一輪復習隨堂課件寫作專項板塊四概要寫作（備選）

板塊四概要寫作(備選)2022英語內(nèi)容索引Part1謀篇布局Part2典例示范Part3強化細節(jié)Part4跟蹤訓練Part1謀篇布局●題型解讀概要寫作是一種控制型寫作,是對原文的基本內(nèi)容進行濃縮并進行再加工的語言輸出形式,是考生對語言材料進行吸收、存儲、內(nèi)化整理和表達的過程,是一種基于理解的創(chuàng)新。概要寫作既能訓練學生對語言的理解和重新加工的能力,又能提高學生的思維能力。概要寫作題會提供一篇350詞以內(nèi)的短文,要求考生基于該短文寫出一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要,以此來考查學生準確獲取關鍵詞,對文章大意進行歸納概括,并用簡潔的語言轉述文章重要信息的能力?？忌谡_理解短文的基礎上,用簡明、精練的語句高度濃縮文章的主要內(nèi)容和觀點,是對閱讀理解能力和書面表達能力的綜合考查。原文以說明文和議論文為主,偶有記敘文以及其他文體。原文結構比較明晰,通常包含4個左右的要點?？忌陀^準確歸納要點,不照搬原文句子,要點之間要恰當銜接,全文內(nèi)容要連貫,過渡要自然。一、題型考查的能力1.考生概括文章主旨大意和準確獲取關鍵詞的能力、對語篇的概括能力;2.用簡潔的語言表述文章重要信息的能力。詞匯短語準確,句型表達精練;3.對文章整體結構的把握能力。二、概要寫作的高考評分標準1.對原文要點的理解和呈現(xiàn)情況;2.應用語法結構和詞匯的準確性;3.上下文的連貫性;4.對各要點表達的獨立性情況;5.拼寫與標點符號是語言準確性的一個重要方面,評分時,應視其對交際的影響程度予以考慮;6.如書寫差以致影響交際,可將分數(shù)降低一個檔次?！裨u分標準各檔次給分范圍和要求(總分25分)評分檔次第一條第二條第三條第四條第五檔(21—25分)理解準確,涵蓋全部要點能準確使用相應的語法結構和詞匯有效地使用了語句間的連接成分,使所完成的概要作文結構緊湊完全使用自己的語言第四檔(16—20分)理解準確,涵蓋絕大部分要點所使用語法結構和詞匯可能有些許錯誤,但完全不影響意義表達比較有效地使用了詞語間的連接成分,使所完成的概要作文結構緊湊有個別整句抄自原文評分檔次第一條第二條第三條第四條第三檔(11—15分)理解較為準確,涵蓋大部分要點所使用語法結構和詞匯雖有些錯誤,但不影響意義表達應用簡單的語句間連接成分,使上下文內(nèi)容連貫出現(xiàn)兩句以上整句抄自原文現(xiàn)象第二檔(6—10分)理解有誤差,但涵蓋半數(shù)要點有些語法結構和詞匯方面的錯誤,影響了意義的表達較少使用語句間的連接成分,全文內(nèi)容缺少連貫性出現(xiàn)兩句以上整句抄自原文現(xiàn)象第一檔(1—5分)沒有理解原文,造成概要內(nèi)容與原文主題不符有較多語法結構和詞匯方面的錯誤,嚴重影響了意義的表達缺乏語句間的連接成分,全文內(nèi)容不連貫多個句子抄自原文0分白卷,內(nèi)容太少、所寫內(nèi)容與所給材料無關白卷,內(nèi)容太少、所寫內(nèi)容與所給材料無關白卷,內(nèi)容太少、所寫內(nèi)容與所給材料無關白卷,內(nèi)容太少、所寫內(nèi)容與所給材料無關●解題步驟1.仔細閱讀原文,掌握文章的主旨大意。在閱讀過程中,要注意搜尋要點,如議論文中的論點、論據(jù)。2.列出或找到文章的要點或各段落的主題句?？梢杂孟聞澗€標記,也可做筆記,將要點逐一列出。3.分析原文的內(nèi)容和結構,注意段落之間的聯(lián)系?？捎脴湫螆D畫出段落之間的關系。4.寫出初稿。根據(jù)列出的要點和對原文的理解,用自己的語言組織內(nèi)容,嘗試寫出概要。5.認真閱讀初稿,對照原文,檢查是否漏掉重要內(nèi)容。

檢査并確定拼寫、語法、標點正確無誤。6.再次厘清要點之間的聯(lián)系,添加必要的連接詞,使全文邏輯清楚,行文連貫流暢。7.檢査是否符合規(guī)定的詞數(shù)要求。8.把文章謄寫到答題紙上。Part2典例示范閱讀下面短文,根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。(2019年6月浙江高考)Parentseverywherepraisetheirkids.JennBerman,authorofThe

A

to

Z

Guide

to

Raising

Happy

and

Confident

Kids,says,“We’vegonetotheoppositeextremeofafewdecadesagowhenparentstendedtobemorestrict.”Bygivingkidsalotofpraise,parentsthinkthey’rebuildingtheirchildren’sconfidence,when,infact,itmaybejusttheopposite.Toomuchpraisecanbackfireand,whengiveninawaythat’sinsincere,makekidsafraidtotrynewthingsortakeariskforfearofnotbeingabletostayontopwheretheirparents’praisehasputthem.Still,don’tgotoofarintheotherdirection.Notgivingenoughpraisecanbejustasdamagingasgivingtoomuch.Kidswillfeellikethey’renotgoodenoughorthatyoudon’tcareand,asaresult,mayseenopointintryinghardfortheiraccomplishments.Sowhatistherightamountofpraise?Expertssaythatthequalityofpraiseismoreimportantthanthequantity.Ifpraiseissincereandfocusedontheeffortnottheoutcome,youcangiveitasoftenasyourchilddoessomethingthatdeservesaverbalreward.“Weshouldespeciallyrecognizeourchildren’seffortstopushthemselvesandworkhardtoachieveagoal,”saysDonahue,authorofParenting

without

Fear:Letting

Go

of

Worry

and

Focusing

on

What

Really

Matters.“Onethingtorememberisthatit’stheprocessnottheendproductthatmatters.”Yoursonmaynotbethebestbasketballplayeronhisteam.Butifhe’soutthereeverydayandplayinghard,youshouldpraisehiseffortregardlessofwhetherhisteamwinsorloses.Praisingtheeffortandnottheoutcomecanalsomeanrecognizingyourchildwhenshehasworkedhardtocleantheyard,cookdinner,orfinishabookreport.Butwhateveritis,praiseshouldbegivenonacase-by-casebasisandbeproportionate(相稱的)totheamountofeffortyourchildhasputintoit.【語篇解讀】這是2019年6月浙江高考真題的概要寫作,語篇文體為議論文,主要論述了父母過多地表揚孩子或者幾乎不表揚孩子都會給孩子帶來不良的影響。是否對孩子進行表揚,關鍵看孩子努力的過程而非結果,父母應該視其每一次努力的情況給予恰當?shù)谋頁P。全文共4段,語篇結構簡單清晰,主旨句明顯。每一段就是一個意義段,因此確定需歸納的要點應該為4個。下面我們分段落剖析。第一段:第一句首先揭示現(xiàn)狀:父母隨時隨地表揚孩子。第二句通過引用作家Jenn

Berman的話來表達對父母無時無刻表揚孩子的觀點加以評論,其意思是:幾十年前,父母對孩子要求過于嚴格,而今天我們走向了另一個極端。第三句說,父母認為多表揚孩子能培養(yǎng)他們的自信心,但事實上可能事與愿違。這是一個總結性的結論,是本段的主旨句。第四句作者再次強調(diào)自己的觀點:過多不誠懇的表揚會讓孩子害怕自己的表現(xiàn)不能達到父母的期望,從而不敢冒險嘗試新鮮事物。第二段:第一句強調(diào)不要走向另一個極端。第二句是主旨句,點明另一個極端:不肯表揚孩子,這和過多的表揚同樣會產(chǎn)生不良影響。第三句說明不良影響的具體表現(xiàn):孩子們會感覺自己做得不夠好,或者你根本不在乎,這樣,他們會感覺為了取得好的成績?nèi)ジ冻雠σ矝]有什么意義。第三段:第一句首先提出疑問:怎樣給予表揚才是合適的呢?然后借助于專家的觀點:表揚的質(zhì)量比數(shù)量更重要。這是本段的主旨句。第三句進一步闡述該觀點:假如表揚是虔誠的,關注孩子的努力而不是結果,那么,可以在孩子做了值得表揚的事情時及時口頭表揚。最后引用Donahue的話,強調(diào)父母應該看重孩子努力的過程,而非結果。第四段:前兩句提出:你兒子也許不是籃球隊里面最好的運動員,但是假如他每天都在外面努力打球,那么,不管他的球隊輸了還是贏了比賽,你都應該表揚他的付出。第三句指出,表揚努力的過程而不是結果也意味著當他們努力清掃庭院、做飯或完成讀書報告時,你也要認可他們的努力。最后一句是本段主旨句,總結作者觀點:表揚應該視情況而定,你的表揚應該與孩子們付出的努力相符合?！緦懽魉悸贰扛乓獙懽髯钣行У霓k法就是提煉主旨句,刪除細節(jié),用簡明、精練的語言對主旨句進行替換加工,然后使用語句間的連接成分,使之成為一篇結構緊湊,完全使用了自己的語言的內(nèi)容概要。通過對語篇的分析,我們刪除了短文中的細節(jié)、例證等細枝末節(jié),確定了每段的主旨句,要點已經(jīng)明確。下面就要用自己的語言準確地轉述各段的要點。為避免和原文的句子重復,我們要使用詞匯替換、詞性改變、轉換句式等各種形式,對原文要點進行轉述表達。第一段主旨句Bygivingkidsalotofpraise,parentsthinkthey’rebuildingtheirchildren’sconfidence,when,infact,itmaybejusttheopposite.(段中)Bygivingkidsalotofpraise,parentsthinkthey’rebuildingtheirchildren’sconfidence,when,infact,itmaybejusttheopposite.(段中)要點變式表達①Parentsbelievethatpraisingcanhelpcreatechildren’sconfidencewhiletoomuchpraisemayresultinoppositeeffects.(改變句子表達方式;用believe代替think;create替換build;toomuch替換alotof;改變opposite詞性)②Nowadays,parentstendtooffertoomuchpraisetotheirchildren,hopingtoboosttheirconfidence,butitmayproducetheoppositeeffect.(運用tendtooffer替代bygiving介詞短語;用boost替代build;運用非謂語動詞hoping...,語言簡練;用producetheoppositeeffect改變opposite詞性)第二段主旨句Notgivingenoughpraisecanbejustasdamagingasgivingtoomuch.(段中)Notgivingenoughpraisecanbejustasdamagingasgivingtoomuch.(段中)要點變式表達①Kidsmayfeeldiscouragedwhennotgivenenoughpraise.(改變句式,用“連詞+非謂語動詞”,語言簡練;用feeldiscouraged替換bejustasdamagingas;用notgiven替代notgiving,更加靈活)②However,lackingpraisealsodoesharmtothechildren.(改變句式,語言簡練;用lack替換notgivingenough;用doesharmto替換bedamaging)③However,praisingthemtoolittlecanbeharmfulaswell.(改變句式,改變praise的詞性;用toolittle替換notenough;用harmful替代damaging)第三段主旨句Expertssaythatthequalityofpraiseismoreimportantthanthequantity.(段中)Expertssaythatthequalityofpraiseismoreimportantthanthequantity.(段中)要點變式表達①Accordingtoexperts,itisthequalityofpraiseratherthanquantitythatmatters,andparentsshouldfocusonefforts.(運用了增分句式itis...ratherthan...thatmatters,句式升級;用accordingtoexperts替換expertssay)②Therefore,expertsclaimthatpraiseshouldbegivenfortheprocessnottheresult.(用高級詞匯claim代替say;用process表達quantity的含義;用result代替quality的含義)第四段主旨句Butwhateveritis,praiseshouldbegivenonacase-by-casebasisandbeproportionate(相稱的)totheamountofeffortyourchildhasputintoit.(段尾)Butwhateveritis,praiseshouldbegivenonacase-by-casebasisandbeproportionate(相稱的)totheamountofeffortyourchildhasputintoit.(段尾)要點變式表達①Praiseoffersrecognition,butparentsareexpectedtopraisekidsonareasonablebasisinaccordancewithkids’amountofefforts.(刪除細節(jié),改變句式;用areasonablebasis替換acase-by-casebasis;用inaccordancewith替換proportionate)②Meanwhile,kidsdodeservepraiseiftheystrivetodotheirdutybuttheamountofpraiseshoulddependonhowhardtheywork.(改變句式結構;巧用銜接詞meanwhile;用deserve替換shouldbegiven,用高級詞匯strive替換theamountofeffort,語言精練)③Theyaresupposedtogivepraiseaccordingtohowmuchefforttheirkidshavemadetodothejob.(高度概括;用besupposedto替換should;運用定語從句)【范文欣賞1】Parentsbelievethatpraisingcanhelpcreatechildren’sconfidencewhiletoomuchpraisemayresultinoppositeeffects.(要點1)Kidsmayfeeldiscouragedwhennotgivenenoughpraise.(要點2)Accordingtoexperts,itisthequalityofpraiseratherthanquantitythatmatters,andparentsshouldfocusonefforts.(要點3)Praiseoffersrecognition,butparentsareexpectedtopraisekidsonareasonablebasisinaccordancewithkids’amountofefforts.(要點4)【范文欣賞2】Nowadays,parentstendtooffertoomuchpraisetotheirchildren,hopingtoboosttheirconfidence,butitmayproducetheoppositeeffect.(要點1)However,lackingpraisealsodoesharmtothechildren.(要點2)Therefore,expertsclaimthatpraiseshouldbegivenfortheprocessnottheresult.(要點3)Meanwhile,kidsdodeservepraiseiftheystrivetodotheirdutybuttheamountofpraiseshoulddependonhowhardtheywork.(要點4)【簡要點評】這兩篇概要對原文理解都很準確,完全包括原文中的四個要點,結構清晰,一目了然。兩篇文章都準確地運用了連接成分,如:accordingtoexperts,but,however,therefore,meanwhile等,使全文意思連貫,結構緊湊。詞匯和語法結構使用準確,運用了豐富的表達方式,如:whiletoomuchpraisemayresultinoppositeeffects中,while表示對比轉折,非常靈活;whennotgivenenoughpraise用“連詞+非謂語動詞”表達更加簡練;運用增分句式itis...ratherthan...thatmatters;用非謂語動詞hopingtoboosttheirconfidence作狀語等。這兩篇文章都做到了要點的獨立性表達,能完全使用自己的語言,通過改變句式,運用同義替換、詞性轉換等形式,準確表達原文意思。例如:Butwhateveritis,praiseshouldbegivenonacase-by-casebasisandbeproportionate(相稱的)totheamountofeffortyourchildhasputintoit.改為Meanwhile,kidsdodeservepraiseiftheystrivetodotheirdutybuttheamountofpraiseshoulddependonhowhardtheywork.在句子信息量很大的情況下依然能用自己的語言靈活轉換。所運用的詞匯和句型足能看出這兩位考生的遣詞造句能力和深厚的英語語言功底。因此,這兩篇習作都屬于第五檔作文。Part3強化細節(jié)微技能1句子提升一、同義轉換

概要寫作的語言表達要靈活,不能簡單地照搬原句,而是要用自己的話進行轉換。這就要求考生要有豐富的語言功底,盡可能多地掌握能夠進行語言轉換的詞匯、短語或者句式來豐富自己的表達。多數(shù)的可轉換的詞匯之間有一些細微的差別,它們的側重點不一樣,在實際運用中,還要根據(jù)不同的語境選擇最恰當?shù)脑~?！粼~匯的轉換1.常用名詞(詞組)的轉換方法way,method,approach,means困難difficulty,challenge,barrier問題problem,question,trouble,issue事情thing,matter,affair,business機會chance,opportunity,occasion目標

goal,target,aim責任duty,responsibility發(fā)展development,progress,advance職業(yè)job,career,employment,profession優(yōu)勢advantage,merit,virtue,benefit,strength,strongpoint劣勢disadvantage,shortcoming,weakness,drawback,downside,limitation,weakpoint2.重點動詞(短語)的轉換認為think,consider,insist知道know,realize,beawareof,learnabout相信believe(in),havefaithin,trust,beconvincedof使用use,apply,employ完成finish,achieve,accomplish,complete獲得gain,get,acquire,attain,obtain提供offer,provide,supply,afford鼓勵encourage,motivate,stimulate,inspire發(fā)生happen,occur,takeplace,comeabout同意agree,approve,consent要求request,demand,require,claim影響influence,impact,affect表明show,suggest,imply,indicate,demonstrate導致leadto,bringabout,resultin,giveriseto,contributeto3.描繪性形容詞的轉換好的good,excellent,outstanding,favorable壞的bad,awful,terrible,negative,harmful大的big,massive,huge,enormous,giant,vast小的small,tiny富的rich,wealthy,well-off窮的poor,needy有益的helpful,beneficial,rewarding,advantageous有害的harmful,damaging,destructive勇敢的brave,bold,courageous,fearless,daring害怕的afraid,frightened,scared,fearful嚴重的serious,severe困難的difficult,tough,challenging悲傷的sad,depressed,sorrowful,heartbroken高興的happy,delightful,glad,joyful,merry,cheerful重要的important,essential,significant,vital,crucial,critical漂亮的beautiful,charming,attractive,fascinating,pretty,eye-catching4.高頻副詞(短語)的轉換經(jīng)常often,regularly,frequently很少rarely,seldom,hardlyever起先firstly,originally,initially,tobeginwith然后then,subsequently,afterwards,thereafter最后lastly,ultimately,eventually,finally立刻immediately,shortly,rightnow,rightaway偶爾occasionally,attimes,nowandthen也also,too,aswell,likewise,either因為because,as,dueto,since,inthat非常very,exceedingly,extremely,highly目前now,atpresent,nowadays,recently忽然suddenly,allofasudden,allatonce當然certainly,definitely,undoubtedly但是however,nevertheless,while,yet大約approximately,about,around,roughly,almost平穩(wěn)地steadily,smoothly只有,僅僅only,just,merely,barely實際上actually,asamatteroffact,indeed,infact,truly完全地totally,completely,absolutely,entirely,fully因此so,therefore,thus,consequently,asaresult,inconsequence5.介詞(短語)和獨立成分等的轉換關于about,concerning,involving,regarding提前aheadoftime,aheadofschedule,inadvance例如forinstance,forexample,tonameonlyafew,suchas隨著時間的推移astimegoeson/by,withtimegoingon/by隨著……的到來withthecoming/approaching/arrivalof...在某種程度上tosomeextent,tosomedegree,inasense,inaway◆詞性的轉換在概要寫作中,學生若是不能完全用自己的語言轉換表達,可以通過詞性轉換法來改變原句中一些詞的詞性以避免照搬原文。例如:1.Theworkershaveproducedataveryhighrate.(名詞與動詞的轉換)Theworkershavespedupproduction.2.Wefounditdifficulttosolvethiscomplicatedproblem.(名詞與形容詞的轉換)Wefounddifficultyinsolvingthiscomplicatedproblem.3.Schoolbusesaresafefortheenvironment.(名詞與副詞的轉換)Schoolbusesareenvironmentallysafe.4.Thewhiteandtheblackshouldbeequallytreated.(形容詞與副詞的轉換;名詞與動詞的轉換)

Thewhiteandtheblackshouldreceiveequaltreatment.

5.Whathehadsaidleftadeepimpressiononme.(名詞與動詞的轉換;形容詞與副詞的轉換)

Hiswordsdeeplyimpressedme.

6.Itisabsolutelynecessarytothinkindependentlyinstudy.(形容詞與副詞的轉換;形容詞與名詞的轉換)

Independentthinkingisanabsolutenecessityinstudy.

◆句式的轉換在概要寫作中,恰當運用一些簡單的常用句式,來改變原文的句式,可以彰顯考生的綜合語言運用能力,提高文章的檔次。例如:1.時態(tài)的轉換(1)Thebusiscomingnow.(現(xiàn)在進行時)

Herecomesthebus.(一般現(xiàn)在時)(2)Hejoinedthearmytwoyearsago.(一般過去時)Hehasbeenasoldierfortwoyears.(現(xiàn)在完成時)

2.語態(tài)的轉換(1)Parentsshouldgivechildrenmorepraise.(主動語態(tài))Childrenshouldbegivenmorepraise.(被動語態(tài))

(2)Wearegoingtodiscussthisprobleminourclassmeeting.(主動語態(tài))Thisproblemisgoingtobediscussedinourclassmeeting.(被動語態(tài))

3.非謂語動詞代替句子(1)ItisdifficultandIcan’tfinishit.Ifinditdifficulttofinishit.(動詞不定式)

(2)Theyknowtheplananditwillbecarriedoutnextweek.Theyknowtheplantobecarriedoutnextweek.(動詞不定式的被動語態(tài))

(3)Whenyouarrive,youcansendmeamessage.Onarriving,youcansendmeamessage.(動詞-ing形式作賓語)(4)Theteacherwalkedoutofthelabandthechildrenfollowedher.Followedbythechildren,theteacherwalkedoutofthelab.(動詞-ed形式作狀語)(5)Thebookisveryinterestingandithasbeenpublishedrecently.Thebookpublishedrecentlyisveryinteresting.(動詞-ed

形式作定語)4.復合句來代替簡單句(1)Simonisourteacher.HewillleaveforJapannextweek.Simon,whoisourteacher,willleaveforJapannextweek.

(2)Pamelaisspokenhighlyof.Hercompositionwaswellwritten.Pamelawhosecompositionwaswellwrittenisspokenhighlyof.

(3)Iwon’tbelievewhatshesays.Nomatterwhatshesays,Iwon’tbelieve.

(4)Itwasacoldday.Therewasnobodyonthestreet.Itwassuchacolddaythattherewasnobodyonthestreet.(5)Tooursurprise,thelittleboyknowssomanythings.Whatsurprisesusisthatthelittleboyknowssomanythings.

(6)Hedidn’tturnupandwefeltdisappointed.Thefactthathedidn’tturnupmadeusfeeldisappointed.

5.使用虛擬語氣(1)Hesuggestedeatingoutforachangethisweekend.Hesuggestedthatwe(should)eatoutforachangethisweekend.

(2)Wedidn’thaveapleasantjourneybecauseoftherain.Butfortherain,wewouldhavehadapleasantjourney.

6.使用特殊句式(1)ThoughIamweak,I’llsparenoeffort.WeakasIam,I’llsparenoeffort.

(2)Icanhelptheoldladyonlyinthisway.OnlyinthiswaycanIhelptheoldlady.

(3)Thefirststepmatters.Itisthefirststepthatmatters.

(4)Ididn’trealizehowmuchtimeIhadwasteduntilIbegantowork.ItwasnotuntilIbegantoworkthatIrealizedhowmuchtimeIhadwasted.

二、巧妙使用銜接詞要想清晰地概括出文章中的邏輯關系,就要恰當巧妙地使用銜接詞,這些銜接詞會為你得高分助一臂之力。1.表示并列或遞進的14種高分銜接單詞:additionally;furthermore;besides;moreover短語:inadditionto;aswellas;alongwith;worsestill;apartfrom結構:what’sworse;tomakemattersworse;what’smore;both...and...;notonly...butalso...2.表示因果的30種高分銜接表示原因的連詞:because;as;for;since表示原因的短語和結構:becauseof;dueto;owingto;thanksto;inthat;nowthat;asaresultof;thecauseof;forfearthat;thereasonfor;seeingthat;onereasonisthat...表示結果的副詞:therefore;thus;consequently;hence;accordingly表示結果的短語和結構:resultin;theeffectof;theconsequenceof;causing+n.;leadingto+n.;resultingin+n.注意:以下是動詞短語contributeto;haveaneffecton;owesthto3.表示轉折的25種高分銜接單詞:but;however;nevertheless;yet;although;otherwise;instead;despite短語:onthecontrary;differfrom;differentfrom;evenso;eventhough;inspiteof;bycontrast;incontrast結構:nomatterwho(what/when/where);inspiteofthefactthat...隱含轉折或否定意義的詞:unlike;actually;unfortunately;unexpectedly;asamatteroffact;infact;indeed4.表示對比的10種高分銜接單詞:while;whereas;similarly;alike;resemble;meanwhile短語和結構:equallyimportant;atthesametime;ontheonehand...ontheotherhand...;foronething...foranother...5.表示順序、程度等的43種高分銜接首先:first;firstofall;atfirst;inthefirstplace;primarily;initially肯定:certainly;definitely;undoubtedly;obviously;apparently;inevitably;essentially;interestingly;surely;certainly程度:totally;entirely;considerably;relatively最近情況:recently;inrecentyears;theseyears;presently;lately;currently總結:onthewhole;inconclusion;inaword;tosumup;inshort;inbelief;toconclude;ingeneral;generallyspeaking;significantly;aboveall;inanycase;anyway;aboveall;infact;especially;mostimportantly微技能2篇章提升一、高度概括概要寫作評分標準第五檔要求,“理解準確,涵蓋全部要點”。用有限的字數(shù)涵蓋全部要點就需要高度概括。高度概括除了把事物的共同點歸納總結外,還要簡明扼要。部分學生概要寫作得分低,主要原因是不會概括。他們只是照抄了原文中的個別句子,或者句子的一部分,不能用自己的話凝練表達。要學會概括,首先要學會尋找主題句。尋找主題句時,要注意以下小技巧:①轉折詞語后面的部分,有可能是主題句;②段首出現(xiàn)疑問時,回答部分可能是主題句;③作者有意識重復強調(diào)的觀點,往往是主旨;反復出現(xiàn)的詞語,往往是體現(xiàn)主旨的關鍵詞;④表示總結或者結論的句子常包含therefore,inshort;conclude;thus等。下面我們從段落開始,通過具體案例,來學習、感悟、掌握尋找主題句并進行概括。1.如何尋找主題句?案例①Accordingtomostpeople,afteralongperiodofstudyingorworking,weneedtohavearesttorefreshourselves.②However,thatmaynotbethecase.③Accordingtoarecentreport,youdon’tneedthebreakasmuchasyoumaythink.詳細解析:轉折詞語后面的部分,有可能是主題句。本段第一句話闡述了一種觀點:大多數(shù)人認為,經(jīng)過長時間的學習或工作后,我們需要休息來恢復精神。第二句,However之后,引出本段主題:事實可能并非如此。第三句是對上述表述的闡釋:根據(jù)最近的一份報告,你并不像你想象的那樣需要休息。因此,需要將前兩句進行整合。參考表達:Havingaresttorefreshyourselfisnotsoessentialasmanypeoplethink.簡要解析:將“經(jīng)過長時間的學習或工作后,我們需要休息來恢復精神”這種現(xiàn)象用“Having

a

rest

to

refresh

yourself”來概括,用“not

so

essential

as...”替換“may

not

be

the

case”,用自己的語言進行概括,高度提煉段落大意。2.主題句在段首案例①Morethanthreebillionpeopleareatriskfromindoorairpollutionbecauseoftheheatingorcookingfuelstheyuse.②MostliveinAfrica,IndiaandChina.③Theyusewood,cropwaste,animalwasteorcoal.④Thesesolidfuelsmaybetheleastcostlyfuelsavailable.⑤Buttheyarealsoamajorcauseofhealthproblemsanddeath.詳細解析:段落中第一句話表示超過30億人因為使用的燃料而處于室內(nèi)空氣污染的危險之中。第二句話具體闡述的是這些人來自哪些國家。第三句話具體闡述他們使用的是什么燃料。第四句話闡述了他們使用的原因——廉價。第五句話表明雖然廉價,但是會帶來健康問題甚至死亡。因此判斷第一句為主題句,后面的為支撐句。參考表達:Manypeoplearesufferingfromtheindoorairpollutioncausedbycheapfuels.簡要解析:用“Many

people”概括“More

than

three

billion

people”,用“are

suffering

from”替換“are

at

risk

from”,用“air

pollution

caused

by

cheap

fuels”概括“indoor

air

pollution

because

of

the

heating

or

cooking

fuels

they

use”和“These

solid

fuels

may

be

the

least

costly

fuels

available.”,用高度概括與替換的手法進行整合概括。3.主題句在段末案例①In2002,anAustralianmanwenttohisfriend’s21stbirthdayparty.②Hegotdrunk,felloffsomestepsandcuthislip.③Hetookapictureofhisinjuriesandshareditwithhisfriendsonline.④“Andsorryaboutthefocus,”hewrote,“itwasaselfie(自拍).”⑤Thatwasthefirstrecordeduseoftheword“selfie”,accordingtosomeexpertsatOxfordDictionaries.詳細解析:本段介紹“自拍”的起源。段落第一句話表示一位澳大利亞男子參加朋友的生日聚會。第二句話表示他喝得酩酊大醉,磕破了嘴唇。第三句話表示他拍了張負傷的照片,傳到了網(wǎng)絡上與朋友分享。第四句話表示他說這是張“自拍”。第五句話表示這是“自拍”一詞最早出現(xiàn)的記錄。前面幾句是敘述“自拍”一詞出現(xiàn)的具體事例,引出總結性主題句,主題句在段末。參考表達:Theword“selfie”wasfirstusedbyanAustralianmanin2002.簡要解析:用“The

word

‘selfie’

was

first

used...”被動句來表達主題句,高度概括,省去具體描述事件的詞語。4.主題句在段中案例①Untilthe1960s,mostFinnishstudentsleftschoolaftersixyears.②Inthemiddleofthe1960s,theFinnishgovernmentsawtheneedtochangeandmodernizetheireducationalsystemiftheywantedtobeinternationallycompetitive.③Lawmakersmadeasimpledecision:abasicschoolforallthe7-to-16-year-olds.④Compulsory(義務的)educationbeginsat7.⑤Thegovernmentmakesitpossibleforallchildrentoattendpreschoolaswell.詳細解析:段落第一句話闡述的是一種現(xiàn)象:大多數(shù)芬蘭學生入學六年后就會輟學。第二句話表明芬蘭政府意識到了改變這種現(xiàn)象的重要性及重要措施。第三句話講述的是芬蘭政府的決定:為所有7到16歲的孩子建立一所基礎學校。段落中體現(xiàn)重要決策的,往往為主題句。因此,此處為主題句。第四句話表示義務教育開始的年齡。第五句話表示政府盡可能讓所有的孩子都能上學前班。都是對第三句進行的補充。參考表達:TheFinnishgovernmentmadelawstoensurethecompulsoryeducation.簡要解析:用“The

Finnish

government”替換“Lawmakers”,用“made

laws”替換“made

a

simple

decision”,將芬蘭政府具體的政策高度概括為“the

compulsory

education”,簡潔明了。5.提煉主題句案例Inrecentyears,theactoftakingapictureofoneselfwithamobilephone,placingthesubjectcenter-stage,haswongreatpopularitywitheveryonefromBritain’sQueenElizabethⅡtoU.S.Presidentjoiningin.詳細解析:整段就是一個長句。近年來,用手機自拍照片,在屏幕中間設置主題相片的行為越來越流行,甚至英國女王伊麗莎白二世及美國總統(tǒng)也加入了這一行列。概括時只需要用簡潔的語言來表達。參考表達:Today,moreandmorepeoplearecrazyabouttakingselfies,includingsomefamouspeople.簡要解析:使用“Today”代替短語“In

recent

years”,用短語“take

selfies”概括從句“the

act

of

taking

a

picture

of

oneself

with

a

mobile

phone,placing

the

subject

center-stage”,將“everyone

from

Britain’s

Queen

Elizabeth

Ⅱ

to

U.S.President”高度概括為“some

famous

people”,使用詞組代替整句或從句更簡潔。二、刪除細節(jié)在概要寫作中,我們首先要學會辨別哪些是概括性語言,哪些是細節(jié)性語言。能恰當?shù)貏h除細節(jié)、刪除具體例子更容易把握主旨大意。那么,細節(jié)主要包括哪些方面呢?通常情況下,具體的描述性語言、事例、數(shù)據(jù)、論據(jù)、重復強調(diào)的觀點,往往都是細節(jié)。在概括主旨時,往往都要考慮刪除。下面,我們通過具體案例來感悟、掌握如何刪除細節(jié)。1.刪除描繪性語言案例①Scientistshavelongassumedthatwillpowerisalimitedresource,whichiswhyyoufeeltheneedtohavearest,haveasnackandthengetbacktotaskwhenyouarefeelingbetter.②Theyarguethattheonlywayyourbodyrestoreswillpowerisbyrest,foodorentertainment.詳細解析:本段第一句表示長期以來,科學家們一直認為意志力是一種有限的資源,這就是為什么你覺得有必要休息一下,吃點東西,然后當你感覺好些時再繼續(xù)工作。第二句表示身體恢復意志力的唯一方式是休息、進食或者娛樂。本段主旨需要刪除細節(jié),并將兩句話進行概括。參考表達:Willpower,assumedtobealimitedresource,isthoughttoberegainedbyrest,food,aswellasentertainment.簡要解析:第一句刪除描述性的語言“which

is

why

you

feel

the

need

to

have

a

rest,have

a

snack

and

then

get

back

to

task

when

you

are

feeling

better”,用willpower作主語,刪除重復的內(nèi)容,運用同位語及被動語態(tài)的手法,有效地將兩個句子連接起來,使得其邏輯意思更為連貫與簡潔。2.刪除事例與數(shù)據(jù)等案例①AprovechohasnowpartneredwithastovemanufacturerinChina.②ThecompanyismakingAprovecho’sfirstmass-producedstoves.③Theyaresaidtouse40%-50%lesswoodthananopenfire,andproduce50%-70%lesssmoke.④AcompanycalledStoveTecissellingthemthroughitswebsiteforlessthantendollars.⑤DeanStillsaysthatmorethanonehundredthousandhavebeensoldsofar.詳細解析:段落中第一句話表示Aprovecho現(xiàn)在與中國的一家爐具制造商合作。第二句話表示該公司正在制造Aprovecho首批量產(chǎn)的爐具。第三句話表示它們比明火少用40%-50%的木材,少產(chǎn)生50%-70%的煙霧。第四句話表示一家名為StoveTec的公司在其網(wǎng)站上以不到10美元的價格出售這些產(chǎn)品。第五句話表示到目前為止其銷量已經(jīng)超過10萬。后面幾句是具體的數(shù)字與例子的描寫,因此,主題句在段首。參考表達:NowAprovechohasachievedthegoalandthenewstovesmadebyitsChinesepartneraresaidtobesellingprettywell.簡要解析:用“has

achieved

the

goal”高度概括“Aprovecho

has

now

partnered

with

a

stove

manufacturer

in

China.The

company

is

making

Aprovecho’s

first

mass-produced

stoves.”;用“selling

pretty

well”高度概括數(shù)量表達“more

than

one

hundred

thousand

have

been

sold

so

far”,刪除具體數(shù)字“They

are

said

to

use

40%-50%

less

wood

than

an

open

fire,and

produce

50%-70%

less

smoke.”;刪除具體例子“A

company

called

StoveTec

is

selling

them

through

its

website

for

less

than

ten

dollars.”,把握主旨大意。Part4跟蹤訓練1閱讀下面短文,根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Travelingisanescapefromtheroutineandprovidesphysicalandmentalbenefits.Travelingletsyougetawayfromwhatmakesyoutired,regardlessofthetypeoftripyouchoose.Ontheotherhand,wefeelhappywhenvisitingtouristattractions,walkingonthebeachorswimminginthepool.Ifwetravelwithfamily,besidesthesebenefits,wecanalsoaddthefactthatwespendourmostprecioustimewithpeoplewelovemostintheworld.Andnotjustthat!Familytravelhasmoreadvantages.Thepaceoflifethatmostpeopleleadtodaymakesitimpossibleforustospendallthetimewithourfamily.Totakeawaythatsenseofguiltandmakethemostofthetimewithourfamily,itisbesttospenddaysonholidaywiththem.Inaddition,spendingalmost24hoursadaywithyourfamilywillhelptostrengthentiesandknowyourchildrenbetter.Asmentioned,travelinghasnumerousbenefits,sodonotthinkonlyforadults.Infact,thankstothesmalleronesofthehouse,tourswillnotonlybegoodtimeswiththefamily,butmaketherelationshipdevelopemotionallyandsocially.Travelingwithchildrenalsohasmanyadvantagesforadults.Forexample,youwillseetheworldwithoutprejudiceandfindexperiencesthatyouhaveforgotten:thebeautyofacrystalstone,themysteryofacave,thedipsinthepool...Ofcourse,youwillenjoymuchseeingyourchild’sfaceinsurprisetodiscovernewplaces.Inaddition,itwillhelpyouunderstandtheideathatyoucanlivewithoutTVandvideogam