任務精讀：隧道概念及其結(jié)構(gòu)（雙語）課件講解

隧道施工技術隧道概念及其結(jié)構(gòu)TunnelConstructionTechnologyTunnelConceptsandStructures隧道概念及其結(jié)構(gòu)目錄TableofContentsTunnelConceptsandStructures隧道相關概念Tunnelconcepts1隧道的結(jié)構(gòu)Tunnelstructures2課程小結(jié)3Summary隧道概念及其結(jié)構(gòu)TunnelConceptsandStructuresClassIntroduction

隧道在我們的日常生活中出現(xiàn)的頻率越來越高，有貫穿城市地下的地鐵隧道，還有城市里的公路隧道，穿越山體的公路隧道和鐵路隧道。

Tunnelsarefrequentlyseeninourdailylives,includingsubwaytunnelsrunningbeneaththecityhighwaytunnelsinthecity,andhighwayandrailwaytunnelsthroughmountains.隧道相關概念Tunnelconcepts01隧道Tunnel隧道概念及其結(jié)構(gòu)隧道相關概念TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelconcepts隧道Tunnel圍巖Surroundingrock洞身襯砌Tunneltrunklining洞門Portal附屬設備Auxiliaryequipment隧道概念及其結(jié)構(gòu)隧道相關概念TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelconcepts隧道概念及其結(jié)構(gòu)隧道相關概念TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelconcepts在隧道開挖后，其周圍產(chǎn)生應力重分布范圍內(nèi)的巖體或土體?？赡軙匀婚_裂，甚至掉落的那部分巖體或土體，即圍巖。圍巖SurroundingrockAftertunnelexcavation,rockmassorsoilmasswithinthestressredistributionrangemaycracknaturallyorevenfall;thispartiscalledsurroundingrock.隧道概念及其結(jié)構(gòu)隧道相關概念TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelconcepts為了維持圍巖穩(wěn)定而施作的人工結(jié)構(gòu)，叫做支護。支護SupportTheartificialstructureappliedtomaintainthesurroundingrock'sstabilityiscalledsupport.隧道概念及其結(jié)構(gòu)隧道相關概念TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelconcepts將隧道周邊的圍巖覆蓋起來的永久結(jié)構(gòu)體，是用于控制和防止圍巖的變形與塌落，確保圍巖的穩(wěn)定；處理涌水和漏水；達到隧道內(nèi)整齊或美觀等目的。這個永久結(jié)構(gòu)體就是襯砌。襯砌LiningThepermanentstructurethatcoversthesurroundingrockaroundthetunnel,tocontrolandpreventthedeformationandcollapseofsurroundingrockandensureitsstability,andpreventwatergushingandleakage,fortheneatnessoraestheticappearanceofthetunnel,islining.隧道的結(jié)構(gòu)Tunnelstructures02隧道概念及其結(jié)構(gòu)TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelstructures隧道的結(jié)構(gòu)圍巖，屬天然結(jié)構(gòu)，是隧道結(jié)構(gòu)的主體，具有不可替代的作用。thesurroundingrock,asanaturalstructure,servesasthemainpartofthetunnelstructure,irreplaceable.圍巖洞身襯砌洞門主體建筑物Mainstructures附屬建筑物AuxiliarystructuresSurroundingrockTunneltrunkliningPortal隧道結(jié)構(gòu)Tunnelstructures洞門是明暗交界處的結(jié)構(gòu)部分；減小洞口土石方開挖量，穩(wěn)定邊、仰坡，引離地表水流，裝飾洞口。

Portalisthestructureatthejunctionoflightandshade;Itcansavetheearth-rockexcavationamountattheentrance,stabilizesideandheadingslopes,divertsurfacewater,anddecoratetheentrance.隧道概念及其結(jié)構(gòu)TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelstructures隧道的結(jié)構(gòu)洞門的形式Portaltypes1.環(huán)框式Ring-frameportal2.端墻式（一字式）End-wallportal(straightportal)3.翼墻式（八字式）Wing-wallportal(splayedportal)4.柱式Postportal5.臺階式Benchportal隧道概念及其結(jié)構(gòu)TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelstructures隧道的結(jié)構(gòu)隧道概念及其結(jié)構(gòu)TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelstructures隧道的結(jié)構(gòu)適用于Ⅵ類或Ⅰ級圍巖，地形陡峻而又無排水要求；結(jié)構(gòu)特點：不承載，加固洞口；減少雨后洞口滴水；簡單裝飾。環(huán)框式

Ring-frameportalSuitableforClass-VIorClass-Isurroundingrocks,withsteepterrainandwithoutdrainagerequirements;structuralcharacteristics:non-loadcarrying,reinforcingportal;lessdrippingafterrain;simpledecoration隧道概念及其結(jié)構(gòu)TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelstructures隧道的結(jié)構(gòu)適于地形開闊，巖質(zhì)基本穩(wěn)定的Ⅰ～Ⅲ級圍巖；結(jié)構(gòu)特點：能有效抵抗山體縱向推力。端墻式（一字式）End-wallportal(straightportal)SuitableforbasicallystableClassI~IIIsurroundingrocksatopenterrain;structuralcharacteristics:effectivelyresistingthelongitudinalthrustofthemountain.隧道概念及其結(jié)構(gòu)TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelstructures隧道的結(jié)構(gòu)適用于山體縱向推力較大,洞口地質(zhì)較差的Ⅳ級及以上的圍巖，增加洞門的抗滑動和抗傾覆能力。翼墻式（八字式）Wing-wallportal(splayedportal)SuitableforClass-IVandabovesurroundingrocksbearingalargerlongitudinalthrustofmountainsandwithpoorgeologicalconditionsattheportal,toincreasetheportalcapacityagainstslidingandoverturning.隧道概念及其結(jié)構(gòu)TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelstructures隧道的結(jié)構(gòu)適用于地形較陡，地質(zhì)條件較差，仰坡可能下滑，而又受地形或地質(zhì)條件限制，不能設置翼墻時；在端墻中部設置兩個斷面較大的柱墩，增加了端墻的穩(wěn)定性。柱式PostportalSuitablefortheportalwithsteepterrainandpoorgeologicalconditions,wheretheheadingslopemayslidedown,andthewingwallisunavailableaslimitedbyterrainorgeologicalconditions.Twocolumnpierswithalargesectionaresetinthemiddleoftheendwalltoincreaseitsstability.隧道概念及其結(jié)構(gòu)TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelstructures隧道的結(jié)構(gòu)當洞口處于傍山側(cè)坡地區(qū)，洞口一側(cè)邊坡較高時，為減小仰坡高度及外漏坡長，可以將端墻一側(cè)頂部改為逐步升級的臺階形式。臺階式BenchportalWhentheportalsitsatthemountainsideslopeandthesideslopeontheportalsideishigher,toreducetheheightoftheheadingslopeandtheexposedslopelength,wecanchangethetopononesideoftheendwalltoanascendingbench.錨桿Anchorrod隧道概念及其結(jié)構(gòu)TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelstructures隧道的結(jié)構(gòu)洞身襯砌是幫助圍巖獲得穩(wěn)定的人工結(jié)構(gòu)部分，分為初期支護(初襯)和二次支護(二襯)。Tunneltrunkliningisanartificialstructurethatstabilizesthesurroundingrock,includingprimarysupport(primarylining)andsecondarysupport(secondarylining).錨桿、鋼架、鋼筋網(wǎng)、噴射混凝土及其組合初期支護

Primarysupportanchorrods,steelframes,reinforcingmesh,shotcrete,andtheircombinations.隧道概念及其結(jié)構(gòu)TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelstructures隧道的結(jié)構(gòu)洞身襯砌是幫助圍巖獲得穩(wěn)定的人工結(jié)構(gòu)部分，分為初期支護(初襯)和二次支護(二襯)。Tunneltrunkliningisanartificialstructurethatstabilizesthesurroundingrock,includingprimarysupport(primarylining)andsecondarysupport(secondarylining).錨桿、鋼架、鋼筋網(wǎng)、噴射混凝土及其組合初期支護

Primarysupportanchorrods,steelframes,reinforcingmesh,shotcrete,andtheircombinations.鋼架Steelarch隧道概念及其結(jié)構(gòu)TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelstructures隧道的結(jié)構(gòu)洞身襯砌是幫助圍巖獲得穩(wěn)定的人工結(jié)構(gòu)部分，分為初期支護(初襯)和二次支護(二襯)。Tunneltrunkliningisanartificialstructurethatstabilizesthesurroundingrock,includingprimarysupport(primarylining)andsecondarysupport(secondarylining).錨桿、鋼架、鋼筋網(wǎng)、噴射混凝土及其組合初期支護

Primarysupportanchorrods,steelframes,reinforcingmesh,shotcrete,andtheircombinations.鋼筋網(wǎng)Reinforcingmesh隧道概念及其結(jié)構(gòu)TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelstructures隧道的結(jié)構(gòu)洞身襯砌是幫助圍巖獲得穩(wěn)定的人工結(jié)構(gòu)部分，分為初期支護(初襯)和二次支護(二襯)。Tunneltrunkliningisanartificialstructurethatstabilizesthesurroundingrock,includingprimarysupport(primarylining)andsecondarysupport(secondarylining).錨桿、鋼架、鋼筋網(wǎng)、噴射混凝土及其組合初期支護

Primarysupportanchorrods,steelframes,reinforcingmesh,shotcrete,andtheircombinations.噴射混凝土Shotcrete錨桿Anchorrod隧道概念及其結(jié)構(gòu)TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelstructures隧道的結(jié)構(gòu)錨桿能限制約束圍巖變形,并向圍巖施加壓力,從而使處于二軸應力狀態(tài)的洞室內(nèi)表面附近的圍巖保持三軸應力狀態(tài),從而能制止圍巖強度的惡化。錨桿AnchorrodAnchorrodscanlimitandconstrainthedeformationofsurroundingrocksandexertpressureonsurroundingrocks,tokeepthebiaxiallystressedsurroundingrocksnearthechambersurfaceinatriaxialstressstate,thuspreventingthedeteriorationofsurroundingrockstrength.隧道概念及其結(jié)構(gòu)TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelstructures隧道的結(jié)構(gòu)鋼拱架的作用有四點:一是噴混凝土發(fā)揮作用前支撐圍巖。二是對噴射混凝土進行補強。三是作為超前支護的支點。鋼架SteelarchSteelarchesareusedto(i)supportsurroundingrocksbeforetheshotcreteworks;(ii)reinforcetheshotcrete;(iii)serveasthefulcrumforadvancesupport.鋼架Steelarch隧道概念及其結(jié)構(gòu)TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelstructures隧道的結(jié)構(gòu)鋼筋保護層的主要作用是使混凝土包裹鋼筋使兩者共同工作,同時防止因混凝土開裂后鋼筋被氧化銹蝕。鋼筋網(wǎng)ReinforcingmeshThereinforcingmeshallowsconcretetowrapthereinforcementsothatthetwocanworktogether,andalsoprotectthereinforcementagainstoxidizationandrustduetoconcretecracking.鋼筋網(wǎng)Reinforcingmesh隧道概念及其結(jié)構(gòu)TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelstructures隧道的結(jié)構(gòu)噴射混凝土在整個初期支護中起到支撐作用、隔絕作用、填充作用、轉(zhuǎn)化作用，將整個初期支護形成一個整體，及時讓初期支護形成承載拱。噴射混凝土ShotcreteShotcretesupports,isolates,fills,andtransformstheprimarysupport,integratingthewholeprimarysupportintoawholeandformingabearingarchintime.噴射混凝土Shotcrete二次支護的主要方式Mainmethodsofsecondarysupport隧道概念及其結(jié)構(gòu)TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelstructures隧道的結(jié)構(gòu)1.整體式混凝土襯砌Monolithicconcretelining2.拼裝式襯砌Assembledlining3.噴射混凝土襯砌Shotcretelining隧道概念及其結(jié)構(gòu)TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelstructures隧道的結(jié)構(gòu)整體式襯砌是指用混凝土或鋼筋混凝土就地灌筑而成的圬工襯砌。按照不同的圍巖級別，整體式襯砌又分為直墻式襯砌和曲墻式襯砌。整體式混凝土襯砌MonolithicconcreteliningMonolithicliningreferstomasonryliningscastinsituwithconcreteorreinforcedconcrete.Accordingtodifferentsurroundingrockclasses,monolithicliningisfurtherdividedintostraightwallliningandcurvedwalllining.隧道概念及其結(jié)構(gòu)TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelstructures隧道的結(jié)構(gòu)拼裝式襯砌拼裝成環(huán)后立即受力，便于機械化施工，改善勞動條件，節(jié)省勞力。要求有一定的機械化設備，施工工藝復雜，襯砌的整體性及抗?jié)B性差。拼裝式襯砌AssembledliningAfterbeingassembledintoaring,theliningbearsstresspromptly,whichfacilitatesmechanizedconstruction,improvesworkingconditions,andsaveslabor.However,itreq