willinglyC．proudlyD．loudly12、A．fortunateB．preciousC．changeD．spare13、A．shoutedB．frightenedC．wanderedD．cried14、A．toB．forC．fromD．a(chǎn)gainst15、A．putB．ridC．getD．push16、A．realizedB．rememberedC．recognizedD．rewarded17、A．onthecontraryB．soonerorlaterC．rightawayD．intime18、A．passedawayB．recoverC．cometoconsciousnessD．dead19、A．dollB．roseC．dressD．flower20、A．changedB．educatedC．enlargedD．enriched第二節(jié)（每小題1.5分，滿分15分）閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入1個適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。27．（15分）OnceJamesThornhill,afamousEnglishpainter,wasasked1．(paint)somepicturesonthewallsoftheking’spalaceinEnglish.Thenworkersweresentforand

2．bigplatformwasmade.

3．thehelpofaworker,Thornhillstartedpaintingontheplatform.Theyworkedforawholeyear

4．a(chǎn)tlastthepictureswereready.Thornhillwashappywhenhelookedatthepictures,fortheywere

5．(real)beautiful.Helookedatthemforalongtime,andthentookonestepbackandlookedagain.Nowthepictureswereeven6．(much)beautiful.Hetookanotherstep,thenanother.Finallyhewasattheveryedgeoftheplatform,buthedidnotknowitbecausehe

7．(think)ofhispictures.Theworkersaweverything.“

8．shouldIdo?”hethought.“Thornhillisattheveryedgeoftheplatform.IfIcryout,hewilltakeanotherstep,fallofftheplatformandsurelybekilled.”Sotheworkerquicklytooksomepaintandthrew

9．a(chǎn)tthepicture.“Whatareyoudoing?”criedthepainter,10．(run)quicklyforwardtohispictures.第四部分寫作（共兩節(jié)）第一節(jié)短文改錯（滿分10分）28．（10分）假定英語課上老師要求同桌之間交換修改作文，請你修改你同桌寫的以下作文。文中共有10處語言錯誤，每句中最多有兩處。每處錯誤僅涉及一個單詞的增加、刪除或修改。增加：在缺詞處加一個漏字符號(∧)，并在其下面寫出該加的詞。刪除：把多余的詞用斜線(＼)劃掉。修改：在錯的詞下畫一橫線，并在該詞下面寫出修改后的詞。注意：1、每處錯誤及其修改均僅限一詞；2、只允許修改10處，多者(從第11處起)不計分。WhenIwasyoung,mymotherworkatahospitalfarawayfrommyhome、Inthemorning,shegotupearlythananyoneelseinmyfamilytopreparebreakfastforus,andthensentmeandmybrothertoschool、Thiswentonfor18year、Shewasnevercomplainedaboutit、Nomatterhowtiringshewas,shealwayshadenoughenergytobemymom、However,duringholidayseasons,shehadtowork,thatdamagedmyspiritbecauseshewasmostimportantpersontome、LastChristmasEve,Iwenttothehospitaltovisithim、Seeingherdevotiontocareforthepatients,Ibegantounderstandherjobbutfeelproudofher、56第二節(jié)書面表達（滿分25分）29．（25分）假如你是李華，是英國某高中的交換生。學(xué)校附近新開了一家中餐館，味道不錯，于是你想邀請你的朋友Tom—起去品嘗。請根據(jù)下列要點給他寫一封信。1、寫信目的；2、和快餐相比，中餐有什么好處；3、你推薦該中餐館的理由。注意：1、詞數(shù)100左右2、可以適當(dāng)增加細節(jié)，以使行文連貫。_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

參考答案第一部分（共20小題，每小題1.5分，滿分30分）1、A2、B3、C4、A5、B6、C7、B8、D9、B10、A11、C12、D13、B14、A15、B16、A17、A18、A19、C20、D第二部分閱讀理解（滿分40分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項。21、1、A2、A3、B4、C22、1、D2、A3、B23、Spaceiswhereourfutureis—tripstotheMoon,Marsandbeyond.Mostpeoplewouldthinkthatasidefromcomets(彗星)andstars,thereislittleelseoutthere.But,sinceourspacejourneystartedwehaveleftsomuchtrash（垃圾）therethatscientistsarenowconcernedthatifwedon'tcleanitup,wemayallbeinmortal（致命的）danger.Thefirstpieceofspacejunkwascreatedin1964,whentheAmericansatelliteVanguardIstoppedoperatingandlostitsconnectionwiththegroundcenter.However,sinceitkeptorbitingaroundtheEarthwithoutanyconsequences,scientistsbecameincreasinglycomfortableabandoning（拋棄）thingsthatnolongerservedanyusefulpurposeinspace.Itisestimated（估計）thattherearenowover500,000piecesofman-madetrashorbitingtheEarthatspeedsofupto17,500milesperhour.Thejunkvariesfromtinypiecesofpaintchippedoffrocketstocameras,hugefueltanks,andevenodditemslikethemillion-dollartoolkitthatastronautHeidemarieStefanyshynPiperlostduringaspacewalk.Themajorproblemwiththespacetrashisthatitmayhitworkingsatellitesanddamagetravelingspacecraft(飛船).Moreover,piecesofjunkmaycollide（碰撞）witheachotherandbreakintopieceswhichfallbacktotheEarth.Toavoidthis,scientistshaveinventedseveralwaysforclearingthesky.