-如何進行大學(xué)階段的英語學(xué)習(xí)

如何進行

大學(xué)階段的英語學(xué)習(xí)徐錦芬教授華中科技大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院引言1)以學(xué)生為中心的教育理念使培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的自主學(xué)習(xí)能力(autonomouslearning)成為近20年來高等教育中一個很重要的目標和內(nèi)容。2)開展學(xué)生的自主學(xué)習(xí)能力是教學(xué)模式改革成功的一個重要標志。3)學(xué)習(xí)者的個體差異使我們意識到只有通過培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的自主學(xué)習(xí)能力才能使學(xué)習(xí)者的學(xué)習(xí)效果到達最正確。英語學(xué)習(xí)中的常見誤區(qū):1〕把五種技能學(xué)習(xí)變成單一的看懂〔“懂得了”不等于“掌握了”〕。2〕把知識當(dāng)成技能3〕速成心理4〕對教師的依賴5〕缺乏系統(tǒng)性6〕大學(xué)階段感覺不到進步，甚至感覺退步了成功英語學(xué)習(xí)者必須具備的要素：1〕興趣interest2〕方法method3〕自信心self-confidence4〕決心determination5〕毅力〔持之以恒〕perseverence6〕求知欲curiosity提綱１.制訂明確的學(xué)習(xí)目標和方案２.合理安排外語學(xué)習(xí)時間３.注重教材學(xué)習(xí)與課外學(xué)習(xí)相結(jié)合4.不斷進行階段性反思與總結(jié)5.側(cè)重提高英語表達能力

１.制訂明確的學(xué)習(xí)目標和方案

(1)Long-termplansandshort-termplans(2)Don’tbetooambitious２.合理安排外語學(xué)習(xí)時間

(1)SettingasidesufficienttimeforEnglishlearningeveryday

(2)Makingfulluseoftheafter-dinnertime

聚沙成塔

Manygrainsofsandpiledupwillmakeapagoda.

水滴石穿

Drippingwaterwearsthroughrock

(3)

LearningEnglishforrelaxation３.注重教材學(xué)習(xí)與課外學(xué)習(xí)相結(jié)合防止兩個極端:(1)beingconfinedtotextbook(2)overemphasizingout-of-classreadings1)Howtolearntextbook

Before-classPreview→In-classdiscussion→After-classReview課前預(yù)習(xí)培養(yǎng)自己的閱讀理解能力→課堂討論培養(yǎng)自己的英語交際能力→課后復(fù)習(xí)穩(wěn)固延伸所學(xué)的各種語言知識、文化知識。2〕WhattolearnafterclassbesidestextbookPrinciplesforchoosingmaterials〔1〕Interest興趣〔2〕Linguisticallyappropriate語言難度適中〔3〕Booksnottoothick,articlesnottoolong書不要太厚，文章不要太長〔4〕Largeamountofreading閱讀量要大(量多/內(nèi)容廣)Typesofreading/listeningmaterials(1)Othertextbooks(2)EnglishmagazinesandnewspapersChinaDaily很全面,有些難度21stCentury貼近學(xué)生生活Star上海出版,主要是文化內(nèi)容(如音樂會/時尚/廣告等)BeijingReviews周報,適合中等水平者ChinaToday月刊,廣州出版,介紹中國Times詞匯量大(3)Materialsfromwebsites普特英語聽力://360abc世博英語英語點津(4)BritishandAmericanliteratureworks

例如：“Asthesunsetburns〔太陽下山時的壯觀景色〕overthehillsinalmostunbearablebeauty,astheseaturnssilver,andthefirststarshangabove〔更增加了小島晚景的迷人之處〕thedarkslopesofGroaghaun,yousigh…thenyousighagain〔既表達了對景色的贊嘆之心，又表達了依依惜別之情〕.Itisoneofthoseplaceswhichamanlocksupinhisheart,promisinghimselfthatsomedayhewillgobackthere---someday.”3〕Howtodealwithnewwordsinthereadingmaterials(1)看生詞--是否影響對上下文的理解。如果不,說明不重要,至少在當(dāng)時的語境中。--是否屢次出現(xiàn)(highrepetition)。出現(xiàn)頻率越高越重要。--是否“似曾相識”。對英語學(xué)習(xí)者來說,英語詞匯有三類:很熟悉、似曾相識、根本不認識。(2)趣味性原那么(3)以動詞、名詞、修飾詞為先后順序的原那么(inorderofv./n./modifiersuchasadj.&adv.)(4〕猜測詞義：利用上下文、同義反義詞等Finallytheenemysurrendered.Theythrewouttheirweaponsandwalkedoutofthehousewiththeirhandsabovetheirhead.InoticedthereweremanystudentswhospokemuchbetterthanIdid.Ibegantofeelintimidated.SoonceagainIwasafraidtospeak.4.不斷進行階段性反思與總結(jié)

(1)writingjournals

(2)peerdiscussionorteacher-studentdiscussion5.側(cè)重提高英語表達能力1)我國學(xué)生在用英語表達時普遍存在的問題(1)想表達的東西用英文表達不出來〔詞不達意〕,或總用一個詞表示.(2)句型、時態(tài)混亂.(3)前言不搭后語,或上下文不連貫.(4)講出或?qū)懗龅挠⒄Z中式味道很濃.(5)所用的英語缺乏色彩，沒有生命力.2)導(dǎo)致英語表達能力差的原因(1)沒有養(yǎng)成說英語寫英語想英語的習(xí)慣(2)語音、語調(diào)、重音、停頓不正確Icorrectmystudents’papers.Icollectmystudents’papers.Womanwithouthermanisnothing(3)平時學(xué)習(xí)英語時對精彩生動的語言描述不夠敏感，例如：這教訓(xùn)使我難以忘懷。Thislessonmademerememberforever/neverforget.Thislessonisdeeplyrootedinmymind.她臉紅了，讓我看穿了她的心思。Herredfacemademeseethroughhermind.Herredfacetoldmewhatshewasthinking.(4)受傳統(tǒng)應(yīng)試教學(xué)的影響，擅長做題、考試，但不會運用〔如：背單詞〕

3〕具體措施〔1〕語音語調(diào)根本功訓(xùn)練學(xué)習(xí)英語首先要重視語音語調(diào)，不求完美，但要根本正確。否那么，將不僅影響聽力及口語，還會影響整個英語學(xué)習(xí)，更談不上語感的培養(yǎng)?！?〕掌握詞匯學(xué)習(xí)方法〔3〕加強口語訓(xùn)練〔4〕加強寫作和漢譯英訓(xùn)練〔5〕做有心人〔6〕學(xué)會用英英或英漢雙解詞典

〔2〕掌握詞匯學(xué)習(xí)的方法(a)注意不同詞性及其搭配例１：affect,effectHowdoyouthinkthechangeswillaffectyou?(不是affectonyou)Whateffectdoyouthinkthechangeswillhaveonyou?例2：solve,solutionsolveaproblem,但是findasolutiontoaproblem(b)注意詞類之間的聯(lián)想和搭配例:參加考試:takeanexam參加俱樂部:joinaclub報名參加網(wǎng)球比賽:enterforatennismatch你不想?yún)⒓游覀兊木W(wǎng)球比賽嗎？Won’tyoujoinusinatennismatch?你愿意參加我們星期五的晚會嗎？WouldyouliketocometoourpartyonFridaynight?詞類之間的聯(lián)想分為一般聯(lián)想和特殊聯(lián)想兩種。一般聯(lián)想：例:acquireknowledge,seekadvice,developone’stalents特殊聯(lián)想：blacktea是“紅茶”，而不是“黑茶”。smallpotato是“小人物”，而不是一種“小土豆”。fatchance是“微小的時機”，而不是“很大的時機”friendlycamera是“傻瓜照相機”，而不是什么“友好照相機”。(c)注意專題聯(lián)想和詞語的搭配如：與人物外貌的描寫有關(guān)的詞語stronglybuiltamanofstrongbuildsixfeetinheightamanofmediumheightShehasaslimfigure.(d)同義聯(lián)想和詞語的搭配〔略〕(e)反義聯(lián)想和詞語的搭配〔略)〔f〕防止使用“大”詞、生僻詞，要用好“小”詞、常用詞〔尤其那些一詞多義的詞〕heavysea波濤洶涌的海面/大海aheavystorm/rain狂風(fēng)暴雨heavytraffic擁擠的交通heavyfood不易消化的食物heavyroads泥滑難走的路I’maheavysleeper.He’saheavysmoker〔3〕加強口語訓(xùn)練〔幾個步驟〕出聲朗讀口語課文、精讀課文或其他容易上口的讀物。每天抽一點時間放聲朗讀，使自己聽得見自己的聲音，漸漸做到流利、順暢。在朗讀的根底上選擇容易上口而且有較強實用性的課文或段落進行背誦，也要求出聲背。在背誦的根底上對一篇課文、一個故事或一段對話的內(nèi)容用自己的話復(fù)述出來，用自己掌握的詞匯和語法把一段事講清楚，這時已背熟的東西往往會自動跳出來幫你講故事。提倡自言自語，自問自答〔靈活，可靠，有效〕〔4〕加強寫作和漢譯英訓(xùn)練寫作時學(xué)會使用具體的詞匯來代替籠統(tǒng)的詞匯如，下文通過一系列對bodylanguage的具體描寫來說明人們的緊張狀態(tài)：Imagineafewpeoplesittinginawaitingroom:oneistappinghisfingersonhisbriefcase,anotherkeepsrubbinghishandstogether,anotherisbitinghisfingernails,stillanothergrabsthearmsofhischairtightlyandonekeepsrunninghisfingersthroughhishair.而不是籠統(tǒng)的描寫：Allthepeopleinthewaitingroomareverynervous.

再如，(1)TheMarinewrappedhisstrongfingersaroundtheoldman’slimpones,squeezingamessageofloveandencouragement.而不是：

TheMarineheldtheoldman’shands,tellinghimhowmuchhelovedhim.

(2)Hestruggledwiththebigrocklyinginthemiddleoftheroad,lifteditwithallhisstrengthandgotitoutofthewayjustbeforethetrainflashedbywithafullloadoffreight..而不是：

Hetriedhisbesttomove

thebigrocklyinginthemiddleoftheroad,andfinallygotitoutofthewayjustbeforethetrainwentbywithafullloadoffreight.

再如，

Ayoungwomanwascomingtowardme,herfigurelongandslim.Hergoldenhairlaybackincurlsfromherdelicateears;hereyeswereblueasflowers.Herlipsandchinhadagentlefirmness. Awomanwellpast40,shehadgrayinghairpinnedupunderawornhat. Shewasmorethanalittleoverweight,herthick-ankledfeetthrustintolow-heeledshoes.漢譯英時應(yīng)注意的問題1〕翻譯時一定要考慮語境〔context〕一次性用品singlesexproduct(disposablesupplies)人山人海peoplemountainpeoplesea(crowded)“你接/抓得真準”Youcaughttheballverywell/accurately.我們完成了將傷員送往醫(yī)院的任務(wù)。Wehavecompletedthetaskofsendingthewoundedtothehospital.2〕注意漢英兩種語言的區(qū)別如：(1)漢語：多用動詞表達動意英語：用動詞或非動詞表達動意例如：我投票支持了班長的提議。Ivotedforthemonitor'sproposal.〔介詞表示動意〕我支持他參加俱樂部。Isupportedhiminhisjoiningaclub.〔介詞表示動意〕他一向很支持我們的工作。He'sbeenverysupportiveofourwork.〔形容詞表示動意〕(2)漢語：少用結(jié)構(gòu)詞，并列結(jié)構(gòu)多英語：多用結(jié)構(gòu)詞，語法結(jié)構(gòu)性強例如：WhenIwentintotheroom,Isawhimreading.〔When結(jié)構(gòu)詞，但中文一般不說“當(dāng)我......時”)學(xué)校決定精簡機構(gòu)，減少學(xué)科。Theschooldecidedtostreamlinetheorganizationbyreducingthesubjects〔5〕做有心人注重日常話題或生活中常見行為的英文表達〔略〕注意收集與自己生活愛好有關(guān)的表達法熱水瓶被子(鋪~)床墊床單(涼~)雙層床牙膏節(jié)約用水停電干杯食堂排隊排長隊插隊thermosquilt(spreadone’s~)mattresssheet(airthe~)double-deckbedtoothpasteusewaterwiselyhaveapowerfailurecheers/bottomsupcanteenline/queueupstandinalongqueuejumpthequeue我喜歡拉上被單把頭蒙住.Ilikedrawingthesheetupovermyhead.

活學(xué)活用Hisgreatness/layin

hisoutstandingabilities/tocombinethequalitiesofanoriginalscientist/withthoseofaforward-lookingindustrialist.Hisexcellencelayinhisoutstandingabilitiesto

combinethequalitiesofasciencestudentwiththoseofanartsstudent.HispopularitylayinhisabilitytospeakEnglishwellandhiswarm-heartednessinhelpinghisclassmateswiththeirspokenEnglish.〔6〕學(xué)會用英英或英漢雙解詞典詞典給讀者提供了多方面的信息:詞義﹑發(fā)音、詞類、詞的搭配、例句、文體(正式還是非正式)、貶褒義、同反義等。英英詞典例如，英語中insist,persist翻譯成漢語都可能是“堅持”，這樣的翻譯并不能準確說明它們的根本含義，英英詞典那么不然，它告訴你insist的意思是“tosayfirmlyandrepeatedlythatsomethingistrue,esp.whenotherpeoplethinkitmaynotbetrue”，persist的含義那么是“tocontinuetodosomething,althoughthisisdifficultorotherpeoplewarnyounottodoit”。

例1：LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish,3rdEdition(1995)〔1〕Symbols〔2〕Charts〔3〕UsageNote〔4〕Coloredpictures〔1〕symbols：〔2〕ChartsLongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglishLongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish(3)Usagenote:toshowWORDCHOICEtoshowCOLLOCATIONSToshowWORDFOCUSWORDCHOICE:big,large,great

bigandlarge

havethesamemeaning,butlargeisslightlymoreformalandmorelikelytobeusedinwrittenthanspokenEnglish:abiglunch

alargehouse

largeisusedwithquantitywordssuchas'number'and'amount':largeamountsofmoney

alargeproportionofthestudents

greatisnotusuallyusedtotalkaboutsizebutitcanbeusedinliterarywritingtodescribeverylargeandimpressivethings:Beforethemstoodagreatpalace.

greatisusedwithlength,height,andage,andintheexpressionagreatdeal(=alot):Thegrasshadreachedagreatheight.

agreatdealofmoney

LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish

WORDCHOICE:

big,tall,high

bigisnotusedjusttodescribeaperson'sheight.Itisusedtodescribeachildwhoisgrowing,orapersonwhoisheavy,withalotoffatormuscleontheirbody.

tall

isusedtodescribeaperson'sheight.Itcanalsobeusedtodescribetrees,buildings,orotherthingsthatarenarrowandmeasurealongdistancefrombottomtotop:Sheistallandthin.

thetallestbuildinginLondon

highisusedtodescribethingsorplacesthatarealongwayfromtheground:ahighshelf

thehighestmountainintheworldLongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglishCollocations:sb’sattentionisonsb/sthpayattention(tosb/sth)turnyourattentiontosb/sth(=startlisteningto,lookingat,orthinkingaboutsomething)give(your)attentiontosb/sth(=listento,lookat,orthinkaboutsomething,sothat

youcandealwithaproblem)sb’sfull/complete/undividedattentionkeepsb’sattentionclose/carefulattentionsb’sattentionwandersmay/couldIhaveyourattention?(=usedwhenaskingagroupofpeopletolistencarefullytoyou)Collocations:My

attentionwasn'treallyonthegame.

Shetriedtopayattentiontowhathewassaying.

Ifyoupaidmoreattention

inclass,youmightactuallylearnsomething!

Scottsatdownathisdeskandturnedhisattentiontothefilehehadinfrontofhim.

Asasocietyweneedtogivemoreattentiontotheneedsofolderpeople.

Nowhe'sgone,Ican

giveyoumyundividedattention.

Thisgameisfunandissuretokeeptheattentionof

anyyoungstudent.

Theylistenedtothespeechwithcloseattention.

Attentiontodetail

isessentialinthisjob.

DuringthelectureSarah's

attentionbegantowander.WORDFOCUS:AIRPORT

whatyoudoattheairport:Whenyouarriveattheairport,yougointotheterminalbuilding.Youcheckinforyourflightatthecheck-indesk.Youshowyourpassportatpassportcontrolandthengothroughsecurity,wheretheycheckthatyouarenotcarryinganyweapons.Ifyouhavetimeyoucanwaitforyourflightinthedeparturelounge.Whenyourflightiscalled,yougothroughthedeparturegateinordertogetontotheplane.Theplanethentakesofffromtherunway.Afteryourplanehaslanded,yougotothebaggagereclaimtocollectyourbags,thengothroughcustomsandimmigration,wheretheycheckyourpassportandyourbags.Youthengooutintothearrivalsareaoftheairport.LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglishDefinitions:Givenincompletesentencesinsteadofwordsandphrases.play(p.1258-59)例2：CollinsCobuildEnglishDictionary

(1995)

PlayWhenchildren,animal,orperhapsadultsplay,theyspendtimedoingenjoyablethings,suchasusingtoysandtakingpartingames.Whenyouplayasport,game,or