Argument閃光句型 總結(jié)

bangle整理的Argument閃光句型Argument閃光句型

1.

Themere(純粹的，起碼的，僅僅的)factthatticketsalesinrecentyearsforscreenplay（電影劇本）-basedmovieshaveexceededthoseforbook-basedmoviesisinsufficient（不足的，不夠的）evidencetoconclude(show,prove,illustrate（舉例說明）,demonstrate(證明，論證，示范))thatwritingscreenplaysnowprovidesgreaterfinancialopportunityforwriters.

A這個事實（概念）并不足以證明B這個事實（概念）

2.

Itispossiblethatfeespaidbymoviestudiosforscreenplayswilldecreaseinthefuturerelativetothoseforbookrights.

3.

Theargumentfailstoruleout(劃去，排除，取消)thepossibilitythatawriterengagesin（參加，使從事于）bothtypesofwritingaswellasotherwriter.

這個論述并沒有排除。。。的可能性

4．Inanyevent(無論如何),theadvertisementprovidesnojustification(理由)forthemutually（互相地，互助）exclusive（排外的，獨占的，唯一的）choicethatitimposeson（利用，欺騙，施加影響于）thewriter.

5．Theargumentsimplyequates(treat)successwith(astheindicationof)movieticketsales,whichisunwarranted（無根據(jù)的，無保證的）.

作者簡單的把A和B劃上了等號（簡單的把A等同于B）

6．Theauthorassumes(makeassumption)thatphysicalcapabilitiesaretheonlyattribute（品質(zhì)，特征，屬性）necessarytooperateamotorvehicle.

作者假定物理性能是對運轉(zhuǎn)機動車所必須的唯一屬性。

7．Moreover(此外),theauthorprovidesnoevidencethattherealism（現(xiàn)實主義）ofcolorphotography（攝影，攝影術(shù)）isthereasonforitspredominance（優(yōu)勢）.

此外，作者沒能提供證據(jù)證明A就是B的原因。

8．Thisassumptionpresents（提出，呈現(xiàn)，介紹）afalsedilemma(進退兩難的局面，困難的選擇),sincethetwomediaarenotnecessarilymutuallyexclusive（互斥的）alternatives（事物，二中擇一，可供選擇的辦法）.

9．Commonsense（常識）tellsusthataphotographercansucceedbyworkinginbothmedia.

常識告訴我們。。。（不理性的，最好不用）

10．Theargumentignoresthefactors—suchasinitiative（主動）,creativity（創(chuàng)造，創(chuàng)造力）,technicalskills,andbusinessjudgment（判斷）—thatmaybemoreimportantthanthechoiceofmedium（媒體）indeterminingsuccessinphotograph.

11.Themajorproblemwiththeargumentisthatthestated（定期的，一定的）similarities（類似，類似處）betweenCompanyAandBareinsufficienttosupporttheconclusionthatCompanyAwillsuffer（遭受，經(jīng)歷，忍受）afatesimilartoCompanyB‘s.

12.Consequently,themerefactthatCompanyAholdsalargeshare（份額）ofthevideo-gamehardwareandsoftwaremarketdoesnotsupport(支持，擁護)theclaimthatCompanyAwillalsofail.

僅此是如下的事實，并不能支持如下的主張

13.Thus,theauthorunfairlyassumesthathighly-ratedpublictelevisionprogramsarenecessarilywidelyviewed,orpopular.

14.Whilethismaybetrueinsomecases,itisequallypossiblethatonlycompanieswithproductsthatarealreadybest-sellerscanaffordthehigheradratesthatpopularshowsdemand.

這一點在某些情況下是真實的，但同樣有可能在別的相反的情況下成立，作者的推理并不是唯一的

15.Admittedly(公認地，誠然，無可否認的),thevicepresident’sreasoninglinkingemployeebenefitswithcompanyprofits（利潤，益處）seemsreasonableonthesurface.

16.Onecaninfer（推斷）fromthesurvey’sresultsthatafullone-thirdoftherespondents（回答者）mayhaveviewedthecurrent（當(dāng)前的，現(xiàn)在的，最近的，草寫的，通用的）benefitspackageunfavorably（不適宜地，不利地）.

我們可以從調(diào)查的結(jié)果推出。。。（和作者不同的結(jié)論，削弱作者的論述）

17．Lacking(缺乏的，不足的)morespecific(明確的，特殊的)informationabouthowtheseotheremployeesresponded,itisimpossibletoassess（估定，評定）（evaluate(評價，估計),judge（鑒定，判斷，斷定，認為））thereliability(可靠性)ofthesurvey’sresultsortomakeaninformed（見多識廣的）recommendation（推薦，介紹信，勸告，建議）.

18．Itisunlikelythatthebrief（摘要，大綱）one-weekperiods（周期）undercomparison（比較，對照）arerepresentative（代表）oflongertimeperiods.

19．Ifso（假如這樣的話）,eventhough（即使）3percentmoreaccidentsoccurred（發(fā)生，出現(xiàn)）afterthechange,theauthor’s(arguer’s)argumentthatchangingthespeedlimitincreasesdangerfordriverswouldbeseriouslyweakened.

假如是。。。作者如下的觀點也會大大的削弱

20.Theeditorial（社論）failstotakeintoaccount(重視，考慮)possibledifferencesbetweenEastandWestCambriathatarerelevant（有關(guān)的，相應(yīng)的）tohowdriversreactto（與。。。起反應(yīng)）speed-limitchanges.

（此句用于攻擊錯誤類比時使用（falseanalogy））

21．Inaddition(另外),whileitistruethatmanyvoters（投票者）changetheirmindsseveraltimesbeforevoting,andthatsomeremainundecided（未定的，不穩(wěn)定的）untilenteringthevotingbooth（貨攤，售貨亭，棚）,thisisnottrueofeveryone.

一方面，。。。是有道理的，但這個道理不一定適合每個人

（用于攻擊草率推廣中的絕對化詞匯）

22.Withoutknowingtheextentandnatureofthedamageresulting（作為結(jié)果的，因而發(fā)生的）fromthebadpublicity（公開）orthereasonfortheviolation（違反，妨礙，侵害，違背）,wecannotaccepttheauthor’sconclusion.

23.Theauthor’sproposal（提議，建議）isinconsistent（不一致，不協(xié)調(diào)的，矛盾的）withtheauthor’sconclusionabouttheconsequences（結(jié)果）ofadopting（采用，收養(yǎng)）anethics（偶爾，道德規(guī)范）code.

24.Tobeginwith（首先，本來）,theauthorfailstoconsiderhealththreats（威脅，兇兆）posed（形成，引起，造成，擺姿勢，洋裝）byincinerating（把。。燒成灰，燒棄）trash.

25.Theauthor’sconclusion（結(jié)束，結(jié)論，締結(jié)）thatswitching（開關(guān)，轉(zhuǎn)換，配電系統(tǒng)）toincineration（燒成灰，焚化）wouldbemoresalutary（有益的）forpublichealthwouldbeseriouslyundermined.

26.However,thisisnotnecessarilythecase.

27.Theauthor’simplicit（暗示的，盲從的，含蓄的）claimthatincinerationsareeconomicallyadvantageous（有利的）tolandfills（垃圾，垃圾掩埋法=trash）ispoorlysupported.

28.Consequently,unlesstheauthorcandemonstratethatthecitywillincur（招致）expenses（費用，開支）thatarenotcoveredbytheincreasedrevenues（收入，國家的收入，稅收）fromtheseprojects,theauthor’sconcernabouttheseissuesisunfounded（沒有理由的，未建立的）.

因此，除非作者能證明。。。否則作者的這些擔(dān)心是沒有根據(jù)的

（UNLESSA，，，B（否定結(jié)構(gòu)），，）

29．Firstofall,whileasserting(斷言，聲稱)thatrealincomesarerising,theauthorprovidesnoevidencetosupportthisassertion.

30.Butnoevidenceisprovided（倘若）toshowthatthisexplanationiscorrect.

31.Moreover（而且，此外）,theauthorfailstoconsiderandruleoutotherfactorsthatmightaccountfor（說明，解決）proportional（成比例的，均衡的）decreaseinspendingonfood.

32.Theauthorignoresotherlikelybenefits（possiblefactors）ofagriculturaltechnologythataffectfoodpiecesonlyindirectlyornotatall.

作者忽略了有可能出現(xiàn)的好處

（作者考慮問題沒有考慮正負得失）

33.Inthefirstplace,agreatdealofempirical（經(jīng)驗主義的，完全根據(jù)經(jīng)驗的）evidenceshowsthatsequels（結(jié)局）areoftennotasprofitable（有利可圖的）astheoriginalmovies.

34.However,unlesstheoriginalcast（演員表）andproductionteamareinvolved（棘手的，有關(guān)的）inmakingthesequel,thereisagoodchanceitwillnotbefinanciallysuccessful.

然而，除非。。。否則很有可能。。。會發(fā)生

35.Sincethedifficultiesinherent（固有的，內(nèi)在的，與生俱來的）inthisprocess（過程，作用，方法，程序，步驟）makeithardtopredict（預(yù)知，預(yù)言，預(yù)報）whethertheresultwillbeasuccessorafailure,theconclusionthatthesequelwillbeprofitableispresumptuous(武斷的).

36.Thisassumptionoverlooksothercriteria（標(biāo)準）fordeterminingabridge’simportance—suchasthenumberofcommuters（通勤者，經(jīng)常往返者）usingthebridge,theroleofthebridgeinlocalemergencies（緊急事件，緊急需要）anddisasters,andtheimpact（影響，效果，沖突，碰撞）thatbridgeclosure（關(guān)閉）wouldhaveontheeconomiesofnearbycities.

37.Withoutsuchevidence,wecannotaccepttheauthor’sconclusionthatnogovernmentfunds（資金，基金）shouldbedirectedtowardmaintaining（維持，維修，供養(yǎng)）theStyxRiverbridge.

沒有這樣的證據(jù)，我們不能接受作者的結(jié)論

38.Thefactthatthenearbycityhasaweakening（弱化）economydoesnotprovethatthecitywillnotcontributesignificantly（意味深長地，值得注目地）totax（對。。征稅）revenues.

A不能說明B

39.Substantiating（證實，使實體化）thisassumptionrequiresexaminingtheproper（正當(dāng)?shù)?，固有的，適當(dāng)?shù)?，正確的，特有的）dutyofgovernment.

40.Accordingly（因此，從而）,thisassumptionissimplyanunprovedclaim.

因此，這個假定只是一個未經(jīng)證實的主張

41.Theauthorispresentingafalsedilemmabyimposing(強加（壯麗的，使人難忘的）)aneither-or（只能二選一的）choicebetweentwocoursesofactionthatneednotbemutuallyexclusive.

見8條

42.Itisequallypossiblethatlegislators（立法者）canaddress（演說，向。。致辭，）bothareasofconcern(（利害）關(guān)系，關(guān)注，涉及)concurrently（并發(fā)地，一致地）.

43.Theargumentrelies（依賴于，信賴）ontheassumptionthatthelegislatorsinquestion(所討論的)havetheopportunitytoaddressurban（城市的）crime（犯罪，犯罪行為）problems.

44.Finally,theauthorunfairlytrivializes（使平凡，使瑣碎）theseverity（嚴肅，嚴格，嚴重，激烈）ofrural（鄉(xiāng)下的，田園的，生活在農(nóng)村的）crimebysimplycomparingitwithurbancrime.

論者無理的輕視了。。（小看了。。；不重視。。。）

45.Itispossiblethatthesalestrend（傾向，伸向）inaparticular（特別的，特殊的，詳細的，獨特的）location（場所，位置，特定區(qū)域）isnotrepresentative（典型的，有代表性的）ofsalesinotherregions（地區(qū)，區(qū)域，地方，領(lǐng)域）.

46.However,theauthorfailstoacknowledge（承認）andruleoutotherpossiblecausesofsuchaccidents.

47.Athirdproblemwiththeargumentisthatthestatisticalevidenceuponwhichitreliesistoovague（含糊的，不清楚的）tobeinformative（提供情報的）.

48.Ifthesubjectsforthestudywererandomly（隨便的，未加計劃的）chosenandrepresent（表現(xiàn)，描繪，象征，扮演，回憶）adiverse（不同的，變化多的）cross（相反的，交叉的）sectionofthepopulationofshampoousers,theresultswillbereliable（可靠的，可信賴的）regardless（不管，不顧，不注意）ofthenumberofparticipants（參與者，共享者）.

49.Experiencealoneisfarfrombeingenoughtoguarantee（保證，擔(dān)保）minimized（將。。減到最?。﹑rocessing（處理）costs（成本，價錢，代價）.

50.Given(贈予的，特定的，假設(shè)的)thatOlympicFoodsdoesbenefitfrom（受益于）loweredprocessingcostsdueto（由于，應(yīng)歸于）itsyearsofexperience,theprediction（預(yù)言，預(yù)報）aboutmaximumprofitsisstillinlackofsolid（可靠的）ground（范圍）.

51.Anyadverse（不利的，敵對的，反對的）changeinthosefactorswillhavenegativeimpact（對。。發(fā)生影響）onthecompany’sprofitability（收益性，利益率）.

52.Contingencies(偶然事件)suchasmarketchanges,competition,materialandlabor（勞工）costs,legislative（立法的，立法機關(guān)（的））moves,andthenationalorinternationaleconomiccyclecanallleadtodroppingprofit.

53.Openingsubsidiaries（輔助的，補充的）mayjustcoincide（一致，符合）withchangesintheabovementioned（提及，說起，論及）factorsandtheconsequent（作為結(jié)果的，隨之發(fā)生的）impactonthecompany’sprofitability.

54.Comprehensive（全面的，廣泛的）analysisisnecessarytoidentify（確定，識別，鑒別）theactualcause(s)ofthecompany’sloweredprofitability.

全面的分析是必要的，以便確定。。。結(jié)果的真正原因

（攻擊“沒有考慮其他可能的因素”的時候使用，原因可能是一個或者多個）

55.Theotherpremise（假定，提論，預(yù)述）intheargumentthatcentralization（集中，中央集權(quán)化）wouldimprove（改善，改進）profitabilitylendslittlesupporttotheargumentbecauseitsowncredibility（可信性）issuspect（令人懷疑的，不可信的，可疑的）.

56.Thereisnodataavailable,however,tosupportanycausalrelationbetweenthenumberofpeoplewatchingTVprogramsaboutthevisualartsandthenumberofpeoplevisitingartmuseums.

57.Wedonothaveanyevidencesuggestingthattheincreaseordecreaseofthenumberof

TVprogramviewerswillcausethelikewise（同樣地）increaseordecreaseinthenumberofmuseumvisitors,orvise（簽證，簽準）versa.

58.Thestatisticsofferedintheannouncement（宣告，公告）warrants（保證，擔(dān)保）onlytheconclusionthatthedeclineofTheMercury’scirculation（循環(huán)，流通，發(fā)行量）andthealleged（聲稱的，所謂的）competitor（競爭者）,thelower-pricednewspaperTheBugle,coexisted（共存）inthepastfiveyears.

這段論述中所提供的證據(jù)，只能支持如下的結(jié)論（可能作者的結(jié)論作出限定后是成立的）

（在攻擊類似“結(jié)論放大了”的時候用）

59.Anyfurtherlinkage（聯(lián)接）ofthesetwophenomena（現(xiàn)象）requiresmoreevidenceandisnotjustified（證明。。是恰當(dāng)?shù)模゜ythedatasofaravailable.

60.Therefore,anydecisionaimedataddressingtheproblemoffallingcirculationmustbebasedonmorethorough（十分的，徹底的）investigation（調(diào)查，研究）togather（集合，聚集）sufficient（充分的，足夠的）datainordertonarrowdownandlocate（定位）theactualcause(s)oftheproblem.

任何指在解決。。。問題的決定都必須基于更徹底的調(diào)查以便獲得充分的數(shù)據(jù)來（限定）縮小這個問題真正的一個或多個原因

61.ThereisalsothepossibilitythatTheMercury’sdecliningcirculationhaslittletodowithTheBugle.

62.Sincethearguermakesaclaimaboutworkersingeneral,theworkerssampledforthesurveyshouldbeabletorepresentallworkers.

63.Fromthesurveyquoted(引用，引證，提供，提出)intheargument,however,wefindnosignofsuchproceduresforrandomsampling（隨意取樣）,andhavegoodreasontodoubtifthesampleisrepresentativeenoughtoreflectthegeneralattitudesofallworkersasawhole（總體上）.

從這段論述所引用的調(diào)查來看，我們找不到任何有關(guān)隨機取樣的調(diào)查程序的跡象，懷疑調(diào)查，抽樣調(diào)查的代表性來反應(yīng)。。。

（用于攻擊“調(diào)查類的問題”）

64.Whensamplesareusedtomakegeneralclaimsaboutaparticulargroup,thesamplesshouldbecloseenoughintimetothegeneralization(一般化，普通化，概括)theyareusedtosupport,sothathistoricalchangeswillnotinvalidate（使無效）thegeneralization.

當(dāng)抽樣調(diào)查被用來對一個特定的群體做出一般的概括的時候，那么這個樣品要在抽樣的時間上盡可能接近這個你要用來支持的一般性的結(jié)論，以便歷史的改變不會使這個概括無效。

（要在調(diào)查的時間上盡可能接近，實用性不強）

65．Ifthiswillbethecase,thentheincreasingnumbermiddle-agedpeopleinthefuturewillnotnecessarilymeanthelikewiseincreaseofbusinessvolume(銷售量)indepartmentstores.

66.Opinionsshouldbejudgedbytheirownmerits（優(yōu)點，價值）,andshouldnotbedismissedmerelybecausetheyarevoicedbyafewpeople.

67.Tofindtheexactcauseorcausesofeconomicupsordowns（盛衰，沉?。?examinationshouldbeappliedtoallfactorsthathavesignificant（有意義的，重要的）impactontheeconomy.

68.SincenoeffectwasmadetogatherinformationaboutthespendingamountsoftheshopperswhohadnotreadtheadinGazette（報紙，政府的公報，（大學(xué)的）學(xué)報）,thepossibilitycannotbeexcluded（排斥，把。。排除在外）thattheaverageamountspentbyashopperdidnotvarysignificantly,whethertheshopperhadreadtheadornot.

69.Withoutfurtherinvestigationanyclaimsmadeabouttheeffectiveness（效力）oftheradioadaredoubtfuleventhoughthecafédidobserveabetterbusiness.

70.Thefactthatthestudentperformanceimproved（改良的）aftertheapplicationofinteractivecomputerinstructiondoesnotnecessarilyimply（暗示，意味）thatthenewteachingmethodisresponsible（可靠的，可信賴的，有責(zé)任的，負責(zé)的）fortheachievements.

如下的事實不一定意味著。。。

（同38句，也是一個萬能句型）

71.Factorssuchasfunds,computerskillsofteachingstaff（教職人員）,relativeimportanceofotherteachingobjectivesallhavesomebearingon（有關(guān)，瞄準，對。。施加壓力）theextentoftheuseofcomputer-aided（半自動的）instruction.

72.Economy,asweknow,isinfluenced（影響，改變）bythecombinationofahost（主機）offactors,local,nationalandinternational,political,social,andtechnological.

73.Butwearetoldnothingaboutthewaythepoll（民意測驗，選舉之選票）wasconductedandhowwellitrepresentedthepublicopinions.

可是我們沒有被告知任何這個抽樣是怎么做的，以及它能夠有效的代表什么，

（對調(diào)查結(jié)果正確性的攻擊，可用此句型）

74.Buttheproblemisthatthetwosituationsarenotsimilarenoughtojustify（證明。。是正當(dāng)?shù)模﹖heanalogicaldeduction（類比推理）.

這個問題是這兩種情形，不具有足夠的相似性來使得作者的類比推理成立

（falseanalogy）

75.Accordingtothememo,companiesareurgedtofollowthiscode,butthereisnoevidencewhatsoever(無論如何)toshowanyseriouscommitment（許諾，委托事項）onthepartofthosecompaniesotherthantheirovert（明顯的，公然的）agreementtoabideby（堅持，遵守）it.

76.Theargumentprovidesnodirectinformationastothedegreetowhichthepublic’sdemandforrestaurantsissatisfiedbythesupplyfromtheindustry.

77.Thereisnoevidencewhatsoevertoindicatethatthewaterissolely（獨自地，單獨地）responsibleforthehealthconditionofthelocalpeople.

78.Butanyconclusionatthisstageispremature（未成熟的，太早的，早熟的）inabsenceofacomprehensiveexaminationoftheschool’seducationalcompetence（能力）.

79.Thisobservedphenomenon（現(xiàn)象）,actually,sayslittlemorethanthatthesetwoeventsaresynchronic（同時發(fā)生的）toeachotherandthatisall.

80.Itdoesnotnaturallywarranttheconclusionthatmovieviolencehassignificantlycontributed,andthusiscausalto,theincreasedurbancrimesinreallife.

81.InthisargumentthearguerconcludesthattheAppogeeCompanyshouldclosedownfieldofficesandconductallitsoperationsfromasingle,centralized（集中的，中央集權(quán)的）locationbecausethecompanyhadbeenmoreprofitable（有利可圖的）inthepastwhenallitsoperationswereinonelocation.

82.Foracoupleofreasons,thisargumentisnotveryconvincing.

83.Theargueremploystwolinesofreasoningtoreachthisconclusion.

84.Inaddition,thearguerreasons（說服，勸說，推論）that15-year-oldsarephysically（身體上的）morecapablethanolderdriversofperformingthevariousskillsassociatedwithdrivingavehicleandthusshouldbeeligible（符合條件的，合格的）togetalicense.

85.Thearguerdrawstheconclusionthatphotographerswhoworkincolorholdacompetitive（競爭的）advantageoverthosewhoworkinblack-and-white.

86.Tosupportthisconclusion,thearguerclaimsthatthegreaterrealism（現(xiàn)實主義）ofcoloredphotosaccountsforitspredominant（卓越的，突出的，主要的，有影響的）useinmagazinesandportraits（肖像，人像）.

87.ThiseditorialassertsthatWestCambriashouldnotchangeitshighwayspeedlimitsbecausesuchchangesadversely（逆地，反對地）affectdriveralertness（警戒，機敏）andarethereforedangerous.

88.Tosupportthisclaim,theeditorialcites（引用，引證）statisticsindicating（指示，標(biāo)志）thatwhenever（只要）EastCambriachangeditsspeedlimits,anaverageof3percentmoreautomobileaccidentsoccurred（發(fā)生，出現(xiàn)）duringtheweekafterthechangethanduringtheweekpreceding（在前的，前述的）it,evenwhenthespeedlimitwaslowered.

89.Asitstands（按照現(xiàn)在的情況，事實是這樣）,thisargumentsuffersfrom（忍受，遭受）threecriticalflaws（瑕疵，缺點，裂紋）.

90.Inthisargument,theplanningdepartmentofaninvestmentfirmreachestheconclusionthatthefirmshouldencourageinvestmentinSolario—anewmanufacturerofsolar—powered（太陽能）products（產(chǎn)品）.

91.Thebasisforthisrecommendationistheexpectationthatsolarenergywillsoonbecomemorecostefficientandattractivethanotherformsofenergy.

92.Thisassumptionisbasedonrecentdeclinesin（衰退）thecostofequipmentusedtoconvert（使轉(zhuǎn)變，轉(zhuǎn)換。。，轉(zhuǎn)換信仰）solarenergyintoelectricityandonnewtechnologiststhatarebeing