怎樣撰寫(xiě)英文論文

HowtoWriteEnglishPaper怎樣撰寫(xiě)英文論文TenStepstoWritinganEffectiveAbstractFocusingonyourCentralMessageTwelveStepstoDevelopinganEffectiveFirstDraftofyourManuscriptEightStepstoDevelopinganEffectiveOutlineOutlinesAnabstractisacondensedversionofthemanuscript,whichhighlightsthemajorpointscovered,conciselydescribesitscontentandscope,andreviewsitsmaterialinabbreviatedform.Itisusuallythefirstsectionreadandsetsthetoneofthepaperforthereviewer.Itmustbeconciseandeasytoreadandmustcovertheimportantpointsofthepaper.TenStepstoWritinganEffectiveAbstractManypublicationshavearequiredstyleforabstracts;the"GuidelinesforAuthors"providedbythepublisherwillprovidespecificinstructions.Staywithinthepublisher’sguidelines,oryourmanuscriptmightberejected.Writinganabstractinvolvessummarizingawholemanuscriptandprovidingasmuchnewinformationaspossible.Thebestwaytowriteaneffectiveabstractistostartwithadraftofthecompletemanuscriptandfollowthese10steps:1.Identifythemajorobjectivesandconclusions.2.Identifyphraseswithkeywordsinthemethodssection.3.Identifythemajorresultsfromthediscussionorresultssection.4.Assembletheaboveinformationintoasingleparagraph.5.Stateyourhypothesisormethodusedinthefirstsentence.6.Omitbackgroundinformation,literaturereview,anddetaileddescriptionofmethods.7.Removeextrawordsandphrases.8.Revisetheparagraphsothattheabstractconveysonlytheessentialinformation.9.Checktoseeifitmeetstheguidelinesofthetargetedjournal.10.Givetheabstracttoacolleague(preferablyonewhoisnotfamiliarwithyourwork)andaskhim/herwhetheritmakessense.Writinganeffectiveabstractwillimprovethechancesofyourmanuscriptbeingaccepted,encouragepeopletoreadit,andincreaseitsimpact.AnumberofstudieshaveindicatedthatabadlywrittenmanuscriptwithpooruseofEnglish,evenwithgoodscience,haslesschanceofbeingacceptedandpublished.FocusingonyourCentralMessageThisisoneofthemostimportantpartsofwritingyourpaper,andonethatisoftenoverlooked.Thinkcarefullyaboutwhatitisthatyouwantyourreaderstounderstandaboutyourwork.Remember,weareallbusyandweneedtoabsorbyourmessagequicklyandclearly.Trytheseexercises:1.Writedownthethreecentralpointsofyourpaper.2.Summarizeyourpaperinonesentence.3.Describeyourworktoacolleagueinoneminute.Thesemightsoundeasy,buttrythemandyou'llfindouttheyaren't!Don'trushthispartofyourplanning.Itisworthspendingtimegettingitright.Onceyouhavemasteredtheseexercisesyouwillfeelmoreconfidentaboutthewholewritingprocessthatfollows.Acommonproblemwithsummarizingyourworkisthatthereareusuallyseveralmajorfindings.Thisexerciseismeanttofocusyourthinkingonthecentralissues.Itisnotgoingtoformthepublishedabstract.So,ifyoureallycan'tsqueezeyourkeymessageintoonesentencedon'tworry.Trytodoitintwo.Ifyoucan'tdothatthenyouneedtotakeacarefullookatthereasons.Remember,thisisaveryimportantpartoftheprocessforwritingpaperssoworkatit.Talktoyourcolleaguesandseeifbetweenyouitispossibletohighlightthecentralmessageofyourwork.AnumberofstudieshaveindicatedthatabadlywrittenmanuscriptwithpooruseofEnglish,evenwithgoodscience,haslesschanceofbeingacceptedandpublishedTwelveStepstoDevelopinganEffectiveFirstDraftofyourManuscriptYoushouldnowhavedetailednotesyoucanusetowriteyourdraftpaper.Ifyoudon’thaveonealready,itmayhelptoprepareanoutlineforeachsectionwhichincludesanumberofmajorheadings,sub-headingsandparagraphscoveringdifferentpoints.IfyouneedhelpinpreparinganoutlineseethearticleEightStepstoDevelopinganEffectiveManuscriptOutline.Atthispointyouwillneedtoconvertyournotesandoutlineintonarrativeform.SomepeoplerecommendthatyoubeginwiththeIntroductionandcontinueinorderthrougheachsectionofthepapertohelpensureflow.Otherssuggestthatyoubeginwiththeeasiestsections,whichareusuallytheMethodsandResults,followedbytheDiscussion,Conclusion,Introduction,ReferencesandTitle,leavingtheAbstractuntiltheend.Themainthingistobeginwritingandbeginfillinguptheblankscreenorpieceofpaper.1.Consolidatealltheinformation.Ensureyouhaveeverythingyouneedtowriteefficiently,i.e.,alldata,references,draftsoftablesandfigures,etc.2.Targetajournal.Determinethejournaltowhichyouplantosubmityour

manuscriptandwriteyourmanuscriptaccordingtothefocusofthetargetedjournal.Thefocusmaybeclearlystatedwithinthejournalormaybedeterminedbyexaminingseveralrecentissuesofthetargetedjournal.3.Startwriting.

Whenwritingthefirstdraft,thegoalistoputsomethingdown

onpaper,soitdoesnotmatterifsentencesareincompleteandthegrammarincorrect,providedthatthemainpointsandideashavebeenaptured.Writewhenyourenergyishigh,notwhenyouaretired.Trytofindatimeandplacewhereyoucanthinkandwritewithoutdistractions.4.Writequickly.

Don'tworryaboutwords,spellingorpunctuationatallatthisstage,justideas.Keepgoing.Leavegapsifnecessary.Trytowritequickly,tokeeptheflowgoing.Useabbreviationsandleavespaceforwordsthatdonotcometomindimmediately.5.Writeinyourownvoice.

Expressingourselfinyourownwaywillhelpyoutosaywhatyoumeanmoreprecisely.Itwillbeeasierforyourreaderiftheycan“hear”yourvoice.6.Writewithoutediting.

Don'ttrytogetitrightthefirsttime.Resistthetemptationtoeditasyougo.Otherwise,youwilltendtogetstuckandwastetime.Ifyoutrytowriteandeditatthesametime,youwilldoneitherwell.7.Keeptotheplanofyouroutline.

Usetheheadingsfromyouroutlinetofocuswhatyouwanttosay.Ifyoufindyourselfwanderingfromthepoint,stopandmoveontothenexttopicintheoutline.8.Writethepaperinparts.

Don'tattempttowritethewholemanuscriptatonce,instead,treateachsectionasaminiessay.Lookatyournotes,thinkaboutthegoalofthatparticularsectionandwhatyouwanttoaccomplishandsay.9.Putthefirstdraftaside.Putasideyourfirstdraftforatleastoneday.Theideaofwaitingadayormoreistoallowyouto"be"anotherperson.Itisdifficulttoproofreadandedityourownwork;adayormorebetweencreationandcritiquehelps.10.Reviseit.Reviseitandbepreparedtodothisseveraltimesuntilyoufeelitisnotpossibletoimproveitfurther.Theobjectiveistolookatyourworknotasitsauthor,butasarespectfulbutsterncritic.Doeseachsentencemakesense?Inyourlongersentences,canyoukeeptrackofthesubjectathand?Doyourlongerparagraphsfollowasingleidea,orcantheybebrokenintosmallerparagraphs?Thesearesomeofthequestionsyoushouldaskyourself.11.Reviseforclarityandbrevity.Revisesentencesandparagraphswithspecialattentiontoclearness.Formaximumreadability,mostsentencesshouldbeabout15-20words.Forascientificarticle,paragraphsofabout150wordsinlengthareonsideredoptimal.Avoidusingunnecessarywords.12.Beconsistent.

Oftenamanuscripthasmorethanoneauthorandthereforethewritingmaybeshared.However,thestyleneedstobeconsistentthroughout.Thefirstauthormustgothroughtheentiremanuscriptandmakeanynecessaryeditorialchangesbeforesubmittingthemanuscripttothejournal.Preparinganoutlineisthemostimportantstepintheprocessofproducingamanuscriptforpublicationinajournal.Theoutlinebearsroughlythesamerelationtothefinalmanuscriptasanarchitecturalblueprintdoestoafinishedhouse.Itspurposeofanoutlineistodividethewritingoftheentirepaperintoanumberofsmallertasks.Agoodoutlinewillorganizethevarioustopicsandargumentsinlogicalform.Byorderingthetopicsyouwillidentify,beforewritingthemanuscript,anygapsthatmightexist.EightStepstoDevelopinganEffectiveOutlineThereisnosinglebestwaytoprepareascientificmanuscript,exceptasdeterminedbytheindividualwriterandthecircumstances.Youshouldknowyourownstyleofwritingbest.Whateveryoudecidetodo,youshouldfollowatleastthesestepsbeforebeginningtowriteyourmanuscript.Remember,atthisstage,youareonlyconstructinganoutline.Youarenotwriting;youjustneedtoputdownsomenotestoguideyourthinking.1.DevelopacentralmessageofthemanuscriptPrepareacentralmessagesentence(20-25words).Ifyouwereaskedtosummarizeyourpaperinonesentence,whatwouldyousay?Everythinginthemanuscriptwillbewrittentosupportthiscentralmessage.2.DefinethematerialsandmethodsBrieflystatethepopulationinwhichyouworked,thesamplingmethodyouemployed,thematerialsyouused,andmostimportantly,themethodsyouusedtocarryoutthestudy.3.Summarizethequestion(s)andproblem(s)Whatwasknownbeforeyoustartedthestudy?Whatanswerswereneededtoaddresstheproblem(s)?Listthekeypointspertainingtothequestion(s)andproblem(s).Whatdidyoudotoanswerthequestion(s)?4.DefinetheprincipalfindingsandresultsYourcentralmessagesentenceprobablyencapsulatesthemostimportantfindings.Theremaybeothersthatyoufeeloughttobeincluded.Listtheseinnoteform.Don'tworryabouttheorderorabouthowmanyyouputdown.5.DescribetheconclusionsandimplicationsMakebriefnotesoneachoftheimplicationsthatarisefromyourstudy.Whataretheprincipalconclusionsofyourfindings?Whatisnewinyourworkandwhydoesitmatter?Whatarethelimitationsandtheimplicationsofyourresults?Arethereanychangesinpractice,approachesortechniquesthatyouwouldrecommend?6.OrganizeandgrouprelatedideastogetherListeachkeypointseparately.Keypointscanbearrangedchronologically,byorderofimportanceorbysomeotherpattern.Theorganizingschemeshouldbeclearandwellstructured.Youcanuseaclustermap,anissuetree,numbering,orsomeotherorganizationalstructure.Identifytheimportantdetails,describetheprincipalfindings,andprovideyouranalysisandconclusionsthatcontributetoeachkeypoint.7.Identifythereferencesthatpertaintoeachkeypoint8.DeveloptheintroductionBeforebeginningontheintroduction,readthroughthenotesyouhavemadesofarinyouroutline.Readthemthroughandseewhetherthereisacoherentandcohesivestoryandaunifyingthemethatrunsthroughtheoutline.Yourintroductionoutlineshouldstartwiththemainmessage,describewhatthepurposeorobjectiveofyourstudywas,howyouwentaboutdoingthestudy,whatyoufoundandwhataretheimplicationsofwhatyoufound.Inoneword,trytowritethepaperinEnglishaccordingtotheguidelines.Improvetheabilityinpracticeundertheguidelines英語(yǔ)論文寫(xiě)作中的問(wèn)題與注意事項(xiàng)一、表述要完整清楚，同一個(gè)量的表示術(shù)語(yǔ)要統(tǒng)一，其數(shù)學(xué)符號(hào)要統(tǒng)一，變量說(shuō)明要全面、符合專業(yè)常規(guī)表示規(guī)則。同一個(gè)符號(hào)不能表示兩個(gè)及以上標(biāo)量，同一變量不能用兩個(gè)及以上符號(hào)表示；二、格式要符合英文雜志投稿稿件的要求，作者、單位、通訊地址、通訊作者等都要表示全面，致謝中要表明基金或項(xiàng)目資助以及基金或項(xiàng)目批準(zhǔn)號(hào)，三、參考文獻(xiàn)文中表示要規(guī)范，例如Tangetal[1]gave…，最好的參考文獻(xiàn)格式要統(tǒng)一，符合所要投稿的雜志的要求，不同雜志有不同的要求；四、公式號(hào)碼要一一對(duì)應(yīng)，不能張冠李戴；公式號(hào)碼不能編重；英語(yǔ)論文寫(xiě)作中的問(wèn)題與注意事項(xiàng)五、專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)要符合國(guó)際規(guī)范，不能隨意杜撰和想當(dāng)然；六、圖號(hào)和表號(hào)要一一對(duì)應(yīng)，防止標(biāo)錯(cuò)；七、圖要表示其原理或意義要完備，并盡可能表達(dá)最多信息，并直觀，文字描述要一一對(duì)應(yīng)圖表，且表述透徹，反映道理深刻，有高度，有驚奇；八、圖中曲線要用不同的線條表示，因?yàn)樽罱K論文印刷采用黑白印刷，盡管彩色線條能夠表示區(qū)別，但印刷時(shí)不適應(yīng)，因此，在開(kāi)始準(zhǔn)備圖時(shí)，就應(yīng)當(dāng)考慮到，免得耽誤時(shí)間和精力。九、描述問(wèn)題和表達(dá)意思時(shí)，一定要表述完備，千萬(wàn)不要表達(dá)不到位，甚至出現(xiàn)歧義或表達(dá)不清；英語(yǔ)論文寫(xiě)作中的問(wèn)題與注意事項(xiàng)十、注意時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、單復(fù)數(shù)、從句等的正確用法；六、圖注、表頭要規(guī)范，能夠正確反映圖所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容，圖中不同曲線要有正確的標(biāo)識(shí)和說(shuō)明；圖的坐標(biāo)要正確表示，例如：標(biāo)量名+數(shù)學(xué)符號(hào)+（單位）Cross-sectionalareaA(mm3)十一、圖的坐標(biāo)標(biāo)尺要均勻漂亮，字體大小要適當(dāng)，刻度間距要適當(dāng)，既不要太稀，也不要太密。一定要培養(yǎng)審美觀，要考慮到圖形的大小勻稱。十二、數(shù)學(xué)公式推導(dǎo)過(guò)程要盡量完備，不要出現(xiàn)大的跳躍，如果需要跳躍，必須用文字描述進(jìn)行良好過(guò)度。英語(yǔ)論文寫(xiě)作中的問(wèn)題與注意事項(xiàng)十三、大量結(jié)果怎么有效、重點(diǎn)地表示出來(lái)，需要仔細(xì)和認(rèn)真琢磨圖形的表達(dá)形式，以及要表示什么。可以多做幾個(gè)圖，從中選擇最能表示重新或具有新意的圖形表達(dá)或結(jié)果表達(dá)形式。十四、同樣一個(gè)內(nèi)容或結(jié)果，采用不同的形式表達(dá)，或采用不同的角度來(lái)描述和總結(jié)，會(huì)使人感到不同的效果；我們寫(xiě)文章是要讓讀者讀著舒服、感興趣和欣賞；如何采用文字、圖