北京大學(xué)考博英語(yǔ)

北京大學(xué)考博英語(yǔ)-5

（總分：83.50,做題時(shí)間：90分鐘）

一、PartIListeningComprehension（總題數(shù)：0,分?jǐn)?shù)：0.00）

二、PartIIVocabulary（總題數(shù)：20,分?jǐn)?shù)：14.50）

1.Thelocalauthoritythecompanyaninterest-freeloantostartupthenewfactory.

A.grantedB.allocatedC.financedD.sponsored

（分?jǐn)?shù)：0.50）

A.V

B.

C.

D.

解析：［解析］A項(xiàng)grant意為“同意，準(zhǔn)予“；B項(xiàng)allocate意為“分配”；C項(xiàng)finance意為“資

助“；D項(xiàng)sponsor意為"舉辦”。

2.Theoftheoccasionwasspoiledwhenshefelldownthesteps.

A.privacyB.dignityC.moralityD.secrecy

（分?jǐn)?shù)：0.50）

A.

B.V

C.

D.

解析：（dignity尊嚴(yán)）。句意為；從臺(tái)階上摔下來(lái)的時(shí)候，她的尊嚴(yán)受到損害。A.privacy隱私；

C.morality道德;D.secrecy秘密。

3.Jackadmittedthatheoughtnottohavemadehismotherangry,?

A.oughtn，theB.wasn*theC.didn，theD.hadn，the

（分?jǐn)?shù)：1.00）

A.

B.

C.V

D.

解析：

4.Asordinarypeople,scientistsarebynomeansmorehonestorthanotherpeople,

butasscientists,theyattachspecialvaluetohonestywhiletheyareintheirworking

sphere.

A.ethicalB.ethnicC.aestheticD.esthetic

（分?jǐn)?shù)：1.00）

A.V

B.

C.

D.

解析：［解析］A項(xiàng)“ethical道德的”符合題意。如：Thelawyerallegedthatthedoctor,s

behaviourhadnotbeenethical.（律師聲稱那位醫(yī)生的行為不符合職業(yè)道德規(guī)范。）其他三項(xiàng)“B項(xiàng)

ethnic種族的；C項(xiàng)aesthetic審美的，美學(xué)的；D項(xiàng)esthetic感覺(jué)的”都不正確。本題空格處是說(shuō)比

其他人更誠(chéng)實(shí)或更有道德。因此A項(xiàng)為正確答案。

5.Thepossibilitiesofanautumnelectioncannotbe.

A.struckoutB.leftoutC.ruledoutD.countedout

（分?jǐn)?shù)：0.50）

A.

B.

C.V

D.

解析：考動(dòng)賓搭配。所選動(dòng)詞詞組應(yīng)該能和possibilities搭配。strikeout是“精力充沛地開(kāi)始”；

leaveout是"忽略,遺漏，不考慮"；ruleout是"不考慮;排除出去"，如：Theoptionof

startingoverhasbeenruledout.重新開(kāi)始這種選擇已被排除考慮。countout是“不包括”，如：

Ifit'sgoingtobeacrowdyparty,countmeout.（如果那是一個(gè)吵鬧的聚會(huì)，別把我算在內(nèi)。）一

般用ruleout來(lái)搭配possibilities。句子大意為：秋季選舉的可能性不會(huì)被排除在外。

6.Thereportwasunusualinthatitisinsinuatedcorruptiononthepartoftheminister.

A.deniedB.suggestedC.reprisalD.lossofprofit

（分?jǐn)?shù)：1.00）

A.

B.V

C.

D.

解析：

7.Despitehisasatrouble-maker,hewaspromotedtodepartmentmanger.

A.repetitionB.repressionC.reputationD.representation

（分?jǐn)?shù)：1.00）

A.

B.

C.V

D.

解析：

8.Hehadaandrushedoutofthekitchenjustbeforeanexplosionwreckedit.

A.probityB.progenitorC.premonitionD.preponderance

（分?jǐn)?shù):0.50）

A.

B.

C.V

D.

解析：probity正直；progenitor祖先，起源；preponderance重量，力量，重要性或影響力方面的優(yōu)

勢(shì)；符合本句的是premonition”對(duì)未來(lái)的不祥預(yù)感，預(yù)兆”。

9.Anenlargedprostatemaythebladderandpinchofftheurethra,causingpainand

difficultywithurination.

A.collaborateB.compressC.botherD.boil

（分?jǐn)?shù)：LOO）

A.

B.V

C.

D.

解析：collaborate合作，通敵；compress壓縮；bother打擾；boil煮沸。

10.Mostnursesarewomen,butinthehigherranksofthemedicalprofessionwomenareina

[A]scarcity[B]minority[C]minimum[D]shortage

（分?jǐn)?shù)：0.50）

A.

B.V

C.

D.

解析：inaminority為固定習(xí)語(yǔ)，意為“占少數(shù)"。scarcity缺乏，不足，與shortage同義。minimum

最低限度。句意：大多數(shù)護(hù)士都是婦女，但在醫(yī)務(wù)界高層中婦女只占少數(shù)。

11.Twotruckswerereportedtohavehead-onyesterday.

A.bumpedB.crashedC.collidedD.struck

（分?jǐn)?shù)：1.00）

A.

B.

C.V

D.

解析：[解析]C項(xiàng)“collided車(chē)、船相撞”符合題意，如Inrunningroundthecorner,hecollided

withanotherman.（在跑過(guò)拐角時(shí)，他撞上另一個(gè)人。）其他三項(xiàng)"A項(xiàng)bumped碰撞，撞見(jiàn)；B項(xiàng)

crashed（飛機(jī)）墜毀，撞壞；D項(xiàng)struck撞，后接against”都不正確。本題意為“據(jù)報(bào)道，昨天兩輛卡

車(chē)迎頭相撞”。因此C項(xiàng)為正確答案。

12.TheterroristsmighthaveplantedabombonaplaneinAthens,settowhenit

arrivedinNewYork.

[A]gooff[B]getoff[C]comeoff[D]carryoff

（分?jǐn)?shù)：0.50）

A.V

B.

C.

D.

解析：gooff爆炸；getoff動(dòng)身，飛行；comeoff脫離，分離；carryoff帶去，搶去。從句意看顯然

應(yīng)選Agooffo句意；恐怖分子可能在雅典往飛機(jī)上放置了一枚炸彈，定在飛機(jī)到達(dá)紐約時(shí)爆炸。

13.Ourproposalfailedtomeettheestablishedbythecommittee,sotheygaveusno

money.

A.measurementB.warrantC.partitionD.criterion

（分?jǐn)?shù)：0.50）

A.

B.

C.

D.V

解析：（criterion判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）。句意為：我們的提議不符合委員會(huì)制定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，因此他們不向我們提供資

金。A.measurement衡量，測(cè)量；B.warrant證明，保證；C.partition分開(kāi)，分割。

14.Ashiftfromnativebronzetoironartifactstookplaceundertheinfluenceofcultural

borrowings.

A.transitionB.transmissionC.transactionD.transference

（分?jǐn)?shù)：1.00）

A.V

B.

C.

D.

解析：shift變化，轉(zhuǎn)移；transition轉(zhuǎn)變，躍遷，過(guò)渡；transmission播送，發(fā)射；transaction交

易，處理；transference移動(dòng)，轉(zhuǎn)送。

15.Theeconomyinthisregionhasbeenstagnantforalongtimeandnosignsofrecovery

havetillnow.

A.shownupB.keptupC.pickedupD.madefor

（分?jǐn)?shù)：0.50）

A.V

B.

C.

D.

解析：（showup露出，顯出）。句意為：長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，該地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)十分蕭條，經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇的跡象尚未顯露出

來(lái)。B.keepup維持；C.pickup無(wú)師自通地學(xué)會(huì)（語(yǔ)言）；D.makefor有利于。

16.Mostofthemhadvisitedtheinvalidoftenduringthepastfewmonths,marvelingathis

spiritandhisunfailinggoodtemper.

A.variantB.gallantC.pertinentD.solitary

（分?jǐn)?shù)：1.00）

A.

B.V

C.

D.

解析：

17.Ournewteacherismuchyoungerthanhis.

[A]successor[B]predecessor[C]colleague[D]workmate

（分?jǐn)?shù)：0.50）

A.

B.V

C.

D.

解析：predecessor前任，前輩；successor（to）接替人，繼任者；colleague同事，同僚；workmateZC

友。句意：我們的新老師比他的前任年輕很多。

18.Theproblemisthatthelossofconfidenceamongthesoldierscanbehighlycontagious.

A.spreadingB.contemptibleC.contented，D.depressing

（分?jǐn)?shù)：1.00）

A.V

B.

C.

D.

解析：

19.However,attimesthisbalanceinnatureis,resultinginanumberofpossibly

unforeseeneffects.

A.troubledB.disturbedC.confusedD.puzzled

（分?jǐn)?shù):0.50）

A.

B.V

C.

D.

解析：[解析]A項(xiàng)troubled意為“麻煩，困擾，打擾”；B項(xiàng)disturbed意為“打擾，打亂，打破”；C

項(xiàng)confused意為“困惑，迷惑不解”；D項(xiàng)puzzled意為“迷惑，窘困”。根據(jù)句子主語(yǔ)部分this

balanceinnature（大自然的這種平衡）提示，應(yīng)選B項(xiàng)。

20.Itwillbesafertowalkthestreetsbecausepeoplewillnotneedtocarrylargeamounts

ofcash;virtuallyallfinancialwillbeconductedbycomputer.

[A]transactions[B]transmissions[C]transitions[D]transformations

（分?jǐn)?shù)：0.50）

A.V

B.

C.

D.

角軍析：transaction交易；transmission傳送，傳遞；transition過(guò)渡，轉(zhuǎn)變；transformation改變；

具體變化。句意：因?yàn)槿藗儾挥脭y帶大額現(xiàn)金，在街上走就更安全；而實(shí)際上所有的金融交易都由電腦完

成。

三、PartIIIReadingComprehension（總題數(shù)：6,分?jǐn)?shù)：34.00）

Auctionsarepublicsalesofgoods,conductedbyanofficiallyapprovedauctioneer.Heasks

thecrowdassembledintheauctionroomtomakeoffers,or〃bids〃，forthevariousitemson

sale.Heencouragesbuyerstobidhigherfigures,andfinallynamesthehighestbidderas

thebuyerofthegoods.Thisiscalled"knockingdown〃thegoods,forthebiddingendswhen

theauctioneerbangsasmallhammeronatableatwhichhestands.Thisisoftensetona

raisedplatformcalledarostrum.

TheancientRomansprobablyinventedsalesbyauction,andtheEnglishwordcomesfromthe

Latinauctio,meaning〃increase”.TheRomansusuallysoldinthiswaythespoilstakenin

war;thesesaleswerecalledsubbasra,meaning"underthespear”,aspearbeingstuckin

thegroundasasignalforacrowdtogather.InEnglandintheeighteenthandnineteenth

centuriesgoodswereoftensold〃bythecandle”,ashortcandlewaslitbytheauctioneer,

andbidscouldbemadewhileitstayedalight.

Practicallyallgoodswhosequalitiesvaryaresoldbyauction.Amongthesearecoffee,

hides,skins,wool,tea,cocoa,furs,spices,fruitandvegetablesandwines.Auctionsales

arealsousualforlandandproperty,antiquefurniture,pictures,rarebooks,oldchinaand

similarworksofart.TheauctionroomsatChristie,sandSotheby5sinLondonandNewYork

areworld-famous.

Anauctionisusuallyadvertisedbeforehandwithfullparticularsofthearticlestobesold

andwhereandwhentheycanbeviewedbyprospectivebuyers.Iftheadvertisementcannot

givefulldetails,cataloguesareprinted,andeachgroupofgoodstobesoldtogether,

calleda〃lot〃，isusuallygivenanumber.TheauctioneerneednotbeginwithLot1and

continueinnumericalorder,hemaywaituntilheregistersthefactthatcertaindealers

areintheroomandthenproducethelotstheyarelikelytobeinterestedin.The

auctioneer*sservicesarepaidforintheformofapercentageofthepricethegoodsare

soldfor.Theauctioneerthereforehasadirectinterestinpushingupthebiddingashigh

aspossible.

Theauctioneermustknowfairlyaccuratelythecurrentmarketvaluesofthegoodsheis

selling,andheshouldbeacquaintedwithregularbuyersofsuchgoods.Hewillnotwaste

timebystartingthebiddingtoolow.Hewillalsoplayontherivalriesamonghisbuyers

andsucceedingettingahighpricebyencouragingtwobusinesscompetitorstobidagainst

eachother.Itislargelyonhisadvicethatasellerwillfixa〃reserve〃price,thatis,a

pricebelowwhichthegoodscannotbesold.Eventhebestauctioneers,however,findit

difficulttostopa〃knockout”,wherebydealersillegallyarrangebeforehandnottobid

againsteachother,butnominateoneofthemselvesastheonlybidder,inthehopeofbuying

goodsatextremelylowprices.Ifsucha〃knockout〃comesoff,therealauctionsaletakes

placeprivatelyafterwardsamongthedealers.

（分?jǐn)?shù)：7.50）

（1）.Acandleusedtoburnatauctionsales.

A.becausetheytookplaceatnight

B.asasignalforthecrowdtogather

C.tokeeptheauctioneerwarm

D.tolimitthetimewhenofferscouldbemade（分?jǐn)?shù)：1.50）

A.

B.

C.

D.V

解析：拍賣(mài)時(shí)點(diǎn)蠟燭，以限制報(bào)價(jià)的時(shí)間。第二段最后一句指出：英國(guó)在18、19世紀(jì)往往通過(guò)點(diǎn)燃蠟燭

的方式拍賣(mài)貨物，拍賣(mài)師點(diǎn)燃一支很短的蠟燭，蠟燭熄滅了報(bào)價(jià)就停止了。

(2).Anauctioncataloguegivesprospectivebuyers.

A.thecurrentmarketvaluesofthegoods

B.detailsofthegoodstobesold

C.theorderinwhichgoodsmustbesold

D.freeadmissiontotheauctionsale(分?jǐn)?shù)：1.50)

A.

B.

C.V

D.

解析：拍賣(mài)目錄為未來(lái)的買(mǎi)主列出必須賣(mài)出的貨物的順序。第四段指出：拍賣(mài)的廣告事先做好，講明待售

物品的詳細(xì)情況以及未來(lái)的買(mǎi)主在何時(shí)、何地看這些物品。如果廣告不能提供詳細(xì)情況，就打印一些目

錄，每組一起出售的物品被稱為“一批”，通常貼上數(shù)碼。拍賣(mài)師不必從第一批開(kāi)始拍賣(mài)，也沒(méi)有必要按

數(shù)字順序拍賣(mài)。由此可以推斷，必須賣(mài)出的貨物在拍賣(mài)目錄中是有數(shù)字順序的；拍賣(mài)師不按數(shù)字順序拍賣(mài)

并不意味著目錄沒(méi)有對(duì)待售物品進(jìn)行排序。

(3).Theauctioneermaydecidetosellthe〃lots〃outoforderbecause.

A.hesometimeswantstoconfusethebuyers

B.heknowsfromexperiencethatcertainpeoplewillwanttobuycertainitems

C.hewantstokeepcertainpeoplewaiting

D.hewantstoreducethenumberofbuyers(分?jǐn)?shù)：1.50)

A.

B.V

C.

D.

解析：拍賣(mài)師可能不按順序拍賣(mài)每一批物品，因?yàn)楦鶕?jù)他的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，他知道某些人想買(mǎi)某些商品。選B是依

據(jù)第四段中的句子“hemaywaituntilheregistersthefactthatcertaindealersareinthe

roomandthenproducethelotstheyarelikelytobeinterestedin”。這句話的意思是：拍賣(mài)師

可能等到他登記某些商人在拍賣(mài)間這一實(shí)際情況以后，才出示他們很可能感興趣的若干批物品。

(4).Anauctioneerlikestogethighpricesforthegoodshesellsbecause.

A.thenheearnsmorehimself

B.thedealersarepleased

C.theauctionroomsbecomeworld-famous

D.itkeepsthecustomersinterested(分?jǐn)?shù)：1.50)

A.V

B.

C.

D.

解析：拍賣(mài)師喜歡獲得他所拍賣(mài)商品的高價(jià)，因?yàn)樗约嚎梢話甑酶嗟腻X(qián)。第四段最后的兩句指出：按

售出商品價(jià)格的百分比給拍賣(mài)師付酬。因此，拍賣(mài)師對(duì)盡可能高的報(bào)價(jià)有直接的興趣。

(5).A"knockout〃isarranged.

A.tokeepthepriceintheauctionroomlow

B.toallowonedealeronlytomakeaprofit

C.toincreasetheauctioneer'sprofit

D.tohelptheauctioneer(分?jǐn)?shù)：1.50)

A.V

B.

C.

D.

解析：聯(lián)合拍貨的目的是壓低拍賣(mài)間的價(jià)格。最后一段指出：即便是最善于拍賣(mài)的拍賣(mài)師也覺(jué)得很難防止

“聯(lián)合拍貨”。用此手段商人們事先非法地進(jìn)行預(yù)謀，不相互競(jìng)價(jià)，但是指定其中的一個(gè)人為惟一的出價(jià)

人，希望以極低的價(jià)格買(mǎi)到商品。如果出現(xiàn)聯(lián)合拍貨的情況，這些商人日后還會(huì)私下進(jìn)行實(shí)際的拍賣(mài)活

動(dòng)。

ThedomesticeconomyintheUnitedStatesexpandedinaremarkablyvigorousandsteady

fashion.Therevivalinconsumerconfidencewasreflectedinthehigherproportionof

incomesspentforgoodsandservicesandthemarkedincreaseinconsumerwillingnesstotake

oninstallmentdebt.Aparallelstrengtheninginbusinesspsychologywasmanifestedina

stepped-uprateofplantandequipmentspendingandagradualpickupinexpensesfor

inventory.Confidenceintheeconomywasalsoreflectedinthestrengthofthestockmarket

andinthestabilityofthebondmarket.Fortheyearsasawhole,consumerandbusiness

sentimentbenefitedfromtheeaseinEast-Westtensions.

Thebasesofthebusinessexpansionweretobefoundmainlyinthestimulativemonetaryand

fiscalpoliciesthathadbeenpursued.Moreover,therestorationofsounderliquidity

positionsandtightermanagementcontrolofproductionefficiencyhadalsohelpedlaythe

groundworkforastrongexpansion.Inaddition,theeconomicpolicymovesmadebythe

Presidenthadservedtorenewoptimismonthebusinessoutlookwhileboostinghopesthat

inflationwouldbebroughtundermoreeffectivecontrol.Finally,ofcourse,theeconomywas

abletogrowasvigorouslyasitdidbecausesufficientleewayexistedintermsofidlemen

andmachines.

TheUnitedStatesbalanceofpaymentsdeficitdeclinedsharply.Nevertheless,byanyother

test,thedeficitremainedverylarge,andtherewasactuallyasubstantialdeteriorationin

ourtradeaccounttoasizabledeficit,almosttwo-thirdsofwhichwaswithJapan.Whilethe

overalltradeperformanceproveddisappointing,therearestillgoodreasonsforexpecting

thedelayedimpactofdevaluationtoproduceintimeasignificantstrengtheninginour

tradepicture.GiventhesizeoftheJapanesecomponentofourtradedeficit,however,the

outcomewilldependimportantlyontheextentofthecorrectivemeasuresundertakenby

Japan.AlsoimportantwillbeourowneffortsintheUnitedStatestofashioninternal

policiesconsistentwithanimprovementinourexternalbalance.

Theunderlyingtaskofpublicpolicyfortheyearahead-andindeedforthelongerrun一

remainedafamiliarone:tostriketherightbalancebetweenencouraginghealthyeconomic

growthandavoidinginflationarypressures.Withtheeconomyshowingsustainedandvigorous

growth,andwiththecurrencycrisishighlightingtheneedtoimproveourcompetitive

postureinternational1y,theemphasisseemedtobeshiftingtotheproblemofinflation.The

PhaseThreeProgramofwageandpricerestraintcancontributetoreducinginflation.Unless

productivitygrowthisunexpectedlylarge;however,theexpansionofrealoutputmust

eventuallybegintoslowdowntotheeconomy'slargerrungrowthpotentialifgeneralized

demandpressuresonpricesaretobeavoided.

（分?jǐn)?shù)：7.50）

（1）.Theauthormentionsincreasedinstallmentdebtinthefirstparagraphinordertoshow

A.thecontinuingexpansionoftheeconomy

B.thegrowthofconsumerpurchasingpower

C.theconsumers5confidenceintheeconomy

D.thesoaringconsumerincomesforspending（分?jǐn)?shù)：1.50）

A.

B.

C.V

D.

解析：作者在第一段提到分期償付的債務(wù)增加了，以表明消費(fèi)者對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的信心。根據(jù)第一段第二句，消費(fèi)

者信心恢復(fù)的表現(xiàn)是很高的收入用于購(gòu)買(mǎi)商品和服務(wù)而且消費(fèi)者顯然更愿意分期付款。

（2）.Paragraph2mainlydealswith.

A.economicpolicymeasuressuggestedbythePresident

B.thecausesofbusinessdevelopmentfortheperiod

C.thestimulativemonetaryandfiscalpolices

D.therevivalofstrongerliquiditypositions（分?jǐn)?shù)：1.50）

A.

B.V

C.

D.

解析：第二段主要討論這一時(shí)期企業(yè)發(fā)展的原因。第二段第一句概括了企業(yè)發(fā)展的主要原因，接下來(lái)指出

了企業(yè)發(fā)展的另外三個(gè)原因。尤其是最后一個(gè)句子用了because引導(dǎo)的原因從句，更容易讓人想起答案

Bo

（3）.Itcanbeinferredfromthethirdparagraphthattheauthor,sattitudetowardthe

reductionoftheinternationalpaymentsdeficitseems.

A.bitter-sweetB.pessimisticC.sympatheticD.doubtful（分?jǐn)?shù)：1.50）

A.V

B.

C.

D.

解析：根據(jù)第三段可以推斷，作者對(duì)減少國(guó)際結(jié)算的虧損的態(tài)度似乎是喜憂參半。根據(jù)本段第三句，盡管

總體上的貿(mào)易業(yè)績(jī)令人失望，但依然有理由希望貶值滯后的影響能夠及時(shí)給我們的貿(mào)易藍(lán)圖帶來(lái)十分堅(jiān)挺

的行市。

（4）.Partofthepublicpolicytask,asoutlinedinthetext,isto.

A.preventpaymentsdeficitB.devaluetheAmericandollar

C.avoidinflationarypressuresD.increasethebalanceoftrade（分?jǐn)?shù)：1.50）

A.

B.

C.V

D.

解析：正如文中概述的那樣，國(guó)家政策的部分任務(wù)是避免通貨膨脹的壓力。作者在最后一段開(kāi)頭說(shuō)，未來(lái)

一年國(guó)家政策的根本任務(wù)一一實(shí)際上在更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)期內(nèi)一一依然是大家熟悉的任務(wù)：在鼓勵(lì)健康的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)

和避免通貨膨脹的壓力之間實(shí)現(xiàn)適當(dāng)?shù)钠胶狻?/p>

（5）.ItcanbelearnedfromthelastparagraphthatthePhaseThreeProgramcontained.

A.devaluationofthedollarB.productivitymeasures

C.reducedgovernmentspendingD.wageandpricecontrols（分?jǐn)?shù)：1.50）

A.

B.

C.

D.V

解析：可以根據(jù)最后一段推斷，第三階段計(jì)劃包括對(duì)工資和價(jià)格的調(diào)控。本段倒數(shù)第二句說(shuō)，對(duì)工資和價(jià)

格進(jìn)行限制的第三階段計(jì)劃能夠減輕通貨膨脹的壓力。

21.Ayoungmanseesasunsetandunabletounderstandorexpresstheemotionthatit

inhim,concludesthatitmustbethegatewaytoaworldthatliesbeyond.

A.reflectsB.retainsC.rousesD.radiates

（分?jǐn)?shù)：1.00）

A.

B.

C.V

D.

解析：［解析］原句意思是“年輕人看到日落的時(shí)候，對(duì)日落在自己心中所引起的情感難以理解，也不好

表達(dá)，便說(shuō)那一定是通向太陽(yáng)后面的那個(gè)世界的人口”。rouse的意思為tomakesomeonemore

active,interestedorexcited,即"引起,喚起"，恰好符合題意。再例如：Wedon'twantto

rouseanysusoiclons.（我們并不想引起任何疑慮。）reflect意為"反射,考慮”；retain意為“保

留，維持"；radiate意為“發(fā)光，射出“。

Ithappenedinthelatefallof1939when,afteraNazisubmarinehadpenetratedtheBritish

seadefensearoundtheFirthofForthanddamagedaBritishcruiser,Restonandacolleague

contrivedtogetthenewspastBritishcensorship.Theycabledaseriesofseemingly

harmlesssentencestoTheTimes'seditorsinNewYork,havingfirstsentamessage

instructingtheeditorstoregardonlythelastwordofeachsentence.Thustheywereable

toconveyenoughwordstospelloutthestory.Thefactthatthenewsofthesubmarine

attackwasprintedinNewYorkbeforeithadappearedintheBritishpresssparkedabig

controversythatledtoaninvestigationbyScotlandYardandBritishMilitaryIntelligence.

ButittooktheinvestigatorseightweekstodecipherTheTimes*sreporters5code,an

embarrassinglyslowbitofdetectivework,andwhenitwasfinallysolvedtheincidenthad

giventhestoryveryprominentplay,laterexpresseddismaythatthereportershadriskedso

muchforsolittle.AndtheincidentleftRestondeeplydistressed.Itwassooutof

characterforhimtohave,becomeinvolvedinsuchathing.Thetacticswerequestionable

and,thoughtheUnitedStateswasnotyetinthewar,Britainwasalreadyestablishedas

America5scloseallyandbreakingBritishcensorshipseemedbothanirresponsibleand

unpatrioticthingtodo.

（分?jǐn)?shù)：8.00）

（1）.Theepisoderecountedinthepassagetookplace.

A.justpriortotheoutbreakoftheSecondWorldWar

B.beforeBritainenteredtheSecondWorldWar

C.beforetheUnitedStatesenteredtheSecondWorldWar

D.whiletheUnitedStateswasintheSecondWorldWar（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）

A.

B.

C.V

D.

解析：短文敘述的這個(gè)事件是在美國(guó)參加第二次世界大戰(zhàn)之前發(fā)生的。文章結(jié)尾處指出，美國(guó)尚未參戰(zhàn)。

這里所說(shuō)的尚未參戰(zhàn)是指尚未參加第二次世界大戰(zhàn)。戰(zhàn)前，竊取英軍情報(bào)的事件已經(jīng)發(fā)生。

（2）.ItwasclearthatBritishcensorshipruleshadbeenbrokenbecausethestorywas.

A.firstpublishedinNewYork

B.publishednowherebutinTheTimes

C.uncomplimentarytotheBristish

D.muchfullerinitsTimesversionthanelsewhere（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）

A.V

B.

C.

D.

解析：顯然，英國(guó)的審查制度終被打破，因?yàn)閳?bào)道首先在紐約發(fā)表。文章開(kāi)頭說(shuō)，雷斯頓和一名同事設(shè)法

通過(guò)英國(guó)的審查得到了納粹潛水艇破壞英國(guó)巡洋艦的消息。通過(guò)下文，我們可以了解到該消息在紐約搶先

發(fā)表。

(3).Accordingtotheauthor,theBritishdidlittleaboutthestory，spublicationmainly

because.

A.everyoneresponsiblehadapologizedforwhathadhappened

B.ittooktheauthoritiestoolongtofigureouthowthecensorshadbeenoutwitted

C.ScotlandYardandBritishMilitaryIntelligencedisagreedaboutwhowasatfault

D.theywereafraidtoadmitthatthecensorshadbeensoeasilyfooled(分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00)

A.

B.J

C.

D.

解析：根據(jù)作者的觀點(diǎn)，英國(guó)人對(duì)該報(bào)道被發(fā)表一事沒(méi)有采取什么行動(dòng)，主要是因?yàn)橛?guó)當(dāng)局花了很長(zhǎng)的

時(shí)間尚未查明審查官們是怎樣上當(dāng)受騙的。文中說(shuō)，調(diào)查人員花了8周時(shí)間才破譯《時(shí)代》周刊新聞?dòng)?/p>

者的密碼。但最終問(wèn)題得到了解決，事件平息了，沒(méi)有就該事件采取什么行動(dòng)。

(4).Thepassageindicatesthateventuallyeveryoneinvolvedcametoregardthepublication

ofthestoryinTheTimesasa.

A.regrettableerror

B.cheapjournalistictrick

C.brilliantjournalisticmaneuver

D.properexerciseofthefreedomofthepress(分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00)

A.V

B.

C.

D.

解析：短文暗示，每個(gè)卷入該事件的人最終把該報(bào)道刊登在《時(shí)代》周刊上看作是一個(gè)令人后悔的錯(cuò)誤。

文章最后一句說(shuō)，盡管美國(guó)尚未參戰(zhàn)，但英國(guó)已被確立為美國(guó)最親密的同盟國(guó)。因此，突破英國(guó)的審查制

度似乎是一種不負(fù)責(zé)任的行為而且是一種不愛(ài)國(guó)的行為。

Animportantpointinthedevelopmentofagovernmentalagencyisthecodificationofits

controllingpractices.Thestudyoflaworjurisprudenceisusuallyconcernedwiththecodes

andpracticesofspecificgovernments,pastorpresent.Itisalsoconcernedwithcertain

questionsuponwhichafunctionalanalysisofbehaviorhassomebearing.Whatisalaw?What

roledoesalawplayingovernmentalcontrol?Inparticular,whateffectdoesithaveupon

thebehaviorofthecontrolleeandofthemembersofthegovernmentalagencyitself?

Alawusuallyhastwoimportantfeatures.Inthefirstplace,itspecifiesbehavior.The

behaviorisusuallynotdescribedtopographicallybutratherintermsofitseffectupon

others一theeffectthatistheobjectofgovernmentalcontrol.Whenwearetold,for

example,thatanindividualhas〃committedperjury,〃wearenottoldwhathehasactually

said."Robbery"and"assault"donotrefertospecificformsofresponse.Onlypropertiesof

behaviorwhichareaversivetoothersarementioned-inperjurythelackofacustomary

correspondencebetweenaverbalresponseandcertainfactualcircumstances,inrobberythe

removalofpositivereinforces,andinassaulttheaversivecharacterofphysicalinjury.In

thesecondplace,alawspecifiesorimpliesaconsequence,usuallypunishment,Alawis

thusastatementofacontingencyofreinforcementmaintainedbyagovernmentalagency.The

contingencymayhaveprevailedasacontrollingpracticepriortoitscodificationasalaw,

oritmayrepresentanewpracticewhichgoesintoeffectwiththepassageofthelaw.Laws

arethusbothdescriptionsofpastpracticesandassuraficesofsimilarpracticesinthe

future.Alawisaruleofconductinthesensethatitspecifiestheconsequencesof

certainactionswhichinmm〃rule〃behavior.

TheeffectofalawuponthecontrollingagencyThegovernmentofalargegrouprequiresan

elaborateorganization,thepracticesofwhichmaybemademoreconsistentandeffectiveby

codification.Howcodesoflawaffectgovernmentalagentsistheprincipalsubjectof

jurisprudence.Thebehavioralprocessesarecomplex,althoughpresumablynotnovel.Inorder

tomaintainor〃enforce〃contingenciesofgovernmentalcontrol,anagencymustestablishthe

factthatanindividualhasbehavedillegallyandmustinterpretacodetodeterminethe

punishment.Itmustthencarryoutthepunishment.Theselaborsareusuallydividedamong

specialsubdivisionsoftheagency.Theadvantagesgainedwhentheindividualis〃notunder

manbutunderlaw〃haveusuallybeenobvious,andthegreatcodifiersoflawoccupyplaces

ofhonorinthehistoryofcivilization.Codificationdoesnot,however,changethe

essentialnatureofgovernmentalactionnorremedyallitsdefects.

ComprehensionQuestions:

（分?jǐn)?shù)：6.00）

（1）.Inthedevelopmentofagovernmentagency,.

A.thestandardonwhichthejudgmentmaybemadeismoreimportantthantheactual

applicationofthisjudgment

B.thefunctionoflawisimportant

C.thestudyofordinanceisthemostimportant

D.practiceismoreimportantthancriterion（分?jǐn)?shù)：1.00）

A.

B.V

C.

D.

解析：

（2）.Oneoftheprominentcharacteristicsofalawis.

A.theresultontheindividual'sbehavioronwhicharestraininginfluenceisbeing

exercised

B.theresultofabehavioronthemembersofthegovernmentalagency

C.theresultofabehavioronordinarycitizens

D.bothAandB（分?jǐn)?shù)：1.00）

A.V

B.

C.

D.

解析：

（3）.Whatdoestheexample〃committedperjury〃illustrate?

A.Thelawwillexaminecloselywhattheindividualsaidincourt.

B.Itillustratesthatthelawonlyhassomethingtosaywhenbehaviorhasnegativeeffects

onothers.

C.Behaviorwhichtendstoavoidpunishingstimuluswillnotbeexplicitlyspecifiedbylaw.

D.BothBandC（分?jǐn)?shù)：1.00）

A.

B.V

C.

D.

解析：

(4).Theotherdistinguishingtraitofthelawis.

A.punishmentiscarriedoutbythecourtsatalllevels

B.rulesandcourtpracticesinitiatedbyagovernmentalagency,arespecificallydesigned

toincreasegovernmentcontrol

C.asystemofrulesgoverningaconduct,activityoreventincidentalbynature

D.anygovernmentalreinforcement(分?jǐn)?shù)：1.00)

A.

B.

C.V

D.

解析：

(5).Whyarelawsformed?

A.Lawsaremadebeforeacontingency.

B.Lawsaremadeafteracontingency.

C.Acontingencyalwayshappensbeforealawisapprovedandpassed.

D.Lawsarepassedtostandthetestoftime'andareapplicabletoothersimilar

circumstancesinthefuture.(分?jǐn)?shù)：1.00)

A.

B.

C.

D.V

解析：

(6).Howdoescodificationofthelawsaffectgovernmentalagents?

A.Thelawwillbeinterpretedobjectivelyratherthansubjectively.

B.Governmentagencieshavetocompromisewithfactualconditions.

C.Occasionally,governmentalagencieshavetoredress,correctoradaptalawfortheir

benefit.

D.Lawscannotbealteredormodifiedbuttheycanbeincrementedwithnewcourtdecisions

andalsothroughjurisprudence.(分?jǐn)?shù)：1.00)

A.V

B.

C.

D.

解析：

SincetheHawaiianIslandshaveneverbeenconnectedtootherlandmasses,thegreatvariety

ofplantsinHawaiimustbearesultofthelong-distancedispersalofseeds,aprocessthat

requiresbothamethodoftransportandanequivalencebetweentheecologyofthesource

areaandthatoftherecipientarea.

Thereissomedisputeaboutthemethodoftransportinvolved.Somebiologistsarguethat

oceanandaircurrentsareresponsibleforthetransportofplantseedstoHawaii.Yetthe

resultsofflotationexperimentsandthelowtemperaturesofaircurrentscastdoubton

thesehypotheses.Moreprobableisbirdtransport,eitherexternally,byaccidental

attachmentoftheseedstofeathers,orinternally,bytheswallowingoffruitand

subsequentexcretionoftheseeds.Whileitislikelythatfewervarietiesofplantseeds

havereachedHawaiiexternallythaninternally,morevarietiesareknowntobead