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標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的使用1Outline:逗號(hào)句號(hào)分號(hào)問(wèn)號(hào)冒號(hào)感嘆號(hào)引號(hào)省略號(hào)破折號(hào)連字符所有格圓括號(hào)大小寫(xiě)縮寫(xiě)/簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)數(shù)字2英文標(biāo)點(diǎn)與中文標(biāo)點(diǎn)的區(qū)別英文中的句號(hào)為句點(diǎn)“.”,省略號(hào)為三個(gè)句點(diǎn)“…”;英文中沒(méi)有頓號(hào)“、”和書(shū)名號(hào)“《》”;英文中有撇號(hào)“’”而中文中沒(méi)有。英文標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)主要有以下四個(gè)方面的用途:表示連接,連接詞或承接句子各部分。如連字符“-”、冒號(hào)“:”、破折號(hào)“——”、撇號(hào)“’”(表示所有格);起封閉句子的作用。如破折號(hào)、逗號(hào)和引號(hào),成對(duì)出現(xiàn)的圓括號(hào)、方括號(hào);表示省略。如省略號(hào)、句號(hào)、撇號(hào):I’m,…);表示結(jié)束。如句號(hào)、問(wèn)好和感嘆號(hào)。31.逗號(hào)(comma,)例:TheresultsofthetestsA、BandCareshowninTable4.修改為:TheresultsofthetestsA,BandCareshowninTable4.
英文中沒(méi)有頓號(hào)!例:Substitutingthesevaluesforp,q,weobtainthefollowingsolution.〔修改為〕:Substitutingthesevaluesforpandq,weobtainthefollowingsolution.當(dāng)所提到的項(xiàng)目只有兩項(xiàng)時(shí),不能用逗號(hào)替代and.
41.逗號(hào)(1)Acommagoesbefore"and"or"or"inaseriesofthreeormore:
分隔平行并列(尤其是三個(gè)以上)的數(shù)字、單詞、短語(yǔ)或從句。以并列連詞(and、but、or、nor、for、so、yet)所連接的兩個(gè)分句,并列連詞前要加逗號(hào)。如:Airhasweight,butitisverylight.5逗號(hào)Thisnewbuildinginouruniversitywillincludemanyclassrooms,alaboratorywithcompletetestingequipmentandoffices.Thisnewbuildinginouruniversitywillincludemanyclassrooms,alaboratorywithcompletetestingequipment,andoffices.6Atitleoraheadline,forinstance,functionsasasignalanddeterminesourapproachtotheensuringtext.Kerosenemolecules,however,havelongercarbonchainsthangasolinemolecules.Theparticlesin,forexample,agasmoveatrangeofspeeds.Theproducts,whichwereproducedathightemperatures,wereunstable.7(2)句中的插入語(yǔ)前后均要用逗號(hào)。一些在句子中間起引導(dǎo)作用的短語(yǔ)前后均要加逗號(hào),如:forinstance,togetherwith,aswellas,inadditionto,thatis,namely,forexample,i.e.,e.g.,moreover,incontrast,indeed,finally等.8Silverisaconductor,whichallowselectricalcurrenttofloweasily.Thematerialwhichallowselectricalcurrenttofloweasilyiscalledaconductor.Thefactthatthingsmustmovetodoworkisknowtoall.
Theboilingtemperature,orboilingpoint,isthetemperatureatwhichaliquidboilsunderordinarypressure.Thisisanexcellentpaper,althoughIdon’tcompletelyagreewiththeconclusions.Wewillacceptthispaperforpublicationifyoumakethefollowingminorrevision.9(3)非限定修飾(從句、短語(yǔ))提供的只是補(bǔ)充的信息,省略后不會(huì)改變句子的基本意義,應(yīng)該用逗號(hào)把句子的非限定修飾詞分隔出來(lái)。
而限定修飾語(yǔ)省略后,意義變化,因此不使用逗號(hào)。10(4)時(shí)間中的逗號(hào)HearrivedinTaiyuanonOctober10,2006,andbeganhisstudythenextweek.HearrivedinTaiyuanon10October2006,andbeganhisstudythenextweek.11(5)參考文獻(xiàn)中的逗號(hào)
Separatesuperscriptreferencenumbersbycommas(butuseadashtoindicatearangeofnumbers):“Recentstudiesofcarrier-transport‘haverevealed...[6,7,9-11]”
12Theyhavetodeveloparapid,inexpensive,efficientmethod.Thereisnotthefirstdirectnumerical,methodtobeintroduced.
當(dāng)多個(gè)并列形容詞共同修飾一個(gè)名詞,并且調(diào)換形容詞的順序不會(huì)影響句子的含義時(shí),形容詞之間要用逗號(hào)分隔;否則不能加逗號(hào)
(6)并列形容詞間的逗號(hào)13(7)直接引語(yǔ)要用逗號(hào)引導(dǎo)InthewordsofPasteur,“Chancefavorsthepreparedmind.”Pasteursaid,“Chancefavorsthepreparedmind.”14①
句號(hào)常用于名字的縮寫(xiě)及縮寫(xiě)字的小寫(xiě)字母的后面
如:L.Fengetal.etc.Ms.②
由大寫(xiě)字母所構(gòu)成的縮寫(xiě)字或機(jī)構(gòu)組織名稱的縮寫(xiě)中句號(hào)可被省略。如:CPUWTOGDP
2.句號(hào)(period.)③當(dāng)句子是由帶句號(hào)的縮寫(xiě)字完成時(shí),不再加句號(hào)。如:Dr.Taylorisamemberoftheinstituteofphysics,U.K.④句號(hào)后面要加空格。但(1)縮寫(xiě)字中間的內(nèi)在句號(hào)不再加空格;(2)學(xué)位的縮寫(xiě)字母間不加空格。如:
e.g.a.m.p.m.ph.D
M.S.B.A.M.D.15⑤句號(hào)在引號(hào)內(nèi)?外?一個(gè)避免出錯(cuò)的辦法是總把句號(hào)放在引號(hào)內(nèi)(美國(guó)用法)如:Hispaperisentitled“representativeOperatingProblemsofCommercialGround-SourceHeatPumps.”.16TheSiberiantigerstillhasagoodchanceofsurvival.(Incontrast,thesouthchinatigermayalreadybedoomed.)Severalstrategiesforsavingthistigerhavebeen
adopted.
句號(hào)內(nèi)的句子是獨(dú)立的句子,句號(hào)在括號(hào)內(nèi)。
ThefirstofHunt’sarticleswaspublishedin1974(theotherswerepublishedsoonafterward).Yamamoto’swork,ontheotherhand,wasnotpublisheduntilfiveyearslater.
括號(hào)內(nèi)的句子是前句的一部分,句號(hào)在括號(hào)外。⑥句號(hào)在括號(hào)內(nèi)?外?173.分號(hào)(semicolon)當(dāng)兩個(gè)意義緊密相關(guān)(原因或?qū)Ρ龋┑木渥娱g沒(méi)有用并列連詞(and、but、or、nor、for、so、yet)相連時(shí),要用分號(hào)或句號(hào),但絕不能用逗號(hào)。例:Someofthesemethodsscantherowsfromtoptobottom;othersscanfromrighttoleft.Theseriesofexperimentscouldnotbecompleted;withoutpoweritwasimpossibletorunthespectrograph.
換言之,若英語(yǔ)句子中只有逗號(hào)來(lái)連接兩個(gè)獨(dú)立分句,而缺少任何連接詞,則這個(gè)英文句子在文法上是錯(cuò)誤的。18改錯(cuò):Assumethatthewickthicknessissmallcomparedtothevaporspacedimensions,thenD1andA1/A2arewellrepresentedbyEqs.(E.8)and(E.9)
方法一:逗號(hào)改句號(hào)“.Then”
方法二:逗號(hào)改分號(hào)“;then”
方法三:“,andthen”
方法四:將其中一個(gè)改成獨(dú)立分句或從句
(注意:then為副詞,而不是連接詞)19分隔由連接副詞(also、consequently、furthermore、however、otherwise、then、therefore、thus)或轉(zhuǎn)折性插入語(yǔ)(forexample、incontrast、indeed、infact、ontheotherhand)引導(dǎo)的獨(dú)立子句。例:[Resistorinseries]Thecurrentthroughthebatteryandeachresistoristhesame;however,thevoltageacrossthebatteryissharedbytheresistors.
或:Thecurrent…isthesame.However,the…20改錯(cuò):ConsiderthecircuitshowninFigure(3),thenwecandrawitsNorton-equivalentcircuitasshowninFigure(4).(諾頓等效電路)正1:…Figure(3).Thenwecan…正2:…Figure(3);thenwecan…21分隔一系列其中包含有逗號(hào)的單詞、短語(yǔ)或數(shù)據(jù).
[X-ray]Thelonger,leastpenetratingwavelengthsarecalledsoftx-rays;theshorter,morepenetratingonearehard.WethankJunhuaTang,TaiyuanUniversityofTechnology,forspectraldata;ChangxiYang,TsinghuaUniversity,forhelpfuldiscussions;andtheNationalScienceFoundationforfinancialsupport(Grant888888).224.問(wèn)號(hào)問(wèn)號(hào)與感嘆號(hào)幾乎不出現(xiàn)在正式的科技文章中。因?yàn)檎降目萍颊撐某S瞄g接疑問(wèn)句,如:
Thepurposeoftheexperimentwastodeterminewhetherthematerialwouldbeharmfultohumanbeing.Anotherimportantproblemishowtoimprovethereliabilityofthemachine.23問(wèn)號(hào)在引號(hào)中的位置:
Canyouexplaintomewhythispipeiscalled“heatpipe”?(問(wèn)號(hào)標(biāo)示整個(gè)句子)
Theprofessoraskedme,“whatdictionaryhaveyou?”(問(wèn)號(hào)在引號(hào)之內(nèi),標(biāo)示引號(hào)內(nèi)的內(nèi)容)
245.冒號(hào)(colon)當(dāng)主句引導(dǎo)一個(gè)或多個(gè)從句,且從句是對(duì)主句的解釋、說(shuō)明、例舉等內(nèi)容時(shí),主句后面要加冒號(hào).如:Theexperimentgaveerroneousresults:theequipmenthadnotbeenproperlycalibrated.引導(dǎo)多個(gè)并列連詞Thiscommitteenowincludesthefollowingpeople:themayor,thechiefofpolice,thefirechief,thechairofthetowncouncil25?Hisfavoritebreakfastcerealswere:RiceKrispies,Cheerios,andWheaties.?Herusualadvice,Iremember,was:"Keepyourheadupasyoupushtheballupthecourt."
不能用冒號(hào)分隔動(dòng)詞與受詞,或前置詞與受詞。5.冒號(hào)265.冒號(hào)冒號(hào)用于把方程式和例子區(qū)隔開(kāi)來(lái),但冒號(hào)前面必須是完整的句子。例:Thegoverningequationcanbewrittenas:正:Thegoverningequationcanbewrittenas或:Thegoverningequationcanbewrittenasfollows:句子中suchas,including后面不加冒號(hào)275.冒號(hào)信件稱謂后面加冒號(hào)(英國(guó)習(xí)慣是加逗號(hào))DearProf.Wang:表示時(shí)間.如4:00p.m(或4:00PM)冒號(hào)引出詞(語(yǔ))的大小寫(xiě)問(wèn)題:冒號(hào)引出的是單詞或短語(yǔ),引出的詞首不大寫(xiě);冒號(hào)引出一個(gè)完整句子時(shí),冒號(hào)后面的單詞第一個(gè)字母可大寫(xiě);冒號(hào)引出多個(gè)句子時(shí),冒號(hào)后面的單詞第一個(gè)字母總是大寫(xiě)。286.感嘆號(hào)感嘆號(hào)用于感嘆語(yǔ)句或表示感嘆的陳述句后面,如:
Howfastlighttravels!不能用兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的感嘆號(hào)
Whatahighspeeditis??!
297.引號(hào)(quotationmarks)(1)引號(hào)用于引導(dǎo)直接引語(yǔ).最常見(jiàn)的困惑是引號(hào)與其他標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的關(guān)系.美式英語(yǔ)中,逗號(hào)和句號(hào)永遠(yuǎn)放在引號(hào)前面;冒號(hào)分號(hào)總放在引號(hào)后面。(而英國(guó)、加拿大等國(guó)的用法是:如果該標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)是直接引語(yǔ)的一部分,則放在引號(hào)內(nèi);反之,放在引號(hào)外).如:MyfavoritepoemisRobertFrost's"Design."(美語(yǔ))MyfavoritepoemisRobertFrost's"Design".(英國(guó)等)307.引號(hào)(quotationmarks)(2)引號(hào)周圍的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)取決于引號(hào)中的內(nèi)容與句子的關(guān)系,試比較以下句子:
Thephrase“l(fā)ovely,darkanddeep”beginstosuggestominousovertones.Myfatheralwayssaid,"Becarefulwhatyouwishfor."Mymother'sfavoritequotewasfromShakespeare:"Thisaboveall,tothineownselfbetrue.""Idon'tcare,"shesaid,"whatyouthinkaboutit.""Idon'tcare,"shesaid."Whatdoyouthink?"317.引號(hào)(quotationmarks)(3)單引號(hào)只出現(xiàn)在雙引號(hào)之內(nèi)。(4)用引號(hào)新定義的詞只是第一次出現(xiàn)時(shí)加引號(hào)。如:
Theresonanceisanextratunnelingchannel,or"window”inthebarrier.TunnelingelectronswithtotalenergyE+E,willalwaysbeabletoseethewindow,butdonotnecessarilyexitthroughit.(5)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)術(shù)語(yǔ)不用加引號(hào)。
〔佳〕Thenearest-neighbordistancetakenfrom...
〔不佳〕The"nearest-neighbor"distancetakenfrom......(6)符號(hào)不加引號(hào)。如
〔佳〕constantsaandbaregivenby...
〔不佳〕constants"a"and“b"...32省略號(hào)是三個(gè)前后均有空格的句號(hào)句中的省略號(hào)要求省略號(hào)的前后是對(duì)等的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)或數(shù)學(xué)符號(hào)。正:wherej=1,2,3,...,n;
誤:wherej=1,2,3...,n省略號(hào)在句未,幾個(gè)點(diǎn)?數(shù)學(xué)符號(hào)前后有省略號(hào)時(shí),將省略號(hào)提升至與數(shù)學(xué)符號(hào)同一高度,如:C(t1)=C(t2)=·
·
·=C(tn)8.省略號(hào):339.圓括號(hào)Parentheses
園括號(hào)用于在句子中插入一個(gè)非強(qiáng)調(diào)的說(shuō)明、或標(biāo)示數(shù)字或字母,表示句子中相對(duì)獨(dú)立的成分.其作用與句子中成對(duì)出現(xiàn)的逗號(hào)和成對(duì)出現(xiàn)的破折號(hào)作用相似.如:Thecurve(figure2)obeystheBeer-Lambertlaw.如果要表示強(qiáng)調(diào),可用成對(duì)出現(xiàn)的破折號(hào)表示.圓括號(hào)的用法要注意以下事項(xiàng):圓括號(hào)的前后均應(yīng)加空格.例:Whenasphere
(orotherobject)
movesthoughafluid,orafluidflowsthroughapipe,theflowisonlystreamlinebeneathacertaincriticalspeed.34注意圓括號(hào)的完整性:InEqs.(13),(l4),and(16),notEqs.(13,14,16)InEqs.(3a)-(3c),而不是:Eqs.(3a-c)InFigs.4(a)and4(b)InFigs.2(a)-2(c),而不是[Figs.2(a-c)]不能用于引用參考文獻(xiàn)上,如:Scottetal.[2]而不是[Scottetal.(2)]InRef.5InRef.[5]而不是[Ref.(5)]35列舉時(shí),排列的字母或數(shù)字用圓括號(hào),如:Thethreeremainingcasesare(a)isotopic,(b)nearlyelastic,and(c)polaropticalscattering.總用圓括號(hào)來(lái)引用方程式或某圖的一部分。如:InEq.(13),InFig.4(a)用過(guò)圓括號(hào)后還需要引用,應(yīng)用方括號(hào).如:Recallthatthesusceptibility[seeEq.(A4)]receivesaCurieterm.369.圓括號(hào)Parentheses用圓括號(hào)在一個(gè)句子中插入另一個(gè)句子時(shí),句號(hào)放在圓括號(hào)之外。如:
Thisisclearlynotthecase(seeFig.2),sothatourinitialconjecturewouldappeartobecorrect(compare,however,withresultsofJonesatnonzerotemperatures).當(dāng)圓括號(hào)內(nèi)是一個(gè)或兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子時(shí),句號(hào)放在圓括號(hào)內(nèi),且首字大寫(xiě)。
Equation(58)representstheeffectofthemagneticanisotropy.(NotethatT,wasdefinedforzerofieldandzeromagneticanisotropy.Ageneralizeddefinitionfornonzerofieldisimplied.)3710破折號(hào)(emdash—和endash–)破折號(hào)分為長(zhǎng)破折號(hào)(emdash)和短破折號(hào)(endash)兩種,長(zhǎng)破折號(hào)的長(zhǎng)度”—“相當(dāng)于英文大寫(xiě)字母”M”的寬度;而短破折號(hào)“–”的長(zhǎng)度相當(dāng)于英文大寫(xiě)字母”N”的寬度。兩種破折號(hào)在計(jì)算機(jī)鍵盤上均沒(méi)有給出;連字符“-”則可用鍵盤直接輸入.長(zhǎng)破折號(hào)的作用與冒號(hào)、分號(hào)和成對(duì)出現(xiàn)的逗號(hào)的功能一樣.在下面兩種情況下用破折號(hào)替代一對(duì)逗號(hào):(1)當(dāng)插入語(yǔ)中存在其他標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)時(shí);(2)強(qiáng)調(diào)突然的停頓或轉(zhuǎn)折時(shí)。38
長(zhǎng)破折號(hào)連接句子中的插入句,強(qiáng)調(diào)突然的停頓或轉(zhuǎn)折.如:Ournewdigitalcamera—aswellasseveralotherattractionadvancedproduct—isscheduledtobeintroducedinSeptember.(句子中斷)OnNovember14,1885—ayearandeightmonthsaftertheirson’sdeathandeightmonthsafterLelandStanfordbeganhisfirsttermasaU.S.senator—thecoupleformalizedtheirplanstofoundauniversity.(可有可無(wú)的同位語(yǔ))由于破折號(hào)更強(qiáng)調(diào)戲劇性效果,因此在科技文獻(xiàn)中較少使用.可從下面的對(duì)話中體會(huì)破折號(hào)的含義."HowmanytimeshaveIaskedyounotto—"Jasionsuddenlystoppedtalkingandlookedoutthewindow."Nottodowhat?"Iprompted."Notto—Ohheck,Iforget!"39短破折號(hào)(1)用于連接兩個(gè)同等重要的術(shù)語(yǔ).如:temperature–timecurve(溫度–時(shí)間曲線),Beer–Lambertlaw,Bose–Einsteinstatisticsvapor–liquidequilibrium(氣–液平衡),(2)類似于“to”的作用。如:height–depthratio,cost–benefitanalysis,current–voltagegraph(3)表示由數(shù)字、時(shí)間、字母、頁(yè)碼等組成的期間,如參考文獻(xiàn)中的頁(yè)碼范圍.Figure1–4,pp.23–36;35.7–37.6m2;1999–2003,30–40%;5–50kg(注意:當(dāng)數(shù)字有負(fù)數(shù)時(shí),不能用短破折號(hào))40連字符主要起連接作用,它可用電腦鍵盤上數(shù)字鍵一行的短橫線“-”直接輸入。(1)用于連接前綴與單詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合詞electro-optical,half-life,non-nuclear(2)連接被上下行分開(kāi)的一個(gè)詞的連續(xù)性(3)連接起修飾作用的復(fù)合詞(復(fù)合詞做名詞)time-dependentreaction,thin-filmresults,
high-frequencytransition,root-mean-square,signal-to-noiseratio,low-temperaturemeasurements,high-pressureexperiments,light-induceddrift,two-stagereactions,11.連字符hyphen-41(4)連接數(shù)字21–99間的十位數(shù)和個(gè)位數(shù)
twenty-six,sixty-eight,ninety-nine(5)用于表示分?jǐn)?shù)。如
two-thirds,four-fifths,one-sixth,(6)出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)相同字母,加連字符,
如:non-negative,semi-infinite.
例外:unnecessary,coordinate.(7)連接由數(shù)字、字母與名詞(或形容詞)組成的復(fù)合性修飾語(yǔ)。如:
a3-year-oldchild,a10-womanteam,6-keVdata,
three-dimensionaldiagrams,two-phasesystem,
thirty-dayperiod,x-rayanalysis,t-test,X-band
12-minexposure,a5-gdose,4-mm-thicklayer11.連字符hyphen-42以quasi-public-quasi-judicialbody
準(zhǔn)公共—準(zhǔn)司法的機(jī)構(gòu)
注意,quasi-public與quasi-judicial各自都是帶有連字號(hào)(hyphen)的復(fù)合詞,
它們由endash連起來(lái)作定語(yǔ)修飾body。再看下面的例子:
post-CivilWarperiod
內(nèi)戰(zhàn)之后的時(shí)期
NewYork-Londonflight
紐約—倫敦航班
43注意這兩個(gè)例子中,CivilWar和NewYork都是復(fù)合詞,但是沒(méi)有連字號(hào),叫做opencompound,當(dāng)這樣的復(fù)合詞與其他詞組合時(shí),用endash連接而不用hyphen。
使用時(shí)要注意以下兩點(diǎn):
1.endash前后不留空。
2.endash的長(zhǎng)度介于emdash和hyphen兩者之間,它們各有各的功能,切忌混用。44(8)當(dāng)前綴或后綴加在兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的詞上時(shí),之間用連字符:non-time-independent,quasi-free-electron,free-electron-like,(9)當(dāng)詞與“Self”,“free”,“half”連用時(shí)通常要加連字符。
self-consistent,divergence-free,half-width,half-life(10)科學(xué)拼寫(xiě)的一個(gè)趨勢(shì)是減少連字符。如原來(lái)的復(fù)合名詞:buildup,cutoff,output,crossover,knockout,setup,cooperation,coordinate,infrared現(xiàn)在已作為一個(gè)詞。類似地,諸如:tchannel,α
particle,ptype,δ
function,xray,swave也取消之間的連字符4512.所有格46所有格有三種形式:(a)加“’s”,(b)加“’”,(c)加“s”。(1)單數(shù)名詞、不定代詞及字尾不是s的復(fù)數(shù)名詞的所有格均為“’s”。如:everyone’ssuggestion,Louis’scamera(2)字尾以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞,僅在字尾加“’”。如:
Thestudents’homework(3)英文數(shù)字的復(fù)數(shù)形式通常只在字尾加s。
inthe1980s=inthe1980’s;
anorderfortenXJ-100s47【注意】帶詞尾-s的單數(shù)名詞,通常仍加-’s:
theboss’splan老板的計(jì)劃
thehostess’sworry女主人的擔(dān)心
帶詞尾-s的人名,可加’s或只加省字撇(’)
Dickens’novels狄更斯的小說(shuō)
Charles’sjob查理斯的工作
不帶詞尾-s卻以咝音結(jié)尾者,一律加-’s:Marx'sworks馬克思的著作48(4)兩人或多人的發(fā)現(xiàn)或發(fā)明,一般用復(fù)合名詞。如:畢奧-薩伐爾定律:theBiot–SavartLaw,
theStefan–Boltzmannlaw,theJoule–Thompsoeffect焦耳—湯普森效應(yīng)。也可:Biot-Savart‘sLaw(5)科學(xué)定律、理論或數(shù)學(xué)方程式中人名前無(wú)“the”時(shí)才用所有格。
TheKelvinscale(開(kāi)爾文溫標(biāo))aWheatstonebridge(惠斯通電橋)aBursenburner(本生燈)Millikan’sexperimentFaraday’slawofelectromagneticinduction49Archimedes’principleYoung’smodulusKirchoff’slaws
Newton’slaws,Ohm’slaw,Euler’sequation,Boltzmann’sconstant,Bernouilli’sequation(6)分別擁有和共同擁有
IreadWangandLiu’spaperyesterday.IreadWang’sandHe’spaperyesterday50(7)英文字母斜體字及短語(yǔ)的復(fù)數(shù)通常用所有格符號(hào)表示,如
aseriesofx’s
andy’s;sixM’sandN’sinthematrix.threeyes’sandfiveno’s
當(dāng)所有格用于大寫(xiě)字母的復(fù)數(shù)形式時(shí),可以省略所有格符號(hào),如:fiveP’s或fivePs(8)在縮寫(xiě)名詞中,如果有標(biāo)點(diǎn),用所有格表示其復(fù)數(shù),如:Ph.D.’s
Ms.’s;如果縮寫(xiě)中沒(méi)有標(biāo)點(diǎn),則直接加”s”。如:LCDs,fiveCCDs,twoXJ—100s5113.大小寫(xiě)Capitalization/lowercase句首第一個(gè)字母大寫(xiě);當(dāng)名詞或形容詞作專用名詞時(shí),第一個(gè)字母大寫(xiě)Gaussian,Hamiltonian,Ohmic月,星期,假日等大寫(xiě)。Valentine’sday專有名詞大寫(xiě),專有名稱前面的職稱,學(xué)位大寫(xiě),如:ProfessorXue,Q.K.Xue,Ph.D.5213.大小寫(xiě)Capitalization/lowercase科學(xué)定理,方程中的專有名詞必須大寫(xiě),但其后的普通名詞不需大寫(xiě):
Avogadro’snumber,Debyetemperature,Bohrradius,Ohm‘slaw5313.大小寫(xiě)Capitalization/lowercase需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的一些名詞詞首可大寫(xiě),如:AppendixA,Table1,Theorem1。但諸如:column4,curveB,sample1,model4A,type4A總是小寫(xiě)。破折號(hào)連接的兩字符大寫(xiě),而連字符連接時(shí)不能大寫(xiě)。如:“StudyoftheTime–TemperatureDependenceinCatalyticReactions”5413.大小寫(xiě)Capitalization/lowercase對(duì)于縮寫(xiě)字符,如果是截調(diào)某個(gè)單詞的一部分而寫(xiě)成的縮寫(xiě),要小寫(xiě);而由詞首構(gòu)成的詞要大寫(xiě)。如:const(constant)MO(molecularorbital),BCS(Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer)55“WaveChaosinReal-WorldVertical-CavitySurface-EmittingLasers”"StudiesoftheEffectsofRadiationonPolymerMaterials"“SpectroscopicStudiesusingLow-energyPhotons”結(jié)論:大寫(xiě)標(biāo)題中,多于五個(gè)字母的介詞都要大寫(xiě),如About,Before,Between等等標(biāo)題中介詞的大小寫(xiě)13.大小寫(xiě)Capitalization/lowercase56注意:小寫(xiě)的符號(hào)或縮寫(xiě)即使用在標(biāo)題中也不大寫(xiě);也不用在句首?!怖砤cStarkeffectsinthemultiphotonionizationofatomicsodiumwerestudiedbyKeynesetal.for...〔佳〕:Keynesetal.studiedacStarkeffects...57(10)冒號(hào)后接一短語(yǔ)或一詞時(shí),第一個(gè)字母從不大寫(xiě)。如
Weobtainedvaluesfortwoparameters:thequantumcyclotronradiusandtheDebyeshieldingradius.當(dāng)冒號(hào)后接一完整的句子時(shí),第一個(gè)字母可以大小寫(xiě):〔例〕:Weareledtothefollowingconclusion:Thefastelectronmoderepresentsanunloadingofexcessexcitonsformedduringexcitation.〔例〕:Weareledtothefollowingconclusion:thefastelectronmode...當(dāng)冒號(hào)后接幾個(gè)句子時(shí),第一個(gè)字母總是大寫(xiě):〔例〕:OurexperiencewithdiamondsuggestsseveralconclusionsbearingonfutureXPSstudies:First,surfacecontaminationcancontributesubstantiallytotheobservedspectra.Second,availablecalculationsofthedensityofstateswithinavalencebandarenotdirectlyusefulforqualitativeresults.Third,...
58(11)Equation,Figure等詞用在數(shù)字前用縮寫(xiě),如Eq.,Fig.,Ref.,andSec.(注意復(fù)數(shù)形式):InEq.(3)InRefs.6-8,InFigs.4and5,InSec.Ⅱ
但當(dāng)以上單詞用在句首時(shí),要全寫(xiě),不能縮寫(xiě)。如:Equation(3)represents...5914.縮寫(xiě)/簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)(1)一個(gè)單詞的縮寫(xiě)用小寫(xiě),如:
avforaverage;
constforconstant(2)短語(yǔ)的縮寫(xiě)通常用大寫(xiě),如:MOformolecularorbitalBCSforBardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer(3)不常用的縮寫(xiě)第一次使用時(shí)應(yīng)說(shuō)明。如:Two-photonresonant(TPR)third-harmonicgenerationhasbeenreportedincesium,thallium,andstrontium.InthispaperweexaminethespecialproblemsassociatedwithTPRthird-harmonicgenerationinmetalvapors.60(4)簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)后面通常加句號(hào),如:
Co.(Company)
Prof.(Professor)
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