自考英語歐洲文化入門知識點筆記全十章

/自考英語《歐洲文化入門》知識點筆記(全十章)2006/09/0517:45

北京自考熱線1、Therearemanyelementsconstituting(組成)EuropeanCulture.2、Therearetwomajorelements：Greco-RomanelementandJudeo-Christianelement.3、Therichness(豐富性)ofEuropeanCulturewascreatedbyGreco-RomanelementandJudeo-Christianelement.第一章1、The5thcenturyclosedwithcivilwarbetweenAthensandSparta.2、TheeconomyofAthensrestedon(依賴)animmense(無限的)amountofslavelabour.3、Olympusmount，Revivedin1896(當代奧運會)4、AncientGreece(古希臘)‘sepicswascreatedbyHomer.5、TheyeventsofHomer‘sowntime.(錯)(TheyarenotabouteventsofHomer‘sowntime，probablyintheperiod1200-1100B.C.)6、TheHomer‘sepicsconsistedofIliadandOdyssey.7、Agamemnon，Hector，AchillesareinIliad.8、OdysseusandPenelopeareinOdyssey.9、Odyssey(對其作品產(chǎn)生影響)—→JamesJoyoe‘sUlysses(描述一天的生活)。Inthe20thcentury.10、DramainAncientGreecewasflouredinthe5thcenturyB.C.11、三大悲劇大師①Aeschylus《PrometheusBound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《PrometheusUnbound》②Sophocles(之首)《OedipustheKing》—→Freud‘s“theOedipuscomplex”(戀母情結(jié))—→DavidHerbertLawrence’s《Sonsandlovers》(勞倫斯)447頁③EuripidesA.《TrojanWomen》B.Heisthefirstwriterof“problemplays”(社會問題劇)在肖伯納手中達到高潮，屬于存在主義戲劇的人物C.ElizabethBrowningcalledhim“Euripideshuman”(一個純粹的人)D.Realismcanbetracedback(追溯到)totheAncientGreece.Tobespecific(具體來說)，Euripides.12、TheonlyrepresentativeofGreekcomedyisAristophanes.18頁Aristophaneswritesaboutnature.—→浪漫主義湖畔派(Thelakers)華茲華茲(新古典主義代表作家《格列夫游記》《大人國小人國》《溫和的提議》用諷刺的寫作手法)13、History(Historicalwriting)史學(xué)創(chuàng)作※“FatherofHistory”—→Herodotus—→war(betweenGreeksandPersians)ThiswariscalledPeleponicionwars.博羅奔泥撒，3只是陳述史實，并沒有得出理論?！癟hegreatesthistorianthateverlived.”(有史以來最偉大的歷史學(xué)家)—→Thucydides—→war(Sparta，AthensandSyracuse)14、TheGreekhistoricalwritingwritesmainlyaboutwars.15、受希臘文化影響的傳教士St.Paul.Democritus(Materialism)16、希臘文化中的哲學(xué)被基督教所吸收17、①Euclid‘sElements解析幾何ItwasinuseinEnglishschoolsuntiltheearlyyearsofthe20thcentury.(歷史地位)②ArchimedesHisworknotonlyingeometry幾何學(xué)，butalsoinarithmetic算術(shù)，machanics機械，andhydrostatics.流體靜力學(xué)選擇：Givemeaplacetostand，andIwillmovetheworld.誰的理論(Archimedes)18、Architecture古希臘建筑三大風(fēng)格temple—→Parthenon帕特農(nóng)神廟①TheDoricstyleisalsocalledmasculinestyle.(宏偉的)buttheDoricstyleismonotonousandunadorned(單調(diào))issturdy(堅強的)，powerful，severelooking(莊嚴肅穆)andshowingagoodsenseofproportionsandnumbers.②TheIonicstyleisalsocalledthefemininestyle.(陰柔的)isgraceful(優(yōu)雅的)andelegant(優(yōu)美的)。TheIonicstyleoftenshowsawealthofornament.(裝飾性)③TheCorinthianstyleisknownforitsornamentalluxury.(奢侈)19、Thefamoustemples：TheAcrpolisatAthensandtheParthenon.20、TheburningofCorinthin146B.C.MarkedRomanconquestofGreece.21、ThemeltingbetweenRomanCultureandGreekCulture.(\o"羅馬"羅馬征服希臘的標志)22、From146B.C.，LatinwasthelanguageofthewesternhalfoftheRomanEmpire.Greekthatoftheeasternhalf.23、BothLatinandGreekbelongtoIndo-Europeanlanguage.24、TheRomanwriterHoracesaid“captiveGreecetookherrudeconquerorcaptive”。25、Thedividingrange(分水嶺)intheRomanhistoryrefersto27B.C.26、Theyear27B.C.DividedtheRomanhistoryintotwoperiods：republicandempire.27、TheideaofRepubliccanbetracedbacktoPlato‘srepublic.28、ThelandareaofRomanempirereacheditsclimaxin2to3century.29、north：Scotlandeast：ArmeniaandMesopotamia30、IntheRomanhistory，therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime，whichwasguaranteed(保證)bytheRomanlegions(羅馬軍團)31、IntheRomanhistory，therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime，whichwasknownasPaxRomana.(神圣羅馬帝國)32、名解IntheRomanhistory，therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime，whichwasguaranteed(保證)bytheRomanlegions，itwasknownasPaxRomana33、TheRomanLawprotected(保護)therightsofplebeians(平民)。34、TheimportantcontributionmadebytheRomanstotheEuropeanculturewastheRomanLaw.35、After395，theempirewasdividedintoEast(theByzantineEmpire)andWest.36、Cicero西賽羅helegalandpoliticalspeechesaremodelsofLatindiction拉丁語用詞describedasCiceronian.西賽羅式的anenormousinfluence(巨大影響)onthedevelopmentofEuropeanprose.(散文)37、JuliusCaesarcommentaries批評論“Icame，Isaw，Iconquered.”38、VirgilAeneid阿尼德39、Thepantheonwasbuiltin27B.C.Theworld‘sfirstvastinteriorspace.世界上第一所最大的室內(nèi)場所40、TheColosseum(大理石像)it‘sanenormous.露天的環(huán)形影劇院41、Sculpture(雕塑)She-wolf(母狼)42、TherepresentationformofGreekDemocracyiscitizen-assembly.古希臘民主的表現(xiàn)形式43、TheembodimentofGreekdemocracyiscitizen-assembly.古希臘民主的具體形式論述簡答一、Whatisthelimitationof“Democracy”inancientGreece？(名解簡答)(Howdoyouunderstand“Democracy”inancientGreece？Whatisthedifferencebetween“Democracy”inancientGreeceandmoderndemocracy？)答：①Democracymeans“exerciseofpowerbythewholepeople”，butinGreeceby“thewholepeople”theGreeksmeantonlytheadultmalecitizens.②Women，children，foreignersandslaveswereexcludedfromDemocracy.二、HowdidtheGreekCultureoriginateanddevelop？答：

①Probablyaround1200B.C.，awarwasfoughtbetweenGreeceandtroy.ThisisthewarthatHomerreferstoinhisepics.②Greekculturereachedahighpointofdevelopmentinthe5thcenturyB.C.A.ThesuccessfulrepulseofthePersianinvasion(入侵)earlyinthe5thcentury.B.Theestablishmentofdemocracy.C.Theflourishing(蒸蒸日上的)ofscience，philosophy，literature，artandhistoricalwritinginAthens.③The5thcenturyclosedwithcivilwarbetweenAthensandSparta.④Inthesecondhalfofthe4thcenturyB.C.，GreecewasconqueredbyAlexander，kingofMacedon.Wheneverhewentandconquered，wheneverGreekculturewasfound.⑤MeltingbetweenGreekcultureandRomanculturein146B.C.，theRomansconqueredGreece.三、HowdidtheAncientGreekphilosophydevelop？答：(1)、Threefounders1、Pythagoras①Allthingswerenumbers.②Scientificmathematics.③Theoryofproportion.比例的理論2、Heracleitue①Fireistheprimary(主要的)elementsoftheuniverse.火是萬物之源②Thetheoryoftheminglingofoppositesproducedharmony.矛盾的對立統(tǒng)一3、Democritus①theatomictheory.第一個原子理論開拓者②materialism.唯物主義(2)、Threethinkers1、Socrates①Hehadn‘tworks.WecanknowhimfromPlato’sdialogues.②ThedialecticalmethodwasestablishedbySocrates.2、Plato①TheAcademyisthefirstschoolintheworld，itwasestablishedbyPlato.②Hehasfourworks.Dialogues，Apology，SymposiumandRepublic.3、Aristotle①TheLyceumisthesecondschoolintheworld，itwasestablishedbyAristotle.②Aristotleisahumanist.(2)、Fivecontendingschools1、TheSophists詭辯派①UndertheleadershipofProtagoras.②TherepresentativeofworkisOntheGod.諸神論③Hisdoctrine教義is“manisthemeasureofallthings”。人是衡量一切的標準2、TheCynics犬儒派①UndertheleadershipofDiogenes.②Theword“cynic”means“dog”inEnglish.③Heproclaimed宣揚hisbrotherhood.Andhehadnopatiencewiththerichandpowerful.權(quán)利3、TheSceptics置疑學(xué)派①UndertheleadershipofPyrrhon.②Histhoughtisnotallknowledgewasattainable可獲得的，anddoubtingthetruthofwhatothersacceptedastrue.4、TheEpicureans享樂派①UndertheleadershipofEpicurus.選擇：根據(jù)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的名字直接命名②Pleasuretobethehighestgoodinlifebutnotsensual肉欲enjoyment.享樂Pleasurecouldbeattainedbythepracticeofvirtue.通過實行道德獲得Epicuruswasamaterialist.Hebelievedthattheworldconsistedofatoms.原子5、TheStoics斯多哥派①UndertheleadershipofZeno.②Histhoughtisdutyisthemostimportantthinginlife.Oneshouldendure忍受hardship艱難andmisfortune不幸withcourage.勇氣DevelopedintoStoics‘duty.Hewasalsoamaterialist.四、WhatphilosophysystemdidPlatoestablished？(WhydowesayPlato‘sphilosophysystemwasidealistic？DoyouthinkPlatobuiltupacomprehensive綜合的systemofphilosophy？)答：1、Itdealtwith，amongotherthings，theproblemofhow，inthecomplex，ever—changingworld，menweretoattain獲得knowledge.2、Thefirstcaseandphysical自然worldshouldtakethesecondarycase.3、Idealisticofphilosophy.4、ManyofPlato‘sideaswerelaterabsorbedintoChristianthought.(吸收到基督教的思想中)五、What‘sthedifferencebetweenPlatoandAristotleintermsoftheirphilosophicalideas(system)？答：1、Foronething，Aristotleemphasized(強調(diào))directobservationofnatureandinsistedthattheoryshouldfollowfact.(理論聯(lián)系實際)ThisisdifferentfromPlato‘sreliance(依賴)onsubjectivethinking.(萬物依賴主觀思維)2、Foranother，hethoughtthat“form”andmattertogethermadeupconcrete(具體的)individual(個別的)realities.(物質(zhì)與意識共同構(gòu)成的客觀事實)Here，too，hedifferedfromPlatowhoheldthatideashadahigherrealitythanthephysicalworld(意識高于物質(zhì))3、Aristotlethoughthappinesswasmen‘saiminlife.Butnothappinessinthevulgar庸俗的sense，butsomethingthatcouldonlybeachievedbyleadingalifeofreason，goodnessandcontemplation.(善良和期待)一句話簡答題Whatshouldbeman‘saiminlife？Aristotle‘sanswerwas：happiness.六、WhatisthegreatsignificanceofGreekCultureonthelater-onculturaldevelopment？(WhatpositiveinfluencedidtheGreekCultureexert運用ontheworldcivilization文化？)答：Therehasbeenanenduringexcitement興奮aboutclassical經(jīng)典的GreekcultureinEuropeandelsewhere別處。RediscoveryofGreekcultureplayedavital有生命力的partintheRenaissanceinItalyandotherEuropeancountries.1、Spiritofinnovation創(chuàng)新精神TheGreekpeopleinventedmathematicsandscienceandphilosophy；Theyfirstwrotehistoryasopposed反對tomere純粹的annals歷史記載；Theyspeculated思索freelyaboutthenatureoftheworldandtheendsoflife生命的輪回，withoutbeingboundinthefetters束縛ofanyinheritedorthodoxy.繼承的習(xí)俗2、SupremeAchievement至高無上的成就TheGreeksachievedsupremeachievementsinnearlyallfieldsofhumanendeavour努力：Philosophy，science，epicpoetry，comedy，historicalwriting，architecture，etc.3、Lastingeffect持續(xù)的影響①Countless無數(shù)的writershavequoted舉例，borrowedfromandotherwiseusedHomer‘sepics，thetragediesofAeschylusandSophoclesandEuripides，Aristophanes’scomedies，Plato‘sDialogues，ect.②Intheearlypartofthe19thcentury，inEnglandalone，threeyoungRomanticpoetsexpressedtheiradmirationofGreekcultureinworkswhichhavethemselvesbecomeclassics經(jīng)典之作：Byron‘sIslesofGreece，Shelley’sHellasandPrometheusUnboundandKeats‘sOdeonaGrecianUrn.③Inthe20thcentury，thereareHomericparallels與…平行intheIrishman愛爾蘭JamesJoyce‘smodernistmasterpiece代表作Ulysses.七、WhatisthesimilarityanddifferencebetweenGreekcultureandRomanculture？答：1、similarity①Bothpeopleshadtraditionsrootedintheideaofthecitizen-assembly.②Theirreligionswerealikeenoughformostoftheirdeities(神)tobereadily(容易的)identified(一致)，andtheirmyths(崇拜的神)tobefused.(融合)③Theirlanguagesworkedinsimilarways，bothbeingmembersoftheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily.2、difference①TheRomansbuiltupavast(巨大的)empire；theGreeksdidn‘t，exceptforthebrief(短暫的)momentofAlexander’sconquests，whichsoondisintegrated.(瓦解)②TheRomanswereconfident(自信的)intheirownorganizationalpower，theirmilitaryandadministrativecapabilities.(管理國家的能力)八、WhatistheRomehistoricalbackground？答：1、ThehistoryofRomedividedintotwoperiods：Beforetheyear27B.C.，Romehadbeenarepublic；fromtheyear27B.C.，Octaviustooksupreme(最大的)powerasemperorwiththetitleofAugustusandRomanEmpirebegan.2、Twocenturieslater，theRomanEmpirereacheditsclimax，markedbylandarea‘sextension：Encircling(環(huán)繞)theMediterranean.(地中海)3、Strongmilitarypower：thefamousRomanlegions.4、IntheRomanhistory，therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime，whichwasguaranteed(保證)bytheRomanlegions，itwasknownasPaxRomana.5、AnotherimportantcontributionmadebytheRomanstoEuropeanculturewasRomanLaw.6、Theempirebegantodeclineinthe3rdcentury.選擇①Inthe4thcenturytheemperorConstantinemovedthecapitalfromRometoByzantium.RenameditConstantinople(modernIstanbul)。②After395(分裂時間)，theempirewasdividedintoEast(TheByzantineEmpire)andWest③In476thelastemperoroftheWestwasdeposedbyGothsandthismarkedtheendoftheWestRomanEmpire.④TheEastRomanEmpirecollapsed(崩潰)whenConstantinoplefelltotheTurksin1453.(英法百年戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束)第二章

1、ChristianityisbyfarthemostinfluentialintheWest.在西方最具影響力的宗教2、Judeo-ChristiantraditionconstitutesoneofthetwomajorcomponentsofEuropeanculture：JudaismandChristianity.3、TheJewishtradition，whichgavebirthtoChristianity.(猶太教是基督教的前身)BothoriginatedinPalestine，whichwasknownasCanaan.4、TheancestorsoftheJews—theHebrews.猶太人的祖先是希伯來人5、Theycalled“Hebrews”，whichmeans“wanderers”。商旅6、About1300B.C.，theHebrewscametosettle(定居)inPalestine.7、TheHebrewshistorywasrecordedintheOldTestamentoftheBible.8、TheBiblewasdividedintotwosections：theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.9、TheOldTestamentisaboutGodandtheLawsofGod.上帝與上帝的教義10、TheNewTestamentisaboutthedoctrine(教義)ofJesusChrist.11、TheNewTestamentis，inessence(實質(zhì)上)，thefouraccounts(四福音書)，writtenbythefourdisciples.弟子12、Theword“Testament”means“agreement”，theagreementbetweenGodandMan.13、BibleisrepresentativeofChristianityand新舊約14、TheOldTestament名詞解釋TheBiblewasdividedintotwosections：theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.TheOldTestamentisaboutGodandtheLawsofGod.Theword“Testament”means“agreement”，theagreementbetweenGodandMan.15、TheNewTestament名詞解釋TheBiblewasdividedintotwosections：theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.TheNewTestamentisaboutthedoctrine(教義)ofJesusChrist.Theword“Testament”means“agreement”，theagreementbetweenGodandMan.16、TheOldTestamentconsistsof39books，theoldestandmostimportantofwhicharethefirstfivebooks，calledPentateuch.摩西五經(jīng)17、Pentateuch名詞解釋TheOldTestamentconsistsof39books，theoldestandmostimportantofwhicharethefirstfivebooks，calledPentateuch.Pentateuchcontainsfivebooks：Genesis(創(chuàng)世記)，Exodus(出埃與記)，Leviticus(教義記)，Numbers(逃亡記)，Deuteronomy(摩西遺言記)。18、Genesis名詞解釋GenesisisoneofthefivebooksinPentateuch，ittellsaboutareligiousaccount(描述)oftheoriginoftheHebrewspeople，includingtheoriginoftheworldandofman，thecareer(經(jīng)歷)ofIssacandthelifeofJacobandhissonJoseph.19、Exodus名詞解釋ExodusisoneofthefivebooksinPentateuch，ittellsaboutareligious(宗教的)historyoftheHebrewsduringtheirflightfromEgypt，theperiodwhentheybegantoreceiveGod‘sLaw.Joshuabroughtthepeoplesafelybacktocanaan.20、TheFallofManwasrecordedinGenesis，Pentateuch，theOldTestament，TheBible.21、Noah‘sArkwasrecordedinGenesis，Pentateuch，theOldTestament，TheBible.22、TheHistoricalBookswasdividedintosevensections：？①BooksofJoshua②BooksofJudges③BooksofSamuel④BooksofKings⑤BooksoftheChronicles⑥BooksofEzra⑦BooksofNehemiah.23、ThecontentofhistoricalBooks：1200B.C.586B.C.DealingwithhistoryoftheHebrewpeoplefromtheirentryintoPalestinearound1200B.C.，tillthefallofPalestineintohandsofAssyriansandChaldeansin586B.C.24、TheHistoryBooks的內(nèi)容①Thedevelopmentofsystemoflandednobles.②Thedevelopmentofmonarchy.君主專制③EstablishmentofthetwoKingdoms.兩大王國的初步形成④(略看)Thesettlementinthehighlands⑤(略看)AgeofgreatprosperityunderSaul，DavidandSolomon.25、JoshuabroughtthepeoplesafelybacktoCanaan.26、ThefirstkingtounitetheHebrewswasSaul.27、Davidestablishedreligiouscapital，JerusalemtoPalestine.28、TheProphets(先知)名詞解釋宣傳教義并受神靈庇佑的人FormorethanathousandyearsintheMiddleEasttherehadbeenaclassofpeopleknownas“Prophets”orthespokesmenofGod.Earlierprophetslivedingroupsastempleofficials.Lateronthereappearedindependentprophet.TheProphetscanbegroupedintotheMajorProphetsandMinorProphets.(分為大小先知)29、TheBookofDaniel名詞解釋TheBookofDanielbelongstoTheOldTestamentoftheBible.IttellsabouttheHebrewsbeingcarriedawayintoBabylon.30、TheformerbodyofchurchwasknownasSynagogues.猶太教的會堂是教堂的前身31、ThePentateuchisthebookofDanielisalsocalledtorah.摩西五經(jīng)的別稱32、ThestoryaboutGod‘sfloodingtothehumanbeingandonlygood-virtuebeingsavedwasrecordedinGenesis，Pentateuch，theOldTestament，theBible，whichwasknownasNoah’sArk.33、By300A.D.eachlocalchurchwascalledaparishandhadafulltimeleaderknownasapriest.34、Severalparishesweregroupedtogetherintoalargeunitcalleddiocese，whichwasheadedbyabishop.35、Themostimportantbishopswerecalledarchbishops.(紅衣大主教)36、TowardstheendofthefourthcenturyfouraccountswereacceptedaspartoftheNewTestament，whichtellsthebeginningofChristianity.37、TheBirthofJesuswasrecordedinMatthew(馬塞福音書)38、AllthegenerationsfromAbrahamtoDavidarefourteengenerations.為什么十四在西方吉利39、TheLastSupperwasrecordedinJohn.40、TheLastSupperwasputintoanoilpaintingbyDaVinciinthehighrenaissanceinItaly.文藝復(fù)興以人為本的標志-蒙娜麗莎41、TheLastSupperadaptedfromSt.John，theNewTestament，theBible.42、ThestoryaboutJesusbeingbetrayedbyJudaswasknownasTheLastSupper.43、ThestoryaboutJesusbeingpinned(釘死)inthecrosstodeathwasknownasTheLastSupper.44、ThefirstEnglishversionofwholeBiblewastranslatedfromtheLatinVulgatein1382andwascopiedoutbyhandbytheearlygroupofreformers(改革者)ledbyJohnWycliff.45、Wycliff與Tyndale的區(qū)別是：語言來源不同Reformation(宗教改革)為了againsttheLatinlanguage.46、WilliamTyndale‘sversionwasbasedontheoriginalHebrewandGreeksources.來源論述簡答

一、WhatdifferencebetweenChristianityandtheotherreligions？(WhataretheforcefulbeliefsofChristianity？)答：Christianitybaseditselfontwoforceful(強烈的)beliefswhichseparateitfromallotherreligions.1、OneisthatJesusChrististheSonofGod，andthatGodsenthimtoearth(世界)toliveashumanslive，sufferashumanssuffer，anddietoredeemmankind.(挽回人類)2、TheotheristhatGodgavehisonlybegottenson(唯一的兒子)，sothatwhosoever(whoever的強調(diào)型)believesinhimshouldnotperish，buthaveeverlastinglife.(獲得永生)加爾文主義也有這樣的觀點二、HowdidChristianityoriginateanddevelopintheEuropeancontinent(洲)？☆(HowwasChristianityspreadtoEuropeandbecametheofficialreligion？統(tǒng)治性宗教)答：1、ThedisciplesofJesustriedtospreadhisgospel，firstamongtheJewsinPalestineandthenintheMediterraneanregion.2、Duringatimeofgreatunrestandupheaval動蕩不安intheEuropeancontinent，thepoorandhumblefoundcomfortintheChristianGospel.福音(書)3、ChristianitybegantodrawmenandwomenfromallclassesinEurope.TheRomansgrewtiredofwarandfeared(害怕)thecollapse(崩潰)oftheempire.AndtheyadmiredthecourageoftheChristianmissionaries.傳教士4、ConstantinebelievedthatGodhadhelpedhiminwinningthebattle(戰(zhàn)役)andissued(發(fā)出)theEdictofMilan米蘭特令(選擇)in313.Itgranted(許可)religiousfreedomtoall，andmadeChristianitylegal.合法化5、In392A.D.，EmperorTheodosiusmadeChristianitytheofficialreligionoftheempireandoutlawedallotherreli