第三節(jié) 文言常用詞-2020屆中考語文備考講義

第三節(jié)文官常用詞

點(diǎn)￡*點(diǎn)）

考點(diǎn)一解存文言實(shí)詞

考試范圍：《初中文言文常用詞培會(huì)》（《全H制義務(wù)效力ifl文課程｝準(zhǔn)》附錄31

■一一?■______________

?1（2019湖―**乂古漢語常用字字典》中“國”字的義項(xiàng)用①國家,②周代濡茨⑴

及漢以后王或快的封地：③國都,京城.《SPJH8一人》中“國人道之.聞之于宋百”的-Ifi-

的意思是（項(xiàng)序號）

【解析J本慝與1E文言詞語的權(quán)1L“的”在文盲文中一度以-as-（0“國廓”對君京縣

佑臺語境K*I,這里-ar的京愿力?國都.京城二

-I"“

1.平時(shí)注窟枳取并率期常用常寫的文育父詞的感思和用法,使熱記課文中的通假字、一詞

名義、古今異義.周奕話用部.并ii吧學(xué)會(huì)遷移壇川，考試時(shí)的文臺訶碼,句子很方都是曝外

的.但是14枝注鞭黑內(nèi)都能找到.

2.文言實(shí)詞的推新方法

U施夔推義iA。漢字小是表包忖質(zhì)的，從字形可以懵小字義?雖歷姓潴變，憊的功葩

并沒有完全喪失.這鐘表意功肥就是理蚱詞義的已知條件2一.內(nèi)比.對字施^構(gòu)?史登是象形

r、公恿字和形聲字）哂分析用以常助我們報(bào)或？的電義。此外古漢弟中的通粗字葩，、多數(shù)為形

近遞假，故而借助字膨還可以兩助我們識別通胃字.例：“伯而見能“中一仿”是t?會(huì)曲字，

一個(gè)“人”?一個(gè)“肓'意為人肓其實(shí).此句中的“俏”就解拜為“真實(shí)

（2）語堆分析法。個(gè)文自實(shí)詞眼有多個(gè)義項(xiàng).做在特定的i3育環(huán)境中.其就XtiJX是唾

一的，因此現(xiàn)們一定位?H杷實(shí)詞放在沿三環(huán)境中來專6分析，根據(jù)上下文來進(jìn)行詞義的推斷，

W<-MJttR；.見可砍終不受盡心”中的“訴”神的同學(xué)譯為-Wft".行的國學(xué)洋為“怙過二

￡；上”.””“笈~國?班出駕號該即⑥\W-im'GBMMM用腎①：格加印網(wǎng)

印?印加和他然上看,冬m時(shí)鼾:?即便斗士工以。界例名附。#法迨8察網(wǎng),卜、

B?#?H

?如￥他丫:爆她。

'?京花“-二?卡。將借由“力”京3'聞?紅”“該“?必算迨4.七8'“俄'型:「

學(xué)常”“雷必?。孫我地f~第?取v?*叁用福?為川基*/X號注安段攜事*第的g若/7

。早"金旬*燈要上力常號〈?￥8奧￥#*4像博累艦與席*【勢斕】

方用正王

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￥￥+'電力?官田3

13王j?$1:「&野

附出上來’加曲旗幫fl

或步14'"N延西

殳￥國也日V

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W@?

?E*用＜刑科用解＞小'修例XIMRW》）《更顯餌陽就NVX小他）:陽史）￡?生

便事WXM婢二'草品

?R聞蘭衣加!倒修'索用'R耳5U!泄訃W?UK1

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W.|.?ytV!*Xi'同比X出‘痢川力I”.vn-由根比ME#M淘胤州4W3MD附?烈M?甲

M岱除*猾，矽小*制舊出小時(shí)，期就?酒/即囹#間》F7&中?亞》Q面砧

.汪3卜.3即“?侑勖丫少!》￥金中翻空#4荻加

起迂技作用的，如“及”“wr-rfc。④起通氣助詞作用的，如"也--廣-就--0“

4.結(jié)合詞⑦所在向f的句憊懵斷虛詞的意思.It如父方田說的畫名義現(xiàn)皎.做同時(shí)用玉

點(diǎn)考底它在不同沿境中的《網(wǎng)含義，避什認(rèn)*比較.貼合訓(xùn)埴，明耕詡氣，Mmma.mute

好令本刊近班.人多以虛詞有名附用法,心藕定其具體歡義用也.義如站臺反林的上下攵.探

令運(yùn)用文堂理解與句法分析.

町因練月

七年場上加

8.《世說新語》-JR

?如識盛度?

I一點(diǎn)詞語解釋

a嘀太停案.日內(nèi)攀__________________________________________________________

(21與兒女講?論?文義____________________________________________________________

(3弊?雪SR___________________________________________________________

⑷公區(qū)莖H___________________________________________________________

⑶家砧空中革可叔____________________________________________________________

⑹木芍MSMM..U______________________________________________________

(71陳太丘.友般行____________________________________________________________

(拗太丘舍?去?__________________________________________________________________

去后乃*至__________________________________________________________________

??在不?_________________________________________________________________

(11)特母久不至_______________________________________________________________

(12)作人處___________________________________________________________________

(13)相聿而去_________________________________________________________________

(3陽與冬目期日中___________________________________________________________

★自業(yè)期改耳的，(。

一有杜良:自杜除)

出j。好少”J

一加1則可少丫⑹

一★如好少⑵

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百跳熱M斗兩-I

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匚+-II

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"包伊冬一"血：iI".WD

-Es

一妾業(yè)山口匕

____________________________卜k

一業(yè)與日u1

Y?M-*

UIW不。土加,K&*‘X早》彳今力?萬"品母|

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-t

而+UY必M(9i)

一7?向節(jié)C<si)

⑻佳不習(xí)乎__________________________________________________________________

⑺節(jié)五而惠子學(xué)__________________________________________________________

(10)三十而?*>_________________________________________________________________

(“那十前不哥_______________________________________________________________

(12)五十而知彳年_____________________________________________________________

(13)六十而耳?J?K____________________________________________________

(14)不中堂__________________________________________________________________

"S閣改而知曲______________________________________________________________

學(xué)而不思用用____________________________________________________________

(16)(

(1力用而不學(xué)則可____________________________________________________________

(18)人不單其憂______________________________________________________________

知之才不如好之希________________________________________________________

(19)*?

(20)好之者不如學(xué)之省________________________________________________________

(21)日掠食，飲4；__________________________________________________

心廳我如浮云______________________________________________________________

(23)三人行.必行我?guī)熒鷂_____________________________________________________

抒真善者而從

(24)??Z________________________________________________

(25)了在“I上口______________________________________________________________

<26>ifi苔如的玄______________________________________________________________

(27牛,可9?'也____________________________________________________________

(M)l^^不可奪走也__________________________________________________________

，29)博學(xué)而子多______________________________________________________________

(酬仁住其中矣______________________________________________________________

(

2.通抑字

”)不亦說手.同.

(卻任十有五而志于學(xué)?網(wǎng)?用于整數(shù)和零數(shù)力間

3.占今異義

(1，學(xué)間附?習(xí)?之

時(shí),占義：:今義：附同

X.古文，I今義，學(xué)》1

辦有膽口近方未

古義：:今義：朋友

??

H,古義，.今義，太不

三.古義；：今義：故N，三

⑷掙其求厚而從之占義.?今必帚(1的人

描，“以為師矣古處____________?今義，我系可娶，諱“

⑹恢或tr.沈小

灰，占義,!今又；3、藐散

水,古義，.今又，無色.無味的液體，包拈冷、熱水

4.一詞名義

I為人說的不忠f__________________

可以為施餐_________________________

1人不即而4'tti____________________

(2)鹵］根故向如斯_________________

［博學(xué)而玲志_________________________

［人不知而不怛_______________________

(孰知(知之行不如好之檸__________________

［溫故而和新_________________________

不辦樂乎___________________________

好之者不如樂之?__________________

1否r有宣加上T字__________________

⑸V博學(xué)而篁志_________________________

I擇其善者而從之____________________

’6艮1人右堀以憂.

5.詞類活用

學(xué)而手習(xí)之作狀諾.

(2>?rn:古科介作狀語，槨滅

⑶修不習(xí)乎_______作名詞?看仲代投的知識

(4座之齊不如學(xué)之齊好..一作南詞,&ft.變補(bǔ)

樂，_______意動(dòng)用U,以……為快樂

閭溫故而知行故.作名詞.學(xué)過的知識

?.作幺詞,新的理*和體介

南像蔬母飲水_______件動(dòng)詞.電

15.謔于書

1.■曲詞通解鐸

⑶吩以修編儉以養(yǎng)__________________________________________________________

出非淡泊無以手志____________________________________________________________

⑶非寧酢fcUKis_________________________________________________________

⑷非學(xué)無以廠才______________________________________________________________

⑼舉慢則不能吵______________________________________________________________

的口跌則不能治______________________________________________________________

??

{71年與時(shí)電__________________________________________________________________

的厚或怙落__________________________________________________________________

2.古今弁義

”俳？中無以敢運(yùn)古義：?今義：環(huán)境上的安小不咕雜

⑵鞍映則不徑治牝古義：：今義：危險(xiǎn)

(31注性則不能時(shí)脩古義，?今義?與"快.Hit!

(由意與去古義，.今義，陽開所在地方到別處

H*

3.一麗多又

夫?qū)W朱布也____________________________

學(xué)

IF±無以成學(xué)__________________________

4.澗夷活用

(h非淡泊無以可志____________作劭詞,明由.

(21II-is?LUKis作W詞.遠(yuǎn)大山,

(卻非學(xué)無以廣才使動(dòng)用法.使?-?增長

18..

??

1.母點(diǎn)詞需好什

”叫:有剜骨_____________________________________________________________________

(lli?Htrf?iis_______________________________________________________________

⑶-狼仍叢_____________________________________________________________________

(4)而兩狼之井?噠?如故?_____________________________________________________________

6沖1野1T麥場__________________________________________________________________

⑹場主弟曄其中_________________________________________________________________

⑺單擔(dān)杵刀_____________________________________________________________________

⑻喀時(shí)相向_____________________________________________________________________

,1少時(shí)，一獨(dú)徑去________________________________________________________________

????

(io黑一8坐rM__________________________________

(li)X±.14MK___________________________________________________________

(I2)?KM_______________________________________________________________

(13海,圖_____________________________________________________________________

(14)奴網(wǎng)H中_________________________________________________________________

(15)意相磔入以攻共后也_______________________________________________________

乃僧松眼微寒______________________________________________________________

(16)(??t

(17)ffi以誘敵___________________________________________________________________

)取亦就臾.而澳制西

<ix???WB..........................................................................................-

(19啟州之掌中幾句?8____________________________________________________

2.占今算X

(I，國口第斯共取占義，?今義：展收

⑵IIm英斗古義，?今義，杵公

(31*曾之生小幾何畿古義??今幻一門學(xué)內(nèi)，招兒何學(xué)

??

J.一詞多義

「而的能之并知如故___________________

IM門「斷箕股.亦區(qū)之

(II之工

久之.nm.aiwtt

［內(nèi)小之變作幾何?___________________

港前R受其故--------

I姑職藺式中一-------------------

(力真為方向歡下

口將-------------------------

卦前后受其故.

⑶故

ifilUi育依一

止和出n____________________________

(4>it-?wit±______________________

止增更降____________________________

JHUR.ftWK___________________

總I意將陲人以及其后也

|恐前后受其改________________________

⑹翊”「”上,

I狼小前前____________________________

投以骨______________________________

(7?以｛以nKKtt______________________

前以虜改____________________________

4.詞類活用

________作名詞._____________

1.21Kd世干曲IIL.,..

俺y其中件劭詞.

(41點(diǎn)將催入口收其后也作狀語，

，治「I2其電_______作動(dòng)詞，

⑹餐不敢照_______付動(dòng)詞,

22.寓自四則

I.空點(diǎn)訶語解理

⑴家無井扁liiAvli___________________________________________________________

(卻乂其京穿并_______________________________________________________________

⑶有［》而傳之者_(dá)____________________________________________________________

(4ll4AifiZ_________________________________________________________________

丁氏對*H_________________________________________________________________

(6)終日在天中0<l?l___________________________________________________________

⑺輦g憂幗唆乎_____________________________________________________________

的？管％___________________________________________________________________

曲若踴步微監(jiān)_______________________________________________________________

2.造假字

其人臺然大國?問.

3.古今異義

u四A道之古義：__________：今義：一個(gè)國家的人民

(卻身亡所寄古義：:今義：死亡、滅亡

(3?WftlftZ占義：：今義：知道

(4由輯伸呼吸古義?x今義，如果

4.?同名義

I有聞而傳之若

3叫時(shí)之「宋臺

求聞之若此_________________________

若屈伸呼吸________________________

氽之丁氏___________________________

有屁而傳之若_______________________

卻一人之使_________________________

｛求W網(wǎng)IF之tt為Z此______________________________________

J問之于丁氏________________________

'"'hi勺人r并中也

七年ta下冊

4.孫權(quán)勸學(xué)

I.五點(diǎn)詞語解和

(n?ain?fi?____________________________________________________________

(21卿今當(dāng)?涂?學(xué)事_____________________________________________________________

⑶詼可〃軍中?號___________________________________________________________

(和孤?之?欲O泊?紈?為神上邪?____________________________________________________

的但當(dāng)涉號_________________________________________________________________

(4)______________________________________________________________

E熟發(fā)菰___________________________________________________________________

(卻堂〃始就學(xué)_______________________________________________________________

作)及魯市,J陽_____________________________________________________________

(10)卿今者/用tg吳下間袋________________________________________________

2.通信字

見豈歐如治長為博士邪?同.

3.古今異義

(1)較仔坡軍中g(shù)務(wù)古義：:今義：去臥制人

(2瑾豈歆卿也較為野［嘛

貝.古義，：今義，孤版.孤獨(dú)

泊,古義：：今義：治理

闞土，占義：.今文；學(xué)做的最島?

(3)見耳占義，?今義，比去的小

■電。涉到古義：：今義：M折連潮?似出

⑸望乃始聯(lián)學(xué)古義，I今義I表示將在根切的時(shí)向內(nèi)發(fā)生

⑶莖備京過尋陽古義，____________.今義，以及

(71即電對II郴怙占義：:今義：更fin

uh大兄何必事之晚乎AK?：今義：而見

4.詞心又

■!當(dāng)深掌事___________________________

(l*________________________

|愛辟以軍中多多____________________

，2,nft以hktfffiU____________________

?J她往事耳__________________________

131n大兄何她坐之喔乎

pttifcU.AW_______________

(女大I大兄何見*之晚子

8.木蘭詩

1.更點(diǎn)詞語解標(biāo)

為?市?鞍弓________________________________________________________

⑵力馳赴出句_____________________________________________________________

（3）關(guān)山曳廿飛_____________________________________________________________

（4叫）氣伸金柝_____________________________________________________________

（srftWff,用*_____________________________________________________________

（創(chuàng)苫我舊時(shí)賓_____________________________________________________________

E雄兔腳抄場_____________________________________________________________

（卻雙魚傷地上_____________________________________________________________

??

的安徒那我是雄簟_________________________________________________________

2.逋假字

對儉帖花黃.同

3-古今異又

”母卷有節(jié)名A義：：今義：指爺爺.卻父親的父親

⑵但聞黃河流水鳴賽戲占義：_：今義：轉(zhuǎn)折連詞

*

（3）出多相扶將古義：（今又：f又用作姓代

（4）雙處傍地走A義：：今義，行走

4.代夢義

東布買酸q______________________

UlilJ

想為市鞍馬_________________________

!昨夜史軍帖_________________________

‘蜀帖i對愛帖花黃________________________

5.詞類活用

⑴單媯十二轉(zhuǎn)作動(dòng)詞.

（2川國燕山娥哪嗎或啾f.名詞?一

12.賣油翕

I.1點(diǎn)詞語解釋

⑴除收41公中9L

(卻公亦嘆此自?n?_____________________________________________________

(3)不射FXH_______________________________________________________

(4M賣油念.出而立_____________________________________________________________

同國之久而不去_________________________________________________________________

(6)y微耳之________________________________________________________________

(71康/起落*H__________________________________________________

⑶爾*敢險(xiǎn)開肘___________________________________________________________

0以投里油知之___________________________________________________________

(is#取一劭蘆g于地______________________________________________________

”1儲以和的油也之________________________________________________________

”2施相美@型Z_______________________________________________

2.通假字

"wir熱爾.R____.

(21馀以杓的油瀝之.同

3.占今界文

⑴爾冬敢輕杼酎古義：：今義：平安,安全

(21?多熱爾古義；:今義：去樸折

⑶睨之久而不去右義，s今義：利,在

4.?詞后義

,.［但手熟爾—

“你|爾安年輕吾"

|公辦以此白穢.

兇以I以錢雇共門_

’但循虢之一

以我的油知之.

(3)之1

徐以杓的油沏之

.美而遣之_______

Hniift）立___________________________

,而用如L入.而錢小溫

次肅契而遣之_______

,」兄其黛矢卜中八九

⑸其I以錢騰其n_____

裳射于家■_________________________

若射不亦相乎.

詞類常用

作動(dòng)詞.

（D1HW*MZ______

（2你安敢除杵射作動(dòng)詞.

3）爾安敢輕普射作名詞,

16.短文兩篇

1.北點(diǎn)詞ifi解科

（U存龍則靈*________________________________________________________________

⑵心足M型________________________________________________________________

⑶把各禰學(xué)________________________________________________________________

（4山?jīng)Q無自丁______________________________________________________________

（S）無統(tǒng)?r?r之亂?H____________________________________

⑹無挈族之浮.____________________________________________________________

（71可愛尋其苒______________________________________________________________

⑻「獨(dú)愛蓬之用淤混而不華__________________________________________________

（9哪泊證而不后____________________________________________________________

（10）不?*不枝?_______________________________________________________________

31）孕￥沖單_______________________________________________________________

（i2）?m?而不M央.玩我_____________________________________________________

2.古今弁又

(I)讀關(guān)自*德俑古義：；今義：沿*，肉信

(21亭亭部怛占義，?今義?腫帕

⑶困后野布網(wǎng)再又，?今義，新解

3.一同名義

，無疑竹之亂耳_________________________

I，，二斤______

之＜水fit草木之花—

?1.花上"廣者也_____________________

、于獨(dú)愛現(xiàn)：.電而不柒

4.詞類活用

(D石仙明名作動(dòng)訶.

(2)無案膜之浮杉使動(dòng)用法.

⑶不$不您________作動(dòng)詞，

⑷件增益滔作動(dòng)詞.

24.河中石■

1.要點(diǎn)澗ifi第甘

⑴滄州南一奪尊河干________________________________________________________

(2＞與不可用________________________________________________________________

⑶爾安不能為中日_________________________

(4)3微為小漲攜之去______________________________________________________

⑸沿網(wǎng)求之.不亦械乎______________________________________________________

(創(chuàng)必于石下迎水處咱沙為坎穴________________________________________________

如?是?種噴________________________________________________________________

⑻淮反%肛逆匕笑__________________________________________________________

如我二，果得數(shù)里外___________________________________________________

???T

(1。便y天下之5___________________________________________________________

(II理如其一，不知其二青名矣_______________________________________________

(1力可據(jù)理均手歟___________________________________________________________

2.古今界又

(“二石獸井*沉。古義I!今義I件瓠

I卻步1b木櫛占義t?今義r判斷動(dòng)詞

⑶因卜余歲古義：:今義：倒走

⑷國行性?不虱占處,今義?有杷蔽作用的渤物

的求之卜流.學(xué)艇古義，____________.今義?M固

⑹爾基不能先學(xué)犀占義：:今義：物理學(xué)

3?詞多義

I豈俺為恥沒攜之去___________________

“‘±i西置之去南海_______________________

?豈能為正深攜之去__________________

⑵為i必于石下迎木處嘮沙力炊穴

一老河兵聞/_______________________

之其反影之力—

求之雄中___________________________

4詞類溫用

(I2數(shù)小舟作動(dòng)詞.

(21豈能為*濯攜之去作名詞，_________

八年級上冊

9.三收

I.重點(diǎn)詞IA的纖

a)有?無?闕處______________________________________________________________

(2)不見中H_______________________________________________________________

01至T?廈水案*或___________________________________________________________

⑷中號阻絕_______________________________________________________________

⑸熟迎奔事儀_____________________________________________________________

161改*名施味_______________________________________________________________

凄弁_______________________________________________________________

2.逋假字

咕無闌處.同,

3-古今異又

成王命慫宣占義：：今義：表示選擇的關(guān)聯(lián)詞

4.?詞多義

自柞號,夜分______________________

口三峽七&典中____________________

常有高狹長騙______________________

巴東三岐不帔長_____________________

S.同類活用

(D乘？御風(fēng)作名詞.

(2速芾綠蹲作名詞,

⑶同,例彤作名詞，

10.短文二II

I.正點(diǎn)詞語解樣

(1)五色文?姆?_____

(即沉鱗立狀_____

（31次是歆?界?上仙郊___________________________________________________

⑷2:斗松力_________________________________________________________

（馬相?與?步＞中應(yīng)______________________________________________________

南艷卜如積木室里____________________________________________________

m事竹柏彬也________________________________________________________

2.古今畀義

（1，四日俱備占義，I今義，時(shí)間

⑵曉尊將卷古義：:今義：休息

（31夕H歐腕*古義?.今義；而沉，黃腐

（小月色人？古義，.今義，主要指人至《1隙

⑸含無?。力樂皆古義：:今義：紀(jì)念.把含

?膽?少用?人?如吾兩人育耳

但.古義，.今義1連詞,我“聽，這是

WA.古義?:今文：拈與小無關(guān)的人,多含貶義

3.一同K義

夕H秋融__________________________

實(shí)是欲界之仙都_____________________

米置有能*j?奇*___________________

（2?-4'2:無寫為樂書______________________

相與用于中庭______________________

4.詞類語用

，口色交寫作動(dòng)詞，

口）用與*步子中應(yīng)_________作動(dòng)詞.

II.*與朱元用書

I.重點(diǎn)詞IA的纖

(hAiftm.任總李西____________________________________________________

⑵水聲停芍_______________________________________________________________

。［念瑞8晚_______________________________________________________________

(小@勢竟上_______________________________________________________________

⑸互相5.Fq____________________________________________________________

161泉水?.行，冷?泠?作響____________________________________________________

，呼孑我的_______________________________________________________________

漸蟀則/甘不/___________________________________________________________

|加橫日上敲_______________________________________________________________

(10)在艮*ft______________________________________________________________

2.通他字

“I蚓則千特不窮.同.

(2)或谷￡反.R.

3古今界義

(DHM陽至制廬一百年里古義，i今義?或聲.應(yīng)允.貴許等

⑵“卷世務(wù)者古義：：今義：器舁過的泰絲，比0治理Lfl/的力能

(3｝南飛決(天者古義；.今;1：罪過，來張

4.一詞鄉(xiāng)又

天下獨(dú)維___________________________

⑴絕

猿則育叫無葩_______________________

I負(fù)藥竟上___________________________

。叫橫柄二

一|一百i午里___________________________

j族則有叫無地_______________________

5.詞類活用

，1、明俱■凈_______ft動(dòng)訶.

⑵任左李竹作狀曲.

⑶猛浪，濤_______作名詞?

14>',',■-.

(馬里峰*總心_______便動(dòng)用法，

21.《孟子》二章

1.一點(diǎn)詞語解驛

(U公抄忻,張儀當(dāng)小城大丈夫散______________________________________________

⑵是耳科為大丈夫手_________________________________________________________

⑶丈夫之日也_______________________________________________________________

⑷往送多門_________________________________________________________________

(勒戒之H____________________________________________________________

的以獨(dú)為點(diǎn)者_(dá)______________________________________________________________

{7)與民［11之_________________________________________________________________

(8佛猿7叫就乙中____________________________________________________________

(9語里奏舉于中______________________________________________________________

(10)打拼儀典所為_____________________________________________________________

(11)所以幽g件_____________________________________________________________

(12譚F色，發(fā)FM而后咿___________________________________________________

(13)△明無法案拚上___________________________________________________________

2.通■印

(1)往之女衣.同.

(物善益共所不能.冏

(3