英語二歷年真題(自己)

2010textl

Thelongestbullruninacenturyofart-markethistoryendedonadramaticnotewithasale

of56worksbyDamienHirst,“BeautifulInsideMyHeadForever”,atSotheby'sinLondonon

September15th2008.Allbuttwopiecessold,fetchingmorethan￡70m,arecordforasaleby

asingleartist.Itwasalastvictory.Astheauctioneercalledoutbids,inNewYorkoneof

theoldestbanksonWallStreet,LehmanBrothers,filedforbankruptcy.

Theworldartmarkethadalreadybeenlosingmomentumforawhileafterrisingbewilderingly

since2003.Atitspeakin2007itwasworthsome$65billion,reckonsClareMcAndrew,founder

ofArtsEconomics,aresearchfirm-doublethefigurefiveyearsearlier.Sincethenitmayhave

comedownto$50billion.Butthemarketgeneratesinterestfarbeyonditssizebecauseitbrings

togethergreatwealth,enormousegos,greed,passionandcontroversyinawaymatchedbyfew

otherindustries.

IntheweeksandmonthsthatfollowedMrHirst,ssale,spendingofanysortbecamedeeply

unfashionable,especiallyinNewYork,wherethebail-outofthebankscoincidedwiththeloss

ofthousandsofjobsandthefinancialdemiseofmanyart-buyinginvestors.Intheartworld

thatmeantcollectorsstayedawayfromgalleriesandsalerooms.Salesofcontemporaryartfell

bytwo-thirds,andinthemostoverheatedsector一forChinesecontemporaryart一theyweredown

bynearly90%intheyeartoNovember2008.Withinweeksthewprld,stwobiggestauctionhouses,

Sotheby*sandChristie,s,hadtopayoutnearly$200minguaranteestoclientswhohadplaced

worksforsalewiththem.

ThecurrentdownturnintheartmarketistheworstsincetheJapanesestoppedbuying

Impressionistsattheendof1989,amovethatstartedthemostseriouscontractioninthemarket

sincetheSecondWorldWar.Thistimeexperts贏*eckon；違hatpricesardabout40%downontheir

peakonaverage,thoughsomehavebeenfarmgrefluctuant.ButEdwardDolman,Christie'schief

executive,says:"I'mprettyconfidentwe'reatthebottom.”

Whatmakesthisslumpdifferentfromthelast,hesays,isflRattherearestillbuyersinthe

market,whereasintheearly1990s,wjieninterestrateswerefiigh,therewasnodemandeventhough

manycollectorswantedtosell.Christie^srevenuesinf'hefirsthalfof2009werestillhigher

thaninthefirsthalfof2006.Almosteveryonewhowasinterviewedforthisspecialreportsaid

thatthebiggestproblematthemomentisnotalackofdemandbutalackofgoodworktosell.

ThethreeDs一death,debt鼐mpnddivorce一stilldeliverworksofarttothemarket.Butanyonewho

doesnothavetoselliskeepingaway,waitingforconfidencetoreturn.

21.Inthefirstparagraph,DamienHirst'ssflewasreferredtoas“alastvictorybecause.

A.theartmarkethadwi'tnessedasuc6essionofvictories

B.theauctioneerfinallygotthetwopiecesatthehighestbids

C.BeautifulInsideMyHeadForeverwonoveral1masterpieces

D.itwassuccessfullymadejustbeforetheworldfinancialcrisis

22.Bysayingaspendingofanysortbecamedeeplyunfashionable”(Line1-2,Para.3),theauthor

suggeststhat.

A.collectorswerenolongeractivelyinvolvedinart-marketauctions

B.peoplestoppedeverykindofspendingandstayedawayfromgalleries

C.artcollectionasafashionhadlostitsappealtoagreatextent

D.worksofartingeneralhadgoneoutoffashionsotheywerenotworthbuying

23.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?

A.Salesofcontemporaryartfelldramaticallyfrom2007to2008.

B.Theartmarketsurpassedmanyotherindustriesinmomentum.

C.Themarketgenerallywentdownwardinvariousways.

D.Someartdealerswereawaitingbetterchancestocome.

24.ThethreeDsmentionedinthelastparagraphare___

A.auctionhouses'favorites

B.contemporarytrends

C.factorspromotingartworkcirculation

D.stylesrepresentingimpressionists

25.Themostappropriatetitleforthistextcouldbe__

A.FluctuationofArtPrices

B.Up-to-dateArtAuctions

C.ArtMarketinDecline

D.ShiftedInterestinArts

2010Text2

IwasaddressingasmallgatheringinasuburbanVirginialivingroom-awomen，sgroupthat

hadinvitedmentojointhem.Throughouttheeveningonemanhadbeenparticularlytalkative,

frequentlyofferingideasandanecdotes,whilehiswifesatsilentlybesidehimonthecouch.

TowardtheendoftheeveningIcommentedthatwomenfrequentlycomplainthattheirhusbands

don，ttalktothem.Thismanquicklynoddedinagreement.Hegesturedtowardhiswifeandsaid,

〃She'sthetalkerinourfamily./zTheroomburstintolaughter;themanlookedpuzzledandhurt.

〃It'strue,z/heexplained."WhenIcomehomefromwork,Ihavenothingtosay.Ifshedidn't

keeptheconversationgoing,we'dspendthewholeeveninginsilence.z/

ThisepisodecrystallizestheironythatalthoughAmericanmentendtotalkmorethanwomen

inpublicsituations,theyoftentalklessathome.Andthispatterniswreakinghavocwith

marriage.

ThepatternwasobservedbypoliticalscientistAndrewHackerinthelate1970s.Sociologist

CatherineKohlerRiessmanreportsinhernewbook〃DivorceTalk〃thatmostofthewomenshe

interviewed一butonlyafewofthemen一gavelackofcommunicationas地ereasonfortheirdivorces.

Giventhecurrentdivorcerateofnearly50percent,thatamountstomillionsofcasesinthe

UnitedStateseveryyear一avirtualepidemico￡failedconversation.

Inmyownresearchcomplaintsfromwomenabouttheirhusbandsmostoftenfocusednotontangible

inequitiessuchashavinggivenupthechanceforacareertoaccompanyahusbandtohisordoing

farmorethantheirshareofdailylife-supportworklikecleanirif,cooking,socialarrangements

anderrands.Insteadtheyfocusedoncommunication:"Hedoesn'tlistentome.〃〃Hedoesn，ttalk

tome.〃IfoundasHackerobservedyearsbeforethatmostwiveswanttheirhusbandstobefirst

andforemostconversationalpartnersbutfewhusbandssharethisexpectationoftheirwives.

InshorttheimagethatbestRepresentsthecurrentcrisisisthestereotypicalcartoonscene

ofamansittingatthebreakfasttablewithanewspaperheldupinfrontofhisface,while

awomanglaresatthebackofit,wantingtotalk.

26.Whatismostwives'niriinexpecui.tion(建theirhusbands?

A.Talkingtothem.

B.Trustingthem.

C.Supportingtheircareers.

1).Sharinghousework.

27.Judgingfromthecontext,thephrase“wreakinghavoc”(Line3,Para.2)mostprobablymeans_.

A.generatingmotivation.

B.exertinginfluence

C.causingdamage

D.creatingpressure

28.AllofthefollowingaretrueEXCEPT

A.mentendtotalkmoreinpublicthanwomen

B.nearly50percentofrecentdivorcesarecausedbyfailedconversation

C.womenattachmuchimportancetocommunicationbetweencouples

D.afemaletendstobemoretalkativeathomethanherspouse

29.Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethemainideaofthistext?

A.Themoraldecayingdeservesmoreresearchbysociologists.

B.Marriagebreak-upstemsfromsexinequalities.

C.Husbandandwifehavedifferentexpectationsfromtheirmarriage.

D.Conversationalpatternsbetweenmanandwifearedifferent.

30.Inthefollowingpartimmediatelyafterthistext,theauthorwillmostprobablyfocuson

2

A.avividaccountofthenewbookDivorceTalk

B.adetaileddescriptionofthestereotypicalcartoon

C.otherpossiblereasonsforahighdivorcerateintheU.S.

D.abriefintroductiontothepoliticalscientistAndrewHacker

2010Text3

Overthepastdecade,manycompanieshadperfectedtheartofcreatingautomaticbehaviors一

habits一amongconsumers.Thesehabitshavehelpedcompaniesearnbillionsofdollarswhen

customerseatsnacks,applylotionsandwipecountersalmostwithoutthinking,ofteninresponse

toacarefullydesignedsetofdailycues.

uTherearefundamentalpublichealthproblems,likedirtyhandsinsteadofasoaphabit,that

remainkillersonlybecausewecan'tfigureouthowtochangepeople'shabits,"Dr.Curtis

said."Wewantedtolearnfromprivateindustryhowtocreatenewbehaviorsthathappen

automatically.”

ThecompaniesthatDr.Curtisturnedto一Procter&Gamble,Colgate-Palmoliveand

Unilever一hadinvestedhundredsofmillionsofdollarsfindingthesubtlecuesinconsumers'

1ivesthatcorporationscouldusetointroducenewroutines.

Ifyoulookhardenough,you'11findthatmanyoftheproductsweuseeveryday一chewing

gums,skinmoisturizers,disinfectingwipes,airfresheners,waterpurifiers,healthsnacks,

antiperspirants,colognes,teethwhiteners,fabricsofteners,vitamins一areresultsof

manufacturedhabits.Acenturyago,fewpeopleregularlybrushedtheirteethmultipletimesa

day.Today,becauseofcannyadvertisingandpublichealthcampaigns,manyAmericanshabitually

givetheirpearlywhitesacavity-presentingscrubtwiceallhy,oftenwithColgate,Crestor

oneoftheotherbrands.

Afewdecadesago,manypeopledidn'tdrinkwateroutsideofameal.Thenbeverage

companiesstartedbottlingtheproductionoffar-offsprings,andnowofficeworkersunthinkingly

sipbottledwateralldaylong.Chewinggum,onceBoughtprimarilybyadolescentboys,isnow

featuredincommercials>sabreathfreshenerandteethcleanserforuseafterameal.Skin

moisturizersareadvertisedaspartofmorningbeautyrituals,slippedinbetweenhairbrushing

andputtingonmakeup.

“Ourproductssucceedwhentheybecome，partofdailyorweeklypatterns,“saidCarol

Berning,aconsumerpsychologistwhorecentlyretiredfromProcter&Gamble,thecompanythat

sold$76billionofTide,Crestandotherproductslastyear.uCreatingpositivehabitsisa

hugepartofimprovingourconsumers?lives,andit'sessentialtomakingnewproducts

commerciallyviable.”

Throughexperimentsandobservation,socialscientistslikeDr.Berninghavelearnedthat

thereispowerintyingcertainbehaviorstohabitualcuesthroughrelentlessadvertising.As

thisnewscienceofhabithasemerged,controversieshaveeruptedwhenthetacticshavebeen

usedtosellquestionablebeautycreamsorunhealthyfoods.

31.AccordingtoDr.Curtis,habitslikehandwashingwithsoap.

[A]shouldbefurthercultivated

[B]shouldbechangedgradually

[C]aredeeplyrootedinhistory

[D]arebasicallyprivateconcerns

32.Bottledwater,chewinggunandskinmoisturizersarementionedinParagraph5soasto

[A]revealtheirimpactonpeople'shabits

[B]showtheurgentneedofdailynecessities

[C]indicatetheireffectonpeople'sbuyingpower

[D]manifestthesignificantroleofgoodhabits

33.WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtoproductsthathelpcreatepeople'shabits?

3

[A]Tide[B]Crest[C]Colgate[D]Unilever

34.Fromthetextweknowthatsomeofconsumer?shabitsaredevelopeddueto

[A]perfectedartofproducts

[B]automaticbehaviorcreation

[C]commercialpromotions

[D]scientificexperiments

35.Theauthor,sattitudetowardtheinfluenceofadvertisementonpeople'shabitsis

[A]indifferent

[B]negative

[C]positive

[D]biased

2010Text4

ManyAmericansregardthejurysystemasaconcreteexpressionofcrucialdemocraticvalues,

includingtheprinciplesthatallcitizenswhomeetminimalqualificationsofageandliteracy

areequallycompetenttoserveonjuries;thatjurorsshouldbeselectedrandomlyfroma

representativecrosssectionofthecommunity;thatnocitizenshouldbedeniedtherightto

serveonajuryonaccountofrace,religion,sex,ornationalorigin;thatdefendantsareentitled

totrialbytheirpeers;andthatverdictsshouldrepresenttheconscienceofthecommunityand

notjusttheletterofthelaw.Thejuryisalsosaidtobethebestsurvivingexampleofdirect

ratherthanrepresentativedemocracy.Inadirectdemocracy,citizenstaketurnsgoverning

themselves,ratherthanelectingrepresentativestogovernforthem.

Butasrecentlyasin1986,juryselectionproceduresconflictedWiththesedemocraticideals.

Insomestates,forexample,jurydutywaslimitedtopersonsofsupposedlysuperiorintelligence,

education,andmoralcharacter.AlthoughtheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStateshadprohibited

intentionalracialdiscriminationinjuryselectionasearlyasthe1880caseofStrauderv.

WestVirginia,thepracticeofjplectingso-calledeliteorblue-ribbonjuriesprovideda

convenientwayaroundthisandotherantidiscriminationlaws.

Thesystemalsofailedtoregularlyincludewomenonjuriesuntilthemid-20thcentury.

AlthoughwomenfirstseryedonstatejuriesinUtahin1898,itwasnotuntilthe1940sthat

amajorityofstatesm^ewomeneligiblefbr'Quryduty.Eventhenseveralstatesautomatically

exemptedwomenfromjurydutyunlesstheypersonallyaskedtohavetheirnamesincludedonthe

jurylist.Thispracticewasjustifiedbytheclaimthatwomenwereneededathome,anditkept

juriesunrepresentativeofwomenthroughthe1960s.

In1968,theCongressoftheUnitedStatespassedtheJurySelectionandServiceAct,

usheringinaneweraofdemocraticreformsforthejury.Thislawabolishedspecialeducational

requirementsforfederaljurorsandrequiredthemtobeselectedatrandomfromacrosssection

oftheentirecommunity.Inthelandmark1975decisionTaylorvs.Louisiana,theSupremeCourt

extendedtherequirementthatjuriesberepresentativeofallpartsofthecommunitytothestate

level.TheTaylordecisionalsodeclaredsexdiscriminationinjuryselectiontobe

unconstitutionalandorderedstatestousethesameproceduresforselectingmaleandfemale

jurors.

36.FromtheprinciplesoftheUSjurysystem,welearnthat

[A]bothliberateandilliteratepeoplecanserveonjuries

[B]defendantsareimmunefromtrialbytheirpeers

[C]noagelimitshouldbeimposedforjuryservice

[D]judgmentshouldconsidertheopinionofthepublic

37.Thepracticeofselectingso-calledelitejurorspriorto1968showed

[A]theinadequacyofantidiscriminationlaws

[B]theprevalentdiscriminationagainstcertainraces

[C]theconflictingidealsinjuryselectionprocedures

[D]thearrogancecommonamongtheSupremeCourtjustices

4

38.Eveninthe1960s,womenwereseldomonthejurylistinsomestatesbecause

[A]theywereautomaticallybannedbystatelaws

[B]theyfellfarshortoftherequiredqualifications

[C]theyweresupposedtoperformdomesticduties

[D]theytendedtoevadepublicengagement

39.AftertheJurySelectionandServiceActwaspassed.___

-An

J

-sexdiscriminationinjuryselectionwasunconstitutionalandhadtobeabolished

rBn

LJeducationalrequirementsbecamelessrigidintheselectionoffederaljurors

rcn

LJjurorsatthestateleveloughttoberepresentativeoftheentirecommunity

-n

DJ

-statesoughttoconformtothefederalcourtinreformingthejurysystem

40.IndiscussingtheUSjurysystem,thetextcenterson

[A]itsnatureandproblems

[B]itscharacteristicsandtradition

[C]itsproblemsandtheirsolutions

[D]itstraditionanddevelopment

2011年研究生入學(xué)考試英語二真題

Text1

RuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs'sboardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2000:ayearlater

shebecamepresidentofBrownUniversity.Forthere§：tofthedecadesheapparentlymanagedboth

roleswithoutattractingmucheroticism.Butbytheendof2009Ms.Siniiionswasunderfirefor

havingsatonGoldman'scompensationcommittee;howcouldshehaveletthoseenormousbonus

payoutspassunremarked?ByFebruarythenextyearMs.Simmonshadlefttheboard.Theposition

wasjusttakinguptoomuchtime,shesaid.

Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserve鼐@shelfful,yetlessbi&sed,advisersonafirm'sboard.

Havingmadetheirwealthandtheirreputationselsexiere,theypresumablyhaveenough

independencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutive'sproposals.Ifthesky,andtheshareprice

isfal1ing,outsidedirectorsshouldbeabletogiveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheirown

crises.

TheresearchersfromOhioUniversityusedadatabasehatcoveredmorethan10,000firmsandmore

than64,000differentdirectorsbetween1989and2004.Thentheysimplycheckedwhichdirectors

stayedfromoneproxystatementtothenext.Themostlikelyreasonfordepartingaboardwas

age,sotheresearchersconcentratedon甄those“surprise“disappearancesbydirectorsunder

theageof70.Theyfountthatafterasurprisedeparture,theprobabilitythatthecompanywill

subsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasedbynearly20%.Thelikelihoodofbeingnamed

inafederalclass-actionlawsuitalsoincreases,andthestockislikelytoperformworse.The

effecttendedtobelargerforlargerfirms.Althoughacorrelationbetweenthemleavingand

subsequentbadperformanceatthefirmissuggestive,itdoesnotmeanthatsuchdirectorsare

alwaysjumpingoffasinkingship.Oftentheyutradeup."Leavingriskier,smallerfirmsfor

largerandmorestablefirms.

Buttheresearchersbelievethatoutsidedirectorshaveaneasiertimeofavoidingablowto

theirreputationsiftheyleaveafirmbeforebadnewsbreaks,evenifareviewofhistoryshows

theywereontheboardatthetimeanywrongdoingoccurred.Firmswhowanttokeeptheiroutside

directorsthroughtoughtimesmayhavetocreateincentives.Otherwiseoutsidedirectorswill

followtheexampleofMs.Simmons,onceagainverypopularoncampus.

21.AccordingtoParagraph1,Ms.Simmonswascriticizedfor

[A]gainingexcessiveprofits

[B]failingtofulfillherduty

[C]refusingtomakecompromises

[D]leavingtheboardintoughtimes

22.WelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedtobe__________；_

[A]generousinvestors

5

[B]unbiasedexecutives

[C]sharepriceforecasters

[D]independentadvisers

23.AccordingtotheresearchersfromOhioUniversityafteranoutsidedirector's

surprisedeparture,thefirmislikelyto

[A]becomemorestable

[B]reportincreasedearnings

[C]dolesswellinthestockmarket

[D]performworseinlawsuits

24.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatoutsidedirectors.

[A]maystayfortheattractiveoffersfromthefirm

[B]haveoftenhadrecordsofwrongdoingsinthefirm

[C]areaccustomedtostress-freeworkinthefirm

[D]willdeclineincentivesfromthefirm

25.Theauthorsattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectorsis________：_

[A]permissive

[B]positive

[C]scornful

[D]critical

Text2

Whateverhcippenedtothedeathofnewspaper?Ayearagotheendseemednear.Therecession

threatenedtoremovetheadvertisingandreadersthathadnotalreadyfledtotheinternet.

NewspapersliketheSanFranciscoChroniclewerechroniclingtheirowndoom.America'sFederal

Tradecommissionlaunchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosavenewspapers.Shouldtheybecome

charitablecorporations?Shouldthestatesubsidizethem?Ttwillholdanothermeetingsoon.

Butthediscussionsnowseemoutofdate.

Inmuchoftheworldthereisthesignofcrisis.GermanandBrazilianpapershaveshruggedoff

therecession.EvenAmericannewspapers,whichthemosttroubledcomeoftheglobal

industry,havenotonlysurvivedbutoftenreturnedtoprofit.Notthe20%profitmarginsthat

wereroutineafewyearsago,butprofital1thesame.

Ithasnotbeenmuchfun.Manypapersstayedafloatbypushingjournalistsoverboard.TheAmerican

SocietyofNewsEditorsreckonsthat13,500newsroomjobshavegonesince2007.Readersarepaying

moreforsiimmorproducts.Somepapersevenhadthenervetorefusedeliverytodistantsuburbs.

Yetthesedesperatemeasureshaveprovedtherightonesand,sadlyformanyjournalists,they

canbepushedfurther.

Newspapersarebecomingmorebalancedbusinesses,withahealthiermixofrevenuesfromreaders

andadvertisers.Americanpapershavelongbeenhighlyunusualintheirrelianceonads.Fully

87%oftheirrevenuescamefromadvertisingin2008,accordingtotheOrganizationforEconomic

Cooperation&Development(OECD).InJapantheproportionis35%.Notsurprisingly,Japanese

newspapersaremuchmorestable.

Thewhirlwindthatsweptthroughnewsroomsharmedeverybody,butmuchofthedamagehasbeen

concentratedinareaswherenewspaperareleastdistinctive.Carandfilmreviewershavegone.

Sohavescienceandgeneralbusinessreporters.Foreignbureaushavebeensavagelycutoff.

Newspapersarelesscompleteasaresult.Butcompletenessisnolongeravirtueinthenewspaper

business.

26.BysayinguNewspaperslike...theirowndoom”(Lines3-4,Para.1),the

authorindicatesthatnewspaper.

[A]neglectedthesignofcrisis

[B]failedtogetstatesubsidies

[C]werenotcharitablecorporations

[D]wereinadesperatesituation

27.Somenewspapersrefuseddeliverytodistantsuburbsprobablybecause.

6

[A]readersthreatenedtopayless

[B]newspaperswantedtoreducecosts

[C]journalistsreportedlittleabouttheseareas

[D]subscriberscomplainedaboutslimmerproducts

28.ComparedwiththeirAmericancounterparts,Japanesenewspapersaremuch

morestablebecausethey.

[A]havemoresourcesofrevenue

[B]havemorebalancednewsrooms

[C]arelessdependentonadvertising

[D]arelessaffectedbyreadership

29.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphaboutthecurrentnewspaper

business?

[A]Distinctivenessisanessentialfeatureofnewspapers.

[B]Completenessistoblameforthefailureofnewspaper.

[C]Foreignbureausplayacrucialroleinthenewspaperbusiness.

[D]Readershavelosttheirinterestincarandfilmreviews.

30.Themostappropriatetitleforthistextwouldbe.

[A]AmericanNewspapers:StrugglingforSurvival

[B]AmericanNewspapers:GonewiththeWind

[C]AmericanNewspapers:AThrivingBusiness

[D]AmericanNewspapers:AHopelessStory

Text3

WetendtothinkofthedecadesimmediatelyfollowingWorldWar11asatimeofprosper!tyand

growth,withsoldiersreturninghomebythemillions,goingofftocollegeontheG.I.Bill

and1iningupatthemarriagebureaus.

Butwhenitcametotheirhouses,itwasatimeofcommonsenseandabeliefthatlesscould

trulybemore.DuringtheDepressionandthewar,Americarifhadlearnedtolivewithless,and

thatrestraint,incombinationwiththepostwarconfidenceinthefuture,madesmall,efficient

housingpositivelystylish.

EconomicconditionwaspnlyastimulusforthStrendtowardefficientliving.Thephrase

“l(fā)essismore“wasactuallyfirstpopularizedil!lf)yaGerman,thearchitectLudwigMiesvander

Rohe,wholikeotherpeopleassociatedwiththeBauhaus,aschoolofdesign,emigratedtothe

UnitedStatesbeforeWdrldWarIIandtookuppostsatAmericanarchitectureschools.These

designerscametoexertenormousinfluenceonthecourseofAmericanarchitecture,butnonemore

sothcitMies.

Mies'ssignaturephrasemeansthatlessdecoration,properlyorganized,hasmoreimpactthat

alot.Elegance,hebelieved,didnotderivefromabundance.Likeothermodernarchitects,he

employedmetal,glassandlaminatedwood-materialsthatwetakeforgrantedtodaybuythatin

the1940ssymbolizedthefuture.Mies'ssophisticatedpresentationmaskedthefactthatthe

spaceshedesignedweresmallandefficient,ratherthanbigandoftenempty.

TheapartmentsintheeleganttowersMiesbuiltonChicago'sLakeShoreDrive,forexample,

weresmaller—two—bedroomunitsunder1,000squarefeet-thanthoseintheirolderneighborsalong

thecity'sGoldCoast.Buttheywerepopularbecauseoftheirairyglasswalls,theviewsthey

affordedandtheeleganceo