高考英語(yǔ)專題復(fù)習(xí)：信息還原題

第二部分閱讀理解專題信息還原題高考英語(yǔ)總復(fù)習(xí)1.信息還原主要考查考生對(duì)文章結(jié)構(gòu)的了解,考生需把握住整篇文章的

文脈,即句與句、段與段之間的邏輯關(guān)系。2.信息還原不但要求考生具備詞匯、句子、語(yǔ)段、語(yǔ)篇等方面的知識(shí),

而且還要求考生具有辨證、綜合、分析、歸納方面的邏輯思維能力,即

對(duì)閱讀的深層理解?！季V解讀命題規(guī)律趨勢(shì)探究1.對(duì)邏輯關(guān)系的考查成為考查重點(diǎn)。2.短文的特點(diǎn)如下:(1)選材特點(diǎn):短文一般為350詞左右的說(shuō)明文或議論文,其中正文詞數(shù)26

0左右,選項(xiàng)詞數(shù)90左右;(2)短文篇章結(jié)構(gòu)常為:提出問(wèn)題——解決問(wèn)題;(3)七個(gè)選項(xiàng)意義上都與短文相關(guān),設(shè)空類型一般有標(biāo)題類、段落主題

句類、過(guò)渡句類、細(xì)節(jié)類;(4)選項(xiàng)均為完整句子,句型不一;(5)順序通常按長(zhǎng)度排列。命題規(guī)律突破方法1.閱讀時(shí)不能僅僅注重文章細(xì)節(jié),更應(yīng)該注意文章的布局。2.注意句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系(是總還是分?是主旨還是細(xì)節(jié)?)。3.注意段落間的邏輯關(guān)系(轉(zhuǎn)折?遞進(jìn)?總結(jié)?舉例?……)。4.將歷屆高考試題進(jìn)行分析,重點(diǎn)分析結(jié)構(gòu)清晰的說(shuō)明文或議論文。一、信息還原的解題步驟1.通讀整篇文章,把握整段語(yǔ)脈,理出文章的中心在做信息還原類試題時(shí),首先要通讀整篇文章,大致弄清文章結(jié)構(gòu),理出

文章的中心。語(yǔ)篇通常由段落構(gòu)成,所以分析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)包括兩個(gè)層次:

一是分析段落之間的層次;二是分析每個(gè)段落內(nèi)部的層次。選項(xiàng)與前后

句之間的邏輯關(guān)系,是確定答案的主要依據(jù)。注意文章的首段和末段,

因?yàn)橛⑽膶懽鞯某Ｒ?jiàn)方式為“開(kāi)門見(jiàn)山式”和“結(jié)尾總結(jié)式”。首段

對(duì)于快速掌握文章的主題具有重要意義。如果它是文章的主題句,就可

以使讀者迅速明確文章情節(jié)將如何展開(kāi),并對(duì)文章的寫作主題有整體的考點(diǎn)知識(shí)全面總結(jié)把握。如果首段沒(méi)有主題句,則需要繼續(xù)尋找。這時(shí),可以考慮文章的

寫作方式是否為“結(jié)尾總結(jié)式”,如果兩者均可排除,則需在文章中其

他段落尋找主題句,但要注意首段與末段的提示作用。2.辨別語(yǔ)境線索邊讀邊做題,重點(diǎn)閱讀各個(gè)問(wèn)題附近的句子,圈定線索詞,然后從選項(xiàng)中

尋找相關(guān)的特征詞,以確定答案。做題時(shí)可以采用代入排除法。如果一

題做不出或拿不準(zhǔn),可先放過(guò),繼續(xù)往下讀,先做容易的、能做出的題,直

到讀完整篇文章。至此,文章的要點(diǎn)和主旨、各個(gè)段落之間的邏輯關(guān)系

應(yīng)基本清楚了。再將剩余選項(xiàng)放入空白處,看看是否與上下文構(gòu)成語(yǔ)義

及邏輯上的直接關(guān)系,是否符合該處語(yǔ)境,能否承接前后的寫作線索。3.確定答案,入文復(fù)查在完成選項(xiàng)定位后,應(yīng)通讀全文,檢查文章內(nèi)容是否完整,語(yǔ)義是否連

貫、合理,各段落內(nèi)容是否緊扣主題,語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)是否連貫、具有一致

性、合乎邏輯,寫作思路是否清晰明了,格式以及用語(yǔ)是否恰當(dāng),從而判

斷選擇的答案是否正確。同時(shí),我們還應(yīng)注意對(duì)相近選項(xiàng)的對(duì)比分析。

個(gè)別干擾項(xiàng)由于與某個(gè)正確選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容相近而具有很強(qiáng)的干擾性,這時(shí)

就需要我們認(rèn)真分析、仔細(xì)甄別,排除干擾,從而得出正確答案。二、信息還原的解題策略1.從意思上判斷在做題時(shí)最重要的是要讀懂空格處前后的句子,明白這幾句話的確切意

思,然后根據(jù)意思的連貫性或邏輯性從選項(xiàng)中選取正確答案。在讀懂意

思的基礎(chǔ)上,再利用線索特征詞等進(jìn)一步確認(rèn)答案。2.從詞匯上鎖定線索做題時(shí)很重要的一點(diǎn)是保持對(duì)一些線索詞的敏感,最主要的線索特征詞

是空格處前后的名詞和動(dòng)詞,尋找答案時(shí)注意在選項(xiàng)中查找同義詞、近

義詞、反義詞或表示同一類事物的詞語(yǔ)等。其次是代詞、數(shù)詞、表示

時(shí)間/年代的詞、地點(diǎn)/名稱等專有名詞。尤其是在讀不懂句子的情況

下,利用這樣的線索詞尋找答案是很有效的方法。3.從關(guān)聯(lián)詞上查找由于英語(yǔ)的句、段之間經(jīng)常會(huì)運(yùn)用關(guān)聯(lián)詞或某些具有關(guān)聯(lián)作用的副詞

表示銜接和過(guò)渡,使文章邏輯更清楚和連貫,因此文章中和選項(xiàng)中表示

各種邏輯關(guān)系的信號(hào)詞在選擇答案時(shí)都是很重要的線索。在做題時(shí)可

將這三個(gè)層面的線索很好地結(jié)合起來(lái)。例如,表示并列、選擇或遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的詞,一般表示前后句子的名詞或句意具有同指性;表示轉(zhuǎn)折或讓步

關(guān)系的詞則往往表示前后句子的名詞同指,但句意對(duì)立,或褒貶對(duì)立,或

肯否對(duì)立;表示例證關(guān)系的詞則意味著在舉例之前或之后有表述概念或

某一觀點(diǎn)的句子,往往會(huì)有復(fù)述名詞出現(xiàn)。常見(jiàn)的關(guān)聯(lián)詞及有關(guān)聯(lián)作用

的副詞或短語(yǔ)如下:(1)并列、選擇或遞進(jìn)關(guān)系:and,or,also,neither...nor...,either...or...,like-

wise,similarly,equally,inthesameway,thatistosay,aswellas,thesame...

as,besides,additionally,furthermore,moreover,inadditionto,whatismore

等。(2)因果關(guān)系:because,for,since,as,thus,hence,therefore,so,so...that,conse-

quently,accordingly,dueto,thanksto,asaresult,becauseof,inthat,forthisreason,ofcourse等。(3)轉(zhuǎn)折或讓步關(guān)系:but,however,yet,onthecontrary,bycontrast,onthe

otherhand,unfortunately,while,whereas,unlike,ratherthan,insteadof,al-

though,though,eventhough,evenif,nevertheless,despite,inspiteof等。(4)時(shí)間關(guān)系:afterwards,atfirst,atlast,finally,first,firstly,inthefirstplace,

tostartwith,inthemeantime,last,later,next,second,secondly,then,third,

thirdly,tobeginwith以及一些具體的時(shí)間等。4.根據(jù)試題所在的不同位置確定不同的解題策略(1)如果問(wèn)題在段首①通常是段落主題句。認(rèn)真閱讀后文內(nèi)容,根據(jù)段落一致性原則,查找

同義詞或其他相關(guān)的詞,推斷出主題句。②與后文是并列、轉(zhuǎn)折、因果關(guān)系等。著重閱讀后文第一、二句,鎖定

線索信息詞,然后在選項(xiàng)中查找相關(guān)特征詞。通常正確答案的最后一句

與空格處后的第一句在意思上是緊密銜接的,因此這兩句間會(huì)有某種銜

接手段。③段落間的過(guò)渡句。這時(shí)要前瞻后望找提示,即閱讀上一段結(jié)尾部分

(通常正確答案可與上一段結(jié)尾有效銜接起來(lái)),并結(jié)合下一段內(nèi)容,看所

選的答案是否能使兩段內(nèi)容連貫起來(lái)。(2)如果問(wèn)題在段尾①空格處前的一句或兩句是重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)句,重點(diǎn)閱讀以鎖定關(guān)鍵詞。②通常是結(jié)論、概括性語(yǔ)句。注意在選項(xiàng)中查找表示結(jié)果、結(jié)論、總

結(jié)等的信息詞,如therefore,asaresult,thus,hence,inshort,tosumup,toconclude,inaword等詞語(yǔ),選項(xiàng)中也可發(fā)現(xiàn)前文的同義詞句。③與前文是轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系。此時(shí)要注意在選項(xiàng)中查找表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)

比的詞,同時(shí)注意選項(xiàng)中所講內(nèi)容是否與前文在同一主題上形成對(duì)立、

對(duì)比關(guān)系。④與前文是并列或排比關(guān)系。在這種情況下,通常是該段落要求補(bǔ)全說(shuō)

明本段主題的其他細(xì)節(jié),因此根據(jù)段落一致性原則,在原文和選項(xiàng)中找

到相關(guān)的特征詞,通常在選項(xiàng)中會(huì)出現(xiàn)表示并列、遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的詞或與前

文類似的句式結(jié)構(gòu),或出現(xiàn)同義詞等其他信號(hào)線索。前面的一句與正確

答案的第一句是緊密相連的。特別注意閱讀這樣相連的兩句,通常會(huì)找

到關(guān)鍵的線索詞句。⑤所選答案是引出下一段的內(nèi)容的。如果在選項(xiàng)中找不出與前文之間的關(guān)聯(lián),此時(shí)可考慮與下一段開(kāi)頭是否有一定的銜接。⑥如果第一段的段尾是空格處,要認(rèn)真閱讀,看此處是細(xì)節(jié)還是主題。

通常文章第一段要提出文章的主題,如果在段尾提出主題,會(huì)用一些信

號(hào)詞引出來(lái),正確答案中應(yīng)有這樣的特征詞。(3)如果問(wèn)題是一整個(gè)自然段①這個(gè)段落應(yīng)該是承上啟下的,而且自成一體,即有一個(gè)段落的中心,因

此可重點(diǎn)閱讀選項(xiàng)中較長(zhǎng)的選項(xiàng),以此類推直至找到正確答案。②著重閱讀前一段結(jié)尾和后一段開(kāi)頭的一兩句查找相關(guān)的線索,而且重要線索通常會(huì)在后一段開(kāi)頭,因此后一段開(kāi)頭往往比前一段結(jié)尾更為重要。③分析段落之間的邏輯關(guān)系及內(nèi)容的連貫性,注意段落間的銜接手段。將選項(xiàng)代入原文,如果前后內(nèi)容連貫,符合邏輯,就能得出正確答案。信息還原題專題訓(xùn)練A組自主命題·北京卷題組Passage1(2018北京)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容,從短文后的七個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余

選項(xiàng)。WhyDoWeGetAngry?Angerseemssimplewhenwearefeelingit,butthecausesofangerarevarious.Knowingthese

causescanmakeusexamineourbehavior,andcorrectbadhabits.Themainreasonswegetangry

aretriggering(觸發(fā))events,personalitytraits(特征),andourassessmentofsituations.1

Triggeringeventsforangeraresomanythattodescribethemallwouldtakehundredsofpages.

However,herearesomeexamples:beingcutoffintraffic,adeadlineapproaching,experiencing

physicalpain,andmuchmore.2

Thereasonwhysomeoneistriggeredbysomethingandothers

arenotisoftenduetoone'spersonalhistoryandpsychologicaltraits.五年高考Eachperson,nomatterwhotheyare,haspsychologicalimbalances.Peoplewhohavepersonality

traitsthatconnectwithcompetitivenessandlowupsettolerancearemuchmorelikelytogetangry.

3

Also,sometimespre-angerdoesnothavetodowithalastingcondition,butratheratempo-

rarystatebeforeatriggeringeventhasoccurred.4

Sometimesevenroutineoccurrencesbecomesourcesofpre-anger,orangeritself.Some-

timesignoranceandnegative(消極的)outlooksonsituationscancreateanger.5

However,angercaneasilyturnviolent,anditisbesttoknowthereasonsforangertoappearinordertopreventitspresence.Withthesemainreasonsinmind,wecanevaluateourlevelofangerthroughoutthedayandpreventcasesofoutburstsbycomprehendingthereasonsforourfeel-ings.A.Ourattitudeandviewpointonsituationscancreateangerwithinusaswell.B.Butsometypesofsituationscanhelpustogetridoftheoccurrenceofanger.C.Angerisrarelylookeduponasabeneficialcharactertrait,andisusuallyadvisedtoreduceit.D.Angerisaparticularlystrongfeelingandmaybepeoplethinkthattheyhavereasonstofeelan-gry.E.Havingthesepersonalitytraitsimpliesthepre-angerstate,whereangerisinthebackgroundof

yourmind.F.Understandingthesereasonswillcontrolourownangerifwearewillingtoevaluateourselves

withacriticaleye.G.Noteveryoneactsthesameinresponsetoevents,andthatiswhywhattriggersonepersonmay

ormaynottriggeranother.答案

[語(yǔ)篇解讀]本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章從三個(gè)方面向讀者介紹了引起憤怒的原因,以幫助減

少憤怒的出現(xiàn)。1.F本句是總結(jié)句?？崭裎挥诙挝?作者在該空之前先給出引起人們發(fā)怒的三個(gè)主要原因:

triggeringevents(觸發(fā)事件)、personalitytraits(個(gè)人性格特征)、assessmentofsituations(對(duì)形勢(shì)

的評(píng)估),然后就自然地引出總結(jié)句:了解這些原因有什么用,故選擇F項(xiàng)。2.G本句為細(xì)節(jié)句。第二段主要針對(duì)“triggeringevents(觸發(fā)事件)”來(lái)展開(kāi)?？崭袂白髡呦攘信e出幾個(gè)生活中的事件,通常人們?cè)谟龅竭@些事之后的反應(yīng)都是發(fā)怒;空格后作者介紹說(shuō)

“因?yàn)閭€(gè)人經(jīng)歷和心理特點(diǎn)的不同,所以面對(duì)某些事時(shí),有人發(fā)怒但也有人不生氣”。因此該

空應(yīng)該承上啟下,應(yīng)該說(shuō)的是“人們對(duì)這些事件的反應(yīng)是不盡相同的”,與G項(xiàng)一致。3.E本句為細(xì)節(jié)句。第三段主要的關(guān)鍵詞是“personalitytraits(個(gè)人性格特征)”?？崭袂耙?/p>

句話提到爭(zhēng)強(qiáng)好勝的人及忍耐度低的人更容易發(fā)怒;空格后介紹pre-anger(生氣前兆)的特點(diǎn),

與E項(xiàng)的thesepersonalitytraits和pre-anger形成原詞復(fù)現(xiàn),故選E項(xiàng)。4.A本句為主題句。通讀本段內(nèi)容可知該段主要圍繞“ourassessmentofsituations”展開(kāi)。

空后第二句話中的outlooksonsituations的意思是“對(duì)局勢(shì)的判斷”,與A項(xiàng)“Ourattitudeand

viewpointonsituations”意思相近,故選A項(xiàng)。5.D本句為過(guò)渡句。由銜接詞“However”可知,設(shè)空處內(nèi)容與后文內(nèi)容相反,故D項(xiàng)“發(fā)怒

是一種特別強(qiáng)烈的情感,或許人們認(rèn)為憤怒是情有可原的”放在此處最合適,因此選D項(xiàng)。Passage2(2017北京)Everyanimalsleeps,butthereasonforthishasremainedfoggy.Whenlabratsarenotallowedto

sleep,theydiewithinamonth.

1

Oneideaisthatsleephelpsusstrengthennewmemories.2

Weknowthat,whileawake,fresh

memoriesarerecordedbyreinforcing(加強(qiáng))connectionsbetweenbraincells,butthememorypro-

cessesthattakeplacewhilewesleephavebeenunclear.Supportisgrowingforatheorythatsleepevolvedsothatconnectionsbetweenneurons(神經(jīng)元)in

thebraincanbeweakenedovernight,makingroomforfreshmemoriestoformthenextday.3

Nowwehavethemostdirectevidenceyetthatheisright.4

Thesynapsesinthemicetakenat

theendofaperiodofsleepwere18percentsmallerthanthosetakenbeforesleep,showingthat

theconnectionsbetweenneuronsweakenwhilesleeping.IfTononi'stheoryisright,itwouldexplainwhy,whenwemissanight'ssleep,wefinditharder

thenextdaytoconcentrateandlearnnewinformation—ourbrainsmayhavesmallerroomfornew

experiences.Theirresearchalsosuggestshowwemaybuildlastingmemoriesovertimeeventhoughthe

synapsesbecomethinner.Theteamdiscoveredthatsomesynapsesseemtobeprotectedandstayedthesamesize.5

“Youkeepwhatmatters,”Tononisays.A.Weshouldalsotrytosleepwellthenightbefore.B.It'sasifthebrainispreservingitsmostimportantmemories.C.Similarly,whenpeoplegoforafewdayswithoutsleeping,theygetsick.D.Theprocessestakeplacetostopourbrainsbecomingloadedwithmemories.E.That'swhystudentsdobetterintestsiftheygetachancetosleepafterlearning.F.“Sleepisthepricewepayforlearning,”saysGiulioTononi,whodevelopedtheidea.G.Tononi'steammeasuredthesizeoftheseconnections,orsynapses,inthebrainsof12mice.答案

[語(yǔ)篇解讀]本文為說(shuō)明文。研究表明,睡眠期間腦細(xì)胞之間的關(guān)聯(lián)會(huì)減弱,從而使大腦為新

的記憶騰出空間,但是對(duì)于重要的記憶,大腦則會(huì)對(duì)其加以保護(hù)。1.C細(xì)節(jié)句。上句指出,當(dāng)不允許實(shí)驗(yàn)室的老鼠睡覺(jué)時(shí),它們?cè)谝粋€(gè)月之內(nèi)就死去了。本句

是上句的延伸,由動(dòng)物轉(zhuǎn)移到了人類。C項(xiàng)符合語(yǔ)境,意為“同樣,人幾天不睡覺(jué)的話也會(huì)生病”。2.E細(xì)節(jié)句。上句指出睡眠有助于加強(qiáng)新的記憶,下文對(duì)此進(jìn)行了解釋。本句應(yīng)該是對(duì)這個(gè)

觀點(diǎn)的回應(yīng),E項(xiàng)“那也就是為什么學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)之后如果有機(jī)會(huì)睡覺(jué)的話,他們就會(huì)考得更

好”符合語(yǔ)境。3.F過(guò)渡句。下段首句指出“現(xiàn)在我們有最直接的證據(jù)證明他是正確的”,由此可知本句應(yīng)

指出某人的觀點(diǎn)。結(jié)合本段提出的“睡覺(jué)期間神經(jīng)元之間的關(guān)聯(lián)減弱,從而為第二天要形成

的新記憶騰出空間”,可以判斷F項(xiàng)符合語(yǔ)境。4.G過(guò)渡句。下句的synapses以及themice為關(guān)鍵線索。下文指出了老鼠在睡完一覺(jué)后和睡

覺(jué)前“synapses”的不同,所以本句應(yīng)該指出本次試驗(yàn)的內(nèi)容,故G項(xiàng)符合語(yǔ)境。5.B細(xì)節(jié)句。上句指出,研究團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn)某些神經(jīng)突觸似乎得到了保護(hù),并未發(fā)生變化,這正是

對(duì)某些重要記憶的保護(hù),故B項(xiàng)正確。高級(jí)語(yǔ)塊

1.foggyadj.模糊的;有霧的2.makeroomfor為……騰出空間3.matterv.重要;

要緊;有關(guān)系長(zhǎng)難句

Weknowthat,whileawake,freshmemoriesarerecordedbyreinforcingconnectionsbe-

tweenbraincells,butthememoryprocessesthattakeplacewhilewesleephavebeenunclear.我們知道,在醒著的時(shí)候,通過(guò)加強(qiáng)腦細(xì)胞之間的關(guān)聯(lián),新的記憶被記住,但在我們睡覺(jué)時(shí)發(fā)生的記

憶過(guò)程還不清楚。連詞but連接了兩個(gè)并列分句,在前一分句中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞know后為that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句,while

awake作狀語(yǔ);在后一分句中,that為關(guān)系代詞,代指先行詞thememoryprocesses,whilewesleep

為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。Passage3(2016北京)TheScienceofRisk-SeekingSometimeswedecidethatalittleunnecessarydangerisworthitbecausewhenweweightherisk

andthereward,theriskseemsworthtaking.

1

Someofusenjoyactivitiesthatwouldsurprise

andscaretherestofus.Why?Expertssayitmayhavetodowithhowourbrainswork.Thereasonwhyanyofustakeanyrisksatallmighthavetodowithearlyhumans.Risk-takers

werebetterathunting,fighting,orexploring.

2

Asthequalityofrisk-takingwaspassedfrom

onegenerationtothenext,humansendedupwithasenseofadventureandatoleranceforrisk.Sowhyaren'twealljumpingoutofairplanesthen?Well,even200,000yearsago,toomuchrisk-takingcouldgetonekilled.Afewdaringsurvived,though,alongwithafewstay-in-the-cave

types.Asaresult,humansdevelopedarangeofcharactertypesthatstillexiststoday.Somaybe

youlovecarracing,ormaybeyouhateit.3

Nomatterwhereyouareontherisk-seekingrange,scientistssaythatyourwillingnesstotakerisks

increasesduringyourteenageyears.4

Tohelpyoudothat,yourbrainincreasesyourhunger

fornewexperiences.Newexperiencesoftenmeantakingsomerisks,soyourbrainraisesyourtol-

eranceforriskaswell.

5

Fortherisk-seekers,apartofthebrainrelatedtopleasurebecomesactive,whilefortherest

ofus,apartofthebrainrelatedtofearbecomesactive.Asexpertscontinuetostudythescienceofrisk-seeking,we'llcontinuetohitthemountains,the

wavesortheshallowendofthepool.A.Italldependsonyourcharacter.B.Thosearetherisksyoushouldjumptotake.C.Beingbetteratthosethingsmeantagreaterchanceofsurvival.D.Thus,thesewell-equippedpeoplesurvivedbecausetheywerethefittest.E.Thisiswhenyoustarttomoveawayfromyourfamilyandintothebiggerworld.F.However,wearenotallusingthesamereferencestandardtoweighrisksandrewards.G.Newbrainresearchsuggestsourbrainsworkdifferentlywhenwefaceanervoussituation.答案

[語(yǔ)篇解讀]本文為議論文。文章就尋求風(fēng)險(xiǎn)展開(kāi)了議論。1.F上句提到值得冒險(xiǎn),而下句說(shuō)有一些活動(dòng)讓一些人感到享受,卻讓另一些人害怕,故此處

是說(shuō)衡量風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和回報(bào)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不同,所以選F項(xiàng)。2.C上句提到冒險(xiǎn)者更擅長(zhǎng)捕獵等。C項(xiàng)中的Beingbetterat是上句中的werebetterat的復(fù)

現(xiàn),故選C項(xiàng)。3.A由本段可知人類形成了各種各樣的性格類型。你或者喜歡某項(xiàng)冒險(xiǎn)活動(dòng)或者不喜歡。

這都是取決于你的性格特點(diǎn)的。最后一句總結(jié)本段得出主旨。4.E上句提到:對(duì)冒險(xiǎn)活動(dòng)的熱愛(ài)在青少年時(shí)期有所增長(zhǎng)。設(shè)空處應(yīng)該是對(duì)青少年時(shí)期的說(shuō)

明,故選E項(xiàng)。5.G由下句中的apartofthebrain可知選G。長(zhǎng)難句

Fortherisk-seekers,apartofthebrainrelatedtopleasurebecomesactive,whileforthe

restofus,apartofthebrainrelatedtofearbecomesactive.對(duì)于尋求刺激的人來(lái)說(shuō),大腦中與快

樂(lè)相關(guān)的部分變得活躍起來(lái),而對(duì)于我們剩下的人來(lái)說(shuō),大腦中與恐懼相關(guān)的部分變得活躍起來(lái)。while連接兩個(gè)并列分句,兩個(gè)分句中的relatedtopleasure和relatedtofear都是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作

后置定語(yǔ),修飾apartofthebrain。Passage4(2015北京)ThisWaytoDreamlandDaydreamingmeanspeoplethinkaboutsomethingpleasant,especiallywhenthismakesthemfor-

getwhattheyshouldbedoing.Daydreamershaveabadreputationforbeingunawareofwhat's

happeningaroundthem.Theycanseemforgetfulandclumsy.

1

Theyannoyusbecausethey

seemtobeignoringusandmissingtheimportantthings.Butdaydreamersarealsoresponsibleforsomeofthegreatestideasandachievementsinhumanhistory.2

Canyouimaginewhatkindofworldwewouldhavewithoutsuchideasandinven-tions?Sohowcanyoucomeupwithbrilliantdaydreamsandavoidfallingovertreerootsorotherwise

lookinglikeafool?First,understandthatsomeopportunities(機(jī)會(huì))fordaydreamingarebetterthanothers.Feelingsafe

andrelaxedwillhelpyoutoslipintodaydreams.3

Andifyouwanttoimproveyourchancesof

havingacreativeideawhileyou'redaydreaming,trytodoitwhileyouareinvolvedinanother

task—preferablysomethingsimple,liketakingashowerorwalking,orevenmakingmeaningless

drawings.It'salsoimportanttoknowhowtoavoiddaydreamsforthosetimeswhenyoureallyneedtocon-

centrate.“Mindfulness”,beingfocused,isatoolthatsomepeopleusetoavoidfallingasleep.

4

Finally,youneverknowwhatwonderfulideamightstrikewhileyourmindhasmovedslowly

away.

5

Alwaysrememberthatyourbestideasmightcomewhenyourheadisactuallyintheclouds.A.Havinginterestingthingstothinkaboutalsohelps.B.Theystareoffintospaceandwanderbythemselves.C.Withoutwanderingminds,wewouldn'thaverelativity,CokeorPost-itnotes.D.Atonetime,daydreamingwasthoughttobeacauseofsomementalillnesses.E.Itinvolvesslow,steadybreathingforself-controlthathelpspeoplestaycalmandattentive.F.Daydreamsareoftenverysimpleanddirect,quiteunlikesleepdreams,whichmaybehardtoun-

derstand.G.Therefore,it'sagoodideatokeepanotebookorvoicerecordernearbywhenyou'reintheday-

dreamzone.答案

[語(yǔ)篇解讀]

文章介紹了做白日夢(mèng)的人有時(shí)健忘、笨拙,但是偉大的思想和成就是和白日夢(mèng)分不開(kāi)的。1.B由前句和后句可知該句在描述做白日夢(mèng)的人的情況。故選B項(xiàng)。2.C由前句的表述可知在人類歷史上一些偉大的想法和輝煌的成就是由那些愛(ài)做白日夢(mèng)的

人帶來(lái)的。C項(xiàng)中的relativity(相對(duì)論),Coke和Post-itnotes是列舉的一些偉大想法和成就,故C

項(xiàng)符合此處語(yǔ)境。3.A由前文可知本段在講述如何做巧妙的白日夢(mèng),故選A項(xiàng)。4.E第五段敘述了在人們需要集中注意力時(shí),如何避免做白日夢(mèng)。由E項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞attentive

(專注的)可知選E項(xiàng)。5.G文章第六段第一句與G項(xiàng)為因果關(guān)系。高級(jí)語(yǔ)塊slipinto滑進(jìn),進(jìn)入長(zhǎng)難句Daydreamingmeanspeoplethinkaboutsomethingpleasant,especiallywhenthismakes

themforgetwhattheyshouldbedoing.做白日夢(mèng)是指人們想一些愉快的事情,尤其指那些能讓

他們忘記他們應(yīng)該做什么的事情。本句話主句的主語(yǔ)是Daydreaming;means是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞;means后是賓語(yǔ)從句,省略了that。when

引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,從句中forget后接what引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。Passage5(2014北京)EvaluatingSources(來(lái)源)ofHealthInformationMakinggoodchoicesaboutyourownhealthrequiresreasonableevaluation.Akeyfirststepinbet-

teringyourevaluationabilityistolookcarefullyatyoursourcesofhealthinformation.Reasonable

evaluationincludesknowingwhereandhowtofindrelevantinformation,howtoseparatefactfrom

opinion,howtorecognizepoorreasoning,andhowtoanalyzeinformationandthereliabilityof

sources.1

Gototheoriginalsource.Mediareportsoftensimplifytheresultsofmedicalresearch.Findoutfor

yourselfwhatastudyreallyreported,anddeterminewhetheritwasbasedongoodscience.Think

aboutthetypeofstudy.2

Watchformisleadinglanguage.Somestudieswillfindthatabehavior“contributesto”oris

“associatedwith”anoutcome;thisdoesnotmeanthatacertaincoursemustleadtoacertainre-

sult.3

Carefullyreadorlistentoinformationinordertofullyunderstandit.Useyourcommonsense.Ifareportseemstoogoodtobetrue,probablyitis.Beespeciallycarefulof

informationcontainedinadvertisements.

4

Evaluate“scientific”statementscarefully,andbeawareofquackery(江湖騙術(shù)).5

Friendsandfamilymemberscanbeagreatsourceofideasandinspiration,buteachofus

needstofindahealthylifestylethatworksforus.Developingtheabilitytoevaluatereasonablyandindependentlyabouthealthproblemswillserve

youwellthroughoutyourlife.A.Makechoicesthatarerightforyou.B.Thegoalofanadistosellyousomething.C.Besuretoworkthroughthecriticalquestions.D.Andexaminethefindingsoftheoriginalresearch.E.Distinguishbetweenresearchreportsandpublichealthadvice.F.Beawarethatinformationmayalsobeincorrectlyexplainedbyanauthor'spointofview.G.Thefollowingsuggestionscanhelpyousortthroughthehealthinformationyoureceivefrom

commonsources.

答案[語(yǔ)篇解讀]本文為說(shuō)明文,題材為科普知識(shí)。作者針對(duì)如何識(shí)別正確的健康信息提供了一些建議。1.G根據(jù)文章第二段、第三段、第四段的首句可以看出作者提供了一些建議,因此本空引出

了下文的多個(gè)建議,故選擇G項(xiàng)。2.D根據(jù)第二段的第一句“Gototheoriginalsource.”可以看出D選項(xiàng)“Andexaminethe

findingsoftheoriginalresearch.”與第二段內(nèi)容匹配。3.F根據(jù)第三段第一句“Watchformisleadinglanguage.”可以看出F項(xiàng)“Beawarethatin-

formationmayalsobeincorrectlyexplained...”與本段內(nèi)容匹配。4.B空格處前一句中出現(xiàn)的advertisements與B項(xiàng)中的ad對(duì)應(yīng),因此選擇B項(xiàng)。5.A空格后的“...thatworksforus.”與A項(xiàng)“Makechoicesthatarerightforyou.”對(duì)應(yīng),故選擇A項(xiàng)。高級(jí)語(yǔ)塊1.contributeto促成,造成2.beassociatedwith與……有關(guān)長(zhǎng)難句Findoutforyourselfwhatastudyreallyreported,anddeterminewhetheritwasbasedon

goodscience.親自找出一項(xiàng)研究真正闡明的內(nèi)容,并且判斷它是否基于真正的科學(xué)。and連接的兩個(gè)分句均為祈使句,Findout...后接what引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句,determine后接whether引

導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。B組統(tǒng)一命題、省(區(qū)、市)卷題組Passage1(2018課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅰ)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容,從短文后的選項(xiàng)中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。Colorisfundamentalinhomedesign—somethingyou'llalwayshaveineveryroom.Agraspof

howtomanagecolorinyourspacesisoneofthefirststepstocreatingroomsyou'lllovetolivein.

Doyouwantaroomthat'sfulloflife?Professional?Orareyoujustlookingforaplacetorelaxaf-

teralongday?1

,coloristhekeytomakingaroomfeelthewayyouwantittofeel.Overtheyears,therehavebeenanumberofdifferenttechniquestohelpdesignersapproachthis

importantpoint.2

,theycangetalittlecomplex.Butgoodnewsisthatthere'rereallyonly

threekindsofdecisionsyouneedtomakeaboutcolorinyourhome:thesmallones,themedium

ones,andthelargeones.3

.They'rethelittlespotsofcolorlikethrowpillows,mirrorsandbasketsthatmostofususe

toaddvisualinteresttoourrooms.Lesstiringthanpaintingyourwallsandlessexpensivethanbuyingacolorfulsofa,smallcolorchoicesbringwiththemthesignificantbenefitofbeingeasily

changeable.Mediumcolorchoicesaregenerallyfurniturepiecessuchassofas,dinnertablesorbookshelves.

4

.Theyrequireabiggercommitmentthansmallerones,andtheyhaveamorepowerfuleffect

onthefeelingofaspace.Thelargecolordecisionsinyourroomsconcernthewalls,ceilings,andfloors.Whetheryou're

lookingatwallpaperorpaint,thetime,effortandrelativeexpenseputintoitaresignificant.5

.A.WhileallofthemareusefulB.Whateveryou'relookingforC.Ifyou'reexperimentingwithacolorD.Smallcolorchoicesaretheoneswe'remostfamiliarwithE.It'snotreallyagoodideatousetoomanysmallcolorpiecesF.Soitpaystobesure,becauseyouwanttogetitrightthefirsttimeG.Colorchoicesinthisrangeareastepupfromthesmallonesintwomajorways答案

[語(yǔ)篇解讀]

本文為說(shuō)明文,介紹了在家居裝修時(shí)如何選擇顏色。只需作出三個(gè)決定即可:抱

枕、鏡子等小物件的顏色選擇;沙發(fā)、餐桌等中等物件的顏色選擇;墻面、天花板、地板等大

物件的顏色選擇。1.B本句為細(xì)節(jié)句。上文指出,你是想要一個(gè)充滿生機(jī)的房間呢?還是專業(yè)的房間?或者你只

是在尋找漫長(zhǎng)的一天過(guò)后供你休息的場(chǎng)所呢?本句應(yīng)該對(duì)上文的問(wèn)題作出回應(yīng),B項(xiàng)符合語(yǔ)境,

句意為“無(wú)論你在找什么樣的房間,要想讓房間給你想要的感覺(jué),顏色至關(guān)重要”。B項(xiàng)中的

lookingfor為原詞再現(xiàn)。2.A本句為細(xì)節(jié)句。上句指出,在過(guò)去的這些年,有很多不同的技巧幫助設(shè)計(jì)者達(dá)到這重要

的一點(diǎn)。本句應(yīng)該對(duì)這些技巧作出回應(yīng),A項(xiàng)符合語(yǔ)境,句意為“雖然所有的技巧都有用處,但

是它們有點(diǎn)兒復(fù)雜”。A項(xiàng)中的allofthem代指上句中的differenttechniques。3.D本句為主題句。上段末尾指出了需要作出的三個(gè)決定(thesmallones,themediumones,

andthelargeones)。根據(jù)最后兩段首句(Mediumcolorchoices...和Thelargecolordecisions...)可

知,這兩段分別介紹了后兩個(gè)決定,結(jié)合段落內(nèi)容可知本段介紹第一個(gè)決定,故D項(xiàng)(Smallcolorchoices...)符合段落主題。4.G本句為過(guò)渡句。本段介紹了對(duì)家具這樣的中等物件作出顏色選擇?？崭袂暗木渥恿信e

了中等物件的例子,空格后的由and連接的兩個(gè)分句從兩方面與小物件的顏色選擇進(jìn)行了比

較,故G項(xiàng)符合語(yǔ)境。twomajorways與下句內(nèi)容一致。5.F本句為細(xì)節(jié)句。上文指出,在對(duì)大物件的顏色作出選擇時(shí),付出的時(shí)間、精力和相關(guān)的費(fèi)

用都意義重大,F項(xiàng)為該話題的延續(xù),符合語(yǔ)境,意為“因?yàn)槟阆胍谝淮尉瓦x好,所以這肯定是

劃算的”。高級(jí)語(yǔ)塊1.fundamentaladj.基本的;十分重要的2.approachvt.處理;對(duì)付3.complexadj.復(fù)雜的4.commitmentn.付出;投入長(zhǎng)難句Agraspofhowtomanagecolorinyourspacesisoneofthefirststepstocreatingrooms

you'lllovetolivein.掌握在你的空間如何選擇顏色的技巧是創(chuàng)造你喜歡居住的房間的首要步

驟之一。本句的主干為Agraspisoneofthefirststeps,howto...結(jié)構(gòu)作介詞of的賓語(yǔ),you'lllovetolivein

為定語(yǔ)從句,先行詞為rooms,省略了在從句中作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞。Passage2(2018課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅱ)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容,從短文后的選項(xiàng)中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。Ifyouarealreadymakingthetimetoexercise,itisgoodindeed!Withsuchbusylives,itcanbe

hardtotryandfindthetimetoworkout.

1

Workingoutinthemorningprovidesadditional

benefitsbeyondbeingphysicallyfit.●Yourproductivityisimproved.Exercisingmakesyoumoreawakeandreadytohandlewhatever

isaheadofyoufortheday.

2

●Yourmetabolism(新陳代謝)getsaheadstart.

3

Ifyouworkoutinthemornings,thenyou

willbegettingthecalorie(卡路里)burningbenefitsforthewholeday,notinyoursleep.●

4

Studiesfoundthatpeoplewhowokeupearlyforexercisesleptbetterthanthosewhoex-

ercisedintheevening.Exerciseenergizesyou,soitismoredifficulttorelaxandhaveapeacefulsleepwhenyouareveryexcited.●

5

Ifyouworkoutbrightandearlyinthemorning,youwillbemorelikelytosticktohealthy

foodchoicesthroughouttheday.Whowouldwanttoruintheirgoodworkoutbyeatingjunk

food?Youwillwanttocontinuetofocusonpositivechoices.Therearealotofbenefitstoworkingout,especiallyinthemornings.Setyouralarmclockanhour

earlyandpushyourselftoworkout!Youwillfeelenergizedalldaylong.A.Youwillsticktoyourdiet.B.Yourqualityofsleepimproves.C.Youpreferhealthyfoodtofastfood.D.Thereisnoreasonyoushouldexerciseinthemorning.E.Youcankeepyourheadclearfor4—10hoursafterexercise.F.Afteryouexercise,youcontinuetoburncaloriesthroughouttheday.G.Ifyouareplanningtodoexerciseregularly,oryou'redoingitnow,thenlistenup!答案

[語(yǔ)篇解讀]

本文為說(shuō)明文。早上鍛煉不僅有利于身體健康,而且還可以提高效率、促進(jìn)新

陳代謝、提高睡眠質(zhì)量并幫你保持良好的飲食習(xí)慣。1.G本句為過(guò)渡句?？崭袂暗木渥又赋鲈诜泵Φ纳钪泻茈y找到時(shí)間鍛煉,空格后的句子則

指出了早上鍛煉具有許多益處,G項(xiàng)意為“如果你計(jì)劃定期鍛煉或者現(xiàn)在正在鍛煉,那么注意

聽(tīng)!”,能很好地連接上下文,故G項(xiàng)正確。2.E本句為細(xì)節(jié)句。本段指出早上鍛煉有助于提高效率,讓你更加清醒地處理這一天的事

情,E項(xiàng)意為“鍛煉后的4到10個(gè)小時(shí)內(nèi),你可以保持清醒的頭腦”。awake與E項(xiàng)中的keepyour

headclear意思一致。3.F本句為細(xì)節(jié)句。F項(xiàng)中的“continuetoburncaloriesthroughouttheday(整整一天持續(xù)燃

燒卡路里)”與設(shè)空處后句中的“willbegettingthecalorieburningbenefitsforthewholeday

(整整一天都會(huì)受益于卡路里的燃燒)”意義一致,故F項(xiàng)正確。4.B本句為主旨句。本段指出,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)早起鍛煉的人比晚上鍛煉的人睡眠更好,故B項(xiàng)符合

本段主旨,意為“你的睡眠質(zhì)量會(huì)有所提高”。5.A本句為主旨句。閱讀本段可知,早上鍛煉,你會(huì)更有可能全天堅(jiān)持健康飲食,因?yàn)槟悴幌胍驗(yàn)槌岳称范鴼У翦憻挼姆e極效果。A項(xiàng)符合本段主旨,意為“你會(huì)堅(jiān)持你的飲食習(xí)

慣”。stickto為原詞再現(xiàn)。高級(jí)語(yǔ)塊

1.additionaladj.額外的;附加的 2.stickto堅(jiān)持3.energizevt.給……添加能量;使充滿活力長(zhǎng)難句

Studiesfoundthatpeoplewhowokeupearlyforexercisesleptbetterthanthosewhoex-

ercisedintheevening.研究發(fā)現(xiàn),早起鍛煉的人比晚上鍛煉的人睡眠質(zhì)量更好。本句中found后為that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句,在從句中people后為關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,

those后仍為who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。Passage3(2018課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅲ)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容,從短文后的選項(xiàng)中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。Beforetherewasthewrittenword,therewasthelanguageofdance.Danceexpressesloveand

hate,joyandsorrow,lifeanddeath,andeverythingelseinbetween.1

WedancefromFloridatoAlaska,fromnorthtosouthandseatosea.Wedanceatwed-

dings,birthdays,officepartiesandjusttofillthetime.“Iadoredancing,”saysLesterBridges,theownerofadancestudioinIowa.“Ican'timagine

doinganythingelsewithmylife.”Bridgesrunsdanceclassesforallages.“Teachingdanceis

wonderful.2

It'sgreattowatchthem.Formanyofthem,it'sawayofmeetingpeopleand

havingasociallife.”3

“Icantellyouaboutoneyoungcouple,”saysBridges.“They'relearningtodotradi-

tionaldances.Theyarriveattheclassinlowspiritsandtheyleavewithasmile.4

”So,dowedanceinordertomakeourselvesfeelbetter,calmer,healthier?AndreaHilliersays,

“Dance,likethepatternofabeatingheart,islife.Evenafteralltheseyears,Iwanttogetbetter

andbetter.5

Ifindithardtostop!DancingremindsmeI'malive.”A.Sowhydowedance?B.DanceintheU.S.iseverywhere.C.Ifyoulikedancingoutdoors,cometoAmerica.D.Myolderstudentssayitmakesthemfeelyoung.E.IkeeppracticingevenwhenI'mextremelytired.F.Dancingseemstochangetheirfeelingcompletely.G.Theystayedupallnightlongsinginganddancing.答案

[語(yǔ)篇解讀]本文是一篇記敘文。在文中作者首先描述了跳舞在美國(guó)的受歡迎程度,接著描

述了自己一生為跳舞瘋狂的生活。1.B本句為主旨句。空格位于段首?？崭窈竺枋鎏柙诿绹?guó)的流行程度:從佛羅里達(dá)州到阿

拉斯加州,從北到南到大海上。在婚禮上、在生日派對(duì)上、在辦公室派對(duì)上人們都在跳舞。

由此可知到處都能看到美國(guó)人在跳舞,與B項(xiàng)吻合,所以答案為B項(xiàng)。2.D本句為過(guò)渡句。空格前作者用直接引語(yǔ)的方式描述了“教舞蹈簡(jiǎn)直太美妙了”?？崭?/p>

后句子中出現(xiàn)的代詞them指代的就是Bridges所教的學(xué)生。D項(xiàng)中的students和them相對(duì)應(yīng),所

以答案為D項(xiàng)。即我的那些年齡大的學(xué)生說(shuō)舞蹈讓他們感覺(jué)自己年輕。3.A本句為主旨句?？崭裎挥诙问?。后面以一對(duì)年輕夫妻為例說(shuō)明了跳舞給他們帶來(lái)的好處。由此推斷出本段是描述跳舞會(huì)給一個(gè)人的情緒帶來(lái)巨大的影響,這就是人們喜歡跳舞的

原因。這與A項(xiàng)(那么,我們?yōu)槭裁匆枘?)相符。4.F本句為細(xì)節(jié)句?？崭袂懊枋鲞@對(duì)夫妻剛來(lái)到舞蹈班時(shí)情緒低落,當(dāng)他們離開(kāi)的時(shí)候臉上

露出了微笑。這都是舞蹈給他們的情緒帶來(lái)的變化。這與F項(xiàng)(舞蹈好像徹底改變了他們的

情緒。)相符。5.E本句為過(guò)渡句?？崭袂懊枋鲞@么多年來(lái)Hillier想跳得越來(lái)越好?？崭窈竺枋鯤illier發(fā)現(xiàn)

自己就是停不下來(lái),跳舞讓Hillier知道自己還活著。作為前后過(guò)渡的空格處應(yīng)該與Hillier一直

不停地跳舞相關(guān),這與E項(xiàng)(即使當(dāng)我非常累的時(shí)候我還在練習(xí)跳舞。)相符。Passage4(2018浙江)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容,從短文后的選項(xiàng)中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。Movingintoanewhomeinanewneighborhoodisanexcitingexperience.Ofcourse,youwantto

makesurethatyoubecomeanacceptedandvaluablepartofyournewneighborhood.Theeasiest

waytoaccomplishthisistomakesureyouconductyourselfasagoodneighborshould.

1

Perhapsoneofthemostimportantthingsyoucandoasagoodneighboristokeepyourproperty

(房產(chǎn))neat,clean,andingoodrepair.2

Bychoosingtokeeptheoutsideofthehomeingreat

shape,youwillhelptoimprovethelookandfeelofthearea.Second,taketheoverallappearanceoftheneighborhoodseriously.Whengoingforawalk,takea-

longasmallgarbagebag.3

Thissmallactwillletyourneighborsknow