資料Unit安全管理標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系safetymanagementsystemW

Unit1safetymanagementsystemAccidentcausationmodels 事故致因理論Safetymanagement 安全管理Physicalconditions 物質(zhì)條件Machineguarding 機械保護裝置House-keeping 工作場所管理Topmanagement 高層管理人員Humanerrors 人因失誤Accident-pronenessmodels事故傾向模型Munitionsfactory 軍工廠Causalfactors 起因Riskingtaking 冒險行為Corporateculture 企業(yè)文化Lossprevention 損失預(yù)防Processindustry 制造工業(yè)Hazardcontrol 危險控制Intensivestudy 廣泛研究Organizationalperformance 企業(yè)績效Mutualtrust 相互信任Safetyofficer 安全官員Safetycommittee 安全委員會Shop-floor 生產(chǎn)區(qū)Unionizedcompany 集團企業(yè)Seniority 資歷、工齡Localculture 當(dāng)?shù)匚幕疉bsenteeismrate 缺勤率Powerrelations 權(quán)力關(guān)系Statusreview 狀態(tài)審查Lower-levelmanagement 低層管理者Businessperformance 組織績效Mostseniorexecutive 高級主管Supervisorylevel 監(jiān)督層Safetyprinciple 安全規(guī)則Wall-board 公告欄Implementplan 實施計劃Hazardidentification 危險辨識Safetyperformance 安全性能OnecomprehensivedefinitionforanorganizationalculturehasbeenpresentedbyScheinwhohassaidtheorganizationalcultureis“apatternofbasicassumptions–invented,discovered,ordevelopedbyagivengroupasitlearnstocopewithitsproblemsofexternaladaptationandinternalintegration–thathasworkedwellenoughtobeconsideredvalidand,therefore,tobetaughttonewmembersasthecorrectwaytoperceive,think,andfeelinrelationtothoseproblems”譯文：Schein給出了組織文化廣泛定義，她認為組織文化是由若干基礎(chǔ)假設(shè)組成一個模式，這些假設(shè)是由某個特定團體在處理外部適應(yīng)問題和內(nèi)部整合問題過程中發(fā)明、發(fā)覺或完善。因為以這種模式工作有效性得到了認可，所以將它作為一個正確方法傳授給新組員，讓她們以此來認識、思索和處理問題[指適應(yīng)外部和整合內(nèi)部過程中問題]。Thesafetycultureofanorganizationistheproductofindividualandgroupvalues,attitudes,perceptions,competencies,andpatternsofbehaviorthatdeterminethecommitmentto,andthestyleandproficiencyof,anorganization’shealthandsafetymanagement.譯文：組織安全文化由以下幾項內(nèi)容組成：個人和群體價值觀、態(tài)度、觀念、能力和行為方法。這種行為方法決定了個人或團體對組織健康安全管理責(zé)任，和組織健康安全管理形式和熟練程度。Unit2SystemSafetyEngineeringSystemsafetyengineering 系統(tǒng)安全工程By-product 附帶產(chǎn)生結(jié)果Engineeringpractice 工程實踐Safetyproblem 安全問題Acceleratingtechnology 快速發(fā)展技術(shù)Safetyeffort 安全投入System’slifecycle 系統(tǒng)生命周期Systemeffectiveness 系統(tǒng)有效性Logicalreasoning 邏輯推理Potentialaccident 潛在事故Accidentcause 事故原因Logicalprogramming 合理計劃Systemhazard 系統(tǒng)危害Safetyinput 安全投入Inherentlysafesystem 本質(zhì)安全系統(tǒng)Scheduledelays 進度拖延Conceptphase 初步計劃階段Safetycriteria 安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Governmentregulations 政府管制Systemoperation 系統(tǒng)運行Systemanalysis 系統(tǒng)分析Systemdesign 系統(tǒng)設(shè)計Aidin 有利于Equipmentspecifications 設(shè)備說明Maintenanceplans 維護計劃Safetyproblems 安全問題Developmentphase 發(fā)展階段Operationphase 運行階段Performancereviews 績效評定Disposalphase 處理階段Intuitiveprocess 直覺過程Makedecisions 做決定Hazardcontrol 危險控制Protectiveapparel 防護服Engineeringsolutions 工程方法/手段Protectivedevices 保護裝置Warningdevices 報警裝置Incorrectinterpretation 誤解Hazardousmaterial 危險物質(zhì)Workarealayout 工業(yè)區(qū)布局Educationalsolutions 教育方法/手段Trainingsessions 培訓(xùn)會議Safetypromotionprograms 安全促進項目Administrativesolutions 行政方法/手段Personnelselection 人員選擇Safetyshoes 安全鞋Safetybelt 安全帶Safetyglasses 防護眼鏡Accidentprevention 事故預(yù)防Technicalsystem 技術(shù)系統(tǒng)Responsibleofficial 責(zé)任人Hazardanalysisisnotanintuitiveprocess.Forananalysistobemeaningful,itmustbelogical,accurate,descriptiveofthesystem,andbasedonvalidassumptions.Itssuccesslargelydependsontheskillandknowledgeofthoseconductingtheanalysis.Anyonewhohasathorough,workingknowledgeofboththesystemunderconsiderationandtheanalysistechniquetobeusedmayperformahazardanalysis.Inpractice,theeffortsofseveralpersonswithvaryingbackgroundsareusuallyrequiredtoassurethatmeaningfulandcomprehensivehazardinformationisobtained.譯文：危險分析過程不是憑直覺就能完成。對于一個有意義分析，必需在有效假設(shè)基礎(chǔ)上對系統(tǒng)進行合理、正確描述。它成功關(guān)鍵取決于進行分析人所含有技能和知識。只要對被研究系統(tǒng)和用于分析技術(shù)有全方面了解，任何人全部能夠進行危險分析。在實踐過程中，要想取得全方面而有價值危險信息，必需要部分含有不一樣知識背景人共同努力才行。Systemsafetyengineeringisarelativelynewapproachtoaccidentprevention.Itsconceptsandtechniqueshaveevolvedfromeffortstoimprovethesafetyofthecomplextechnicalsystemsthatarecommonintoday’ssociety.Itisbasedontheideasthataccidentsresultfromanumberofinteractingcauseswithinasystem,andthateachcauseandinteractioncanbelogicallyidentified,evaluated,andcontrolled.Throughthelogicalapplicationofscientificandmanagementprinciplesoverthelifecycleofasystem,systemsafetyengineeringattemptstoachieveanoptimumdegreeofsafety.譯文：安全系統(tǒng)工程是一個相對較新預(yù)防事故方法。它概念和相關(guān)技術(shù)是在大家提升當(dāng)今普遍存在復(fù)雜技術(shù)系統(tǒng)安全性多種努力過程中逐步發(fā)展而來。它基于這么一個思想，即全部事故全部是系統(tǒng)內(nèi)大量相互作用原因造成，理論上，多種原因及相互作用全部能被識別、評定，并得到控制。經(jīng)過在系統(tǒng)生命周期內(nèi)合理應(yīng)用科學(xué)管理標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，系統(tǒng)安全工程就有望取得最好安全程度。Theeffortsnecessarytoachievethedesireddegreeofsafetyareusuallyorganizedintoformalprograms.Theobjectiveofsuchprogramsistoassurethatsystemhazardsareeliminatedorotherwisecontrolledasearlyinthelifecycleaspossible.Mostofthedetailworkinvolvedinasystemsafetyprogramisintheperformanceofhazardanalyses.Withtheinformationprovidedbyanalysis,responsibleofficialscandeterminethesafest,mostefficientmeansofcontrollingthehazardsidentified.譯文：要想取得所期望安全程度，全部必需做工作全部應(yīng)編制成正式計劃。這些計劃目標(biāo)就是確保系統(tǒng)里危險被消除，或使危險在系統(tǒng)生命周期內(nèi)盡早得到控制。系統(tǒng)安全計劃中大量具體工作在危險分析過程中得以實施。經(jīng)過分析提供信息，責(zé)任人就能選擇最安全、最有效方法來控制被識別出來危險。Unit3TheergonomicsProcessergonomicsprocess 人機工程過程MSDs（areinjuriesandillnessesofthesafetissueandnervoussystemthataffectyourbody’s:Muscles,Nerves,Tendons(經(jīng)脈),Ligaments(韌帶),Joints）由肌肉組織或神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)引發(fā)傷害或疾病Upperechelons 上層、高層hourlyemployee 鐘點工Jobsites 工地Ergonomicscommittee 人機工程委員會Medicalmanagement 醫(yī)療管理Musculoskeletalstressors肌肉骨骼擔(dān)心性刺激Ergonomicsinput 人機工程投入Managementcommitment 管理承諾/行為Manufacturingengineers 制造業(yè)工程師Plantmanager 工廠經(jīng)理Processengineer 生產(chǎn)工程師Humanresourcemanager 人力資源經(jīng)理Safetymanager 安全經(jīng)理Sub-committee 分委員會Overseeingbody 監(jiān)督主體lowbackdisorder 腰部疾病Activeandpassivesurveillance主動和被動監(jiān)督Jobstressors 工作壓力源Follow-up 后續(xù)工作Ergonomicsawareness 人機工程意識Followsthrough 實現(xiàn)，把…進行到底Chainofcommand 指揮鏈Hitlist 黑名單Aprocessisasystemwherebynecessarycomponentsfunctionandinteracttoproduceadesiredgoal.Similarly,anergonomicsprocessisaplaninwhichafacilitygathersallrelevantinformationonworkorganization,employeecapabilitiesandlimitations,andwork-relatedMSDs,todevelopsolutionstobetteraccommodatetheseemployeesandreduceMSDratesandtheirassociatedcosts.一個過程是一個系統(tǒng)要求必需組成部分功效和相互作用，從而產(chǎn)生一個預(yù)期目標(biāo)。一樣，人體工程學(xué)設(shè)計過程是提出愈加好地滿足職員并降低骨骼受傷率及其相關(guān)費用處理方案，究其而言，其好處是搜集全部和工作組織相關(guān)信息、雇員能力和不足、和因工作帶來骨骼損傷。Oneimportantaspect,actuallytheprocess'skeypurpose,istocommunicateinformationamongallthoseinvolved,sothatadequateandfeasiblesolutionstoproblemshavingergonomicsissuescanbesolved.Employeeinvolvementintheergonomicsprocess,acrossseverallayersofanorganization,helpstoensureitssuccess.其中一個關(guān)鍵方面，實際上也是這個過程關(guān)鍵目標(biāo)，是全部相關(guān)各方之間信息溝通，以至于對人體工程學(xué)問題有合適、可行處理方案。在人機工程學(xué)過程中，企業(yè)各個層次職員參與有利于確保其成功。Whenindividualsinacompany,fromtheupperechelonsofmanagementtothehourlyemployee,contributetomakingchangesinworksystemsandjobsites,theybecomeempoweredandmoreresponsibleforthesechanges.Thiscooperationandemployeeinvolvementleadstofeasibleandsuccessfulchangesthatservetoimprovethecompany.Asuccessfulergonomicsprocessneedstobeimplementedandrefinedacrossvarioustypesoforganizations,sothatawidevarietyofwork-relatedissuescanbeincorporated.當(dāng)一個企業(yè)個人，從管理高層人員到按小時計雇員，有利于使工作制度和工作場所安全改變時，她們對這些變得更有能力和責(zé)任。這種合作和職員參與有利于提升企業(yè)改革切實可行。一個成功人體工程學(xué)設(shè)計過程中需要在各類組織實施和完善，使多種多樣工作相關(guān)問題能夠納入。TheelementfromwhichbasicergonomicsissuesariseistheWorkplace;thatis,theareainwhichthephysicalworkisbeingperformedandwhereemployeesbecomeinjuredduetomusculoskeletalstressors.ItistheresponsibilityoftheErgonomicsCommitteetoidentifythesestressorsandprovidesolutions.Theremainingthreecomponents(management,medicalmanagement,ergonomicsexpert)providesupportfortheinteractionbetweentheWorkplaceandtheErgonomicsCommittee.基礎(chǔ)人體工程學(xué)問題產(chǎn)生原因是工作場所，即是，在身體擔(dān)心工作部位，因肌肉骨骼壓力而受傷。工效委員會責(zé)任是確定這些壓力，并提供處理方案。其它三個組成部分為（管理，醫(yī)療管理，工效學(xué)教授）在工作場所和工效學(xué)委員會之間相互作用提供了支持。Thecompany'smanagementCommitteeisresponsibleforcommittingtotheprocessitself;thatis,emphasizingthevalueitplacesonitsemployees,andforinitiallyprovidingmonetaryandpersonnelresourcestosustaintheCommitteeandthechangesitmakeswithinthefacility.TheMedicalManagementcomponentdealswiththehealthoftheemployees,byprovidingsymptomrecognition,providingpromptandappropriatetreatment,andreturninginjuredemployeesbacktoworkasefficientlyaspossible.該企業(yè)管理委員會負責(zé)提交過程本身，就是強調(diào)其關(guān)鍵是雇員，并初步提供貨幣和人力資源，以維持委員會，并改善內(nèi)部設(shè)施。醫(yī)療管理包含職員健康，提供癥狀識別，提供立即和合適診療，并使受傷職員盡可能有效返回工作。Unit4HazardidentificationHazardidentification 危險識別Outcome 后果Ongoingprocess 正在進行過程Placeon 重視Exposurelimit 暴露極限Ventilationsystem 通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)Budgetaryconstraint 預(yù)算約束Jobsitesafetyinspection 工作場所安全檢驗Accidentinvestigation 事故調(diào)查Labormanagementcommittee 勞動管理委員會Accidentincidence 事故發(fā)生率Severityrate 嚴重事故率Industrialaccident 工業(yè)事故Workprocedure 工作/操作程序Walk-roundinspection 巡視Overexertion 用力過分Carpaltunnelsyndrome 腕管綜合癥Extremetemperature 極限溫度Worker-oriented 以人為本Mitigate 減輕/緩解Abatement 降低/消除Theexpectedbenefitsofhazardidentificationareadecreaseintheincidentsofinjuries,adecreaseinlostworkdaysandabsenteeism,adecreaseinworkers’compensationcosts,increasedproductivity,andbettercooperationandcommunication.危險源辨識預(yù)期目標(biāo)包含：降低傷害事故發(fā)生、降低工時損失和曠工、降低工人賠償開支、提升生產(chǎn)力、促進合作和交流.Theseitemsincludejobsitesafetyinspections,accidentinvestigations,safetyandhealthcommittees,andprojectsafetyinspectionprogramsthatinvolvesupervisorsand,ifyouhavethem,jointlabormanagementcommittees.危險源辨識項目包含現(xiàn)場安全檢驗，事故調(diào)查，安全和健康委員會，和項目標(biāo)安全檢驗程序，假如條件許可，最好在安全檢驗時，有監(jiān)理和勞動管理委員會在場。Thisapproachtohazardidentificationdoesnotrequirethatsomeonewithspecialtrainingconductit.Itcanusuallybeaccomplishedbytheuseofashortfill-in-the-blankquestionnaire.Thishazardidentificationtechniqueworkswellwheremanagementisopenandgenuinelyconcernedaboutthesafetyandhealthofitsworkforce.Themosttime-consumingportionofthisprocessisanalyzingtheassessmentandresponseregardingpotentialhazardsidentified.Empoweringworkerstoidentifyhazards,makerecommendationsonabatementofthehazards,andthensuggesthowmanagementcanrespondtothesepotentialhazardsisessential.這種危險辨識方法不需要經(jīng)過特需訓(xùn)練人來實施。通常經(jīng)過一個簡短問卷調(diào)查就能完成。在部分管理比較開放、真心關(guān)心工人安全和健康地方，這種危險辨識方法能起到很好作用。這個過程中最耗時部分就是對識別潛在危險進行分析評定和反饋。給予工人識別危險、對減小危險提出提議并提出怎樣對這些潛在危險進行管理權(quán)利是必需。Unit5WhatisanOHSMSOHSMS 職業(yè)健康安全管理體系Legacy 遺產(chǎn)，留給后人東西Inpractice 在實踐中Allowfor 考慮到Regulatorysystem 監(jiān)管體系Reviewphase 審查階段Specificobjective 特殊目標(biāo)Correctiveaction 糾正方法Becentralto 極為關(guān)鍵Systematicapproach 系統(tǒng)方法Systemiclinkage 體系聯(lián)動Inter-linked 相互鏈接Feedbackloop 反饋環(huán)Specificprogramelement 具體計劃Mandatory 強制Arisefrom 由。。。引發(fā)Strategicobjective 戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)Commercialpressure 商業(yè)壓力Principalcontractor 總承包商Hybridmethod 混合方法Market-based 基于市場Formalisedprescription正式法規(guī)/要求Mandatedprinciple 明文要求標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Stemfrom 起源于，來自于Regulatoryframework 規(guī)章制度EuropeanUnionFrameworkDirective 歐盟框架指令A(yù)ll-encompassingapproach 包羅萬象方法Sparingly 少許Homegrown 國產(chǎn)/自己制訂ChamberofCommerceandIndustry 工商會/工商聯(lián)Framing 編制/制訂Emergencyplanning 應(yīng)急計劃Planningandaccountability 計劃和職責(zé)Managerialistandparticipativemodels 經(jīng)理主導(dǎo)模式和參與模式bureaucraticmodel 官僚模式Topdown 由上而下Traceto 追溯到Empiricaltest 經(jīng)驗試驗Mutuallyexclusive 相互排斥Qualitylevels 質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Expandupon 詳述/深入敘述Levelofachievement 成就水平Performancelevel 實施標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Graduatingup 逐步改變 Atthebehestof 在。。。命令/要求下Setout 敘述、陳列Conversely,analternativeparticipativemodelof“managementsystems”canbetracedtosocio-technicalsystemstheory,whichemphasisesorganisationalinterventionsbasedonanalysisoftheinter-relationshipsoftechnology,environment,theorientationofparticipants,andorganisationalstructure.相反，一個可選擇來使用“管理系統(tǒng)”模型能夠追溯到社會-技術(shù)系統(tǒng)理論，該理論強調(diào)組織干預(yù)，這種組織干預(yù)是建立在對技術(shù)、環(huán)境、參與者定位及組織結(jié)構(gòu)之間相互關(guān)系進行分析基礎(chǔ)上。Sofar,wehaveshownthatOHSMScanvaryuponanumberofdimensionsrelatingtomethodofimplementation,systemcharacteristics,anddegreeofimplementation.SuchvarianceisimportantbecauseitaffectsevaluationandmeasurementofOHSMSperformance.Measuresappropriateforonedimensionofasystemwillbeirrelevanttoanother.EvaluationofOHSMSeffectivenessmayneedtotakeaccountofwhatsystemsareexpectedtodo.Aretheytomeetcomplexsystemorsimpledesignstandards?AretheyimplementedatthebehestofmanagementorexternalOHSauthorities?Areobjectivesthesimpleonessuchasreducingdirectlost-timeinjuriesordotheyincludesatisfyingmultiplestakeholders?Aretheyatanearlyorestablishedstageofdevelopment;andwhichofseveraldifferentconfigurationsofcontrolstrategyandmanagementstructure/styleisadopted?到現(xiàn)在為止，我們已經(jīng)表明OHSMS能展現(xiàn)多樣性特征，這些特征和實施方法、系統(tǒng)特征和實施程度相關(guān)。這種多樣性改變很關(guān)鍵，因為它對OHSMS性能評價和測量有影響。對一個體系某種特征適合方法可能對另一個特征不適宜。OHSMS有效性評價需要考慮到底期望這個體系來干什么？它們滿足復(fù)雜體系呢還是只是一個簡單設(shè)計標(biāo)準(zhǔn)？它們是不是在管理者或外界OHS權(quán)威人士要求下被實施？它們目標(biāo)是這種簡單（比如降低直接時間損失傷害）還是使多數(shù)風(fēng)險金管理機構(gòu)滿意？它們是在處于形成早期還是在建立時期？采取哪一個不一樣控制策略形態(tài)和管理結(jié)構(gòu)/形式？Unit6IndustrialHygieneIndustrialhygiene 工業(yè)衛(wèi)生Physicalhazards 物理危害、物質(zhì)危害Nonionizingradiation 非電離輻射Adverseeffects 副作用、壞影響Loudnoise 嘈雜聲音Chemicalbum 化學(xué)燒傷Liveelectricalcircuits 帶電電路Confinedspace 密閉空間Hearingloss 聽力喪失Physicalormentaldisturbance 身體或精神障礙Annoyance 煩惱Powertools 電動工具Soundlevelmeter 噪聲計Time-weightedaverage 時間加權(quán)平均Snap 捻手指聲音Heatstress 熱威脅、熱應(yīng)力Shivering 顫動Hardlabor 辛勞工作Livingtissue 活組織BiologicalHazards 生物危害Potablewater 飲用水Sewage 污水Physicalcontact 身體接觸Allergicreaction 過敏反應(yīng)Severepain 猛烈疼痛Manualhandling 手工處理HazardCommunicationsStandard 危害通識要求Stipulation 要求、條款Tradename 商標(biāo)名Centralnervoussystem 中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)Industrialhygienehasbeendefinedas“thatscienceorartdevotedtotheanticipation,recognition,evaluation,andcontrolofthoseenvironmentalfactorsorstresses,arisinginorfromtheworkplace,whichmaycausesickness,impairedhealthandwell-being,orsignificantdiscomfortandinefficiencyamongworkersoramongthecitizensofthecommunity”.工業(yè)衛(wèi)生被定義為：“致力于估計、識別、評定和控制環(huán)境原因或壓力科學(xué)和技術(shù)，這些壓力產(chǎn)生或來自于工作場所，能夠造成疾病、損害大家幸福安康、或使工人或小區(qū)居民工作效率不高，并使她們感覺到很不舒適”。Noiseisaserioushazardwhenitresultsintemporaryorpermanenthearingloss,physicalormentaldisturbance,anyinterferencewithvoicecommunications,orthedisruptionofajob,rest,relaxation,orsleep.Noiseisanyundesiredsoundandisusuallyasoundthatbearsnoinformationwithvaryingintensity.Itinterfereswiththeperceptionofwantedsound,andislikelytobeharmful,causeannoyance,and/orinterferewithspeech.當(dāng)噪音造成臨時或永久聽力喪失，使身體或精神發(fā)生紊亂，對語言交流產(chǎn)生干擾，或?qū)ぷ?、休息、放松、睡覺產(chǎn)生干擾時，它是一個很嚴重危害。噪音是任何不被期望聲音，它通常是一個強度改變但不包含任何信息聲音。它干擾大家對正常聲音分辨，可能是有害，能使人煩惱，并（或）干擾大家說話。The

degree

of

risk

of

handling

a

given

substance

depends

on

the

magnitudeand

duration

of

exposure.

To

recognize

occupational

factors

or

stresses,

a

health

and

safety

professional

must

first

know

about

the

chemicals

used

asraw

materials

and

the

nature

of

the

products

and

byproducts

manufactured.

處理某一物質(zhì)危險程度由接觸量和時間決定。要認識到職業(yè)要素或關(guān)鍵性，職業(yè)健康安全教授必需首先知道所使用原料化學(xué)性質(zhì),產(chǎn)品和副產(chǎn)品性質(zhì)。Unit9AccidentInvestigationAccidentInvestigation 事故調(diào)查After-the-fact 事實背后Takeaninvestigation 進行調(diào)查Fact-findingprocess 尋求事實過程Insurancecarrier 保險企業(yè)/承保人Placeblame 推卸責(zé)任Permanenttotaldisability 永久全部勞動力喪失Forsimplicity 為簡單起見Accidentprevention 事故預(yù)防Investigativeprocedures 調(diào)查過程Factfinding 尋求事實Operatingproceduresflowdiagrams 操作過程步驟圖Maintenancechart 維修圖表Boundnotebook 活頁筆記本Physicalorchemicallaw 物理或化學(xué)定律Tableofcontents 目錄Narrative 敘事Counter-measure 干預(yù)方法Investigatorcollectsevidencefrommanysourcesduringaninvestigation,getsinformationfromwitnessesandobservationaswellasbyreports,interviewswitnessesassoonaspossibleafteranaccident,inspectstheaccidentsitebeforeanychangesoccur,takesphotographsandmakessketchesofaccidentscene,recordsallpertinentdataonmaps,andgetscopiesofallreports.Documentscontainingnormaloperatingproceduresflowdiagrams,maintenancechartsorreportsofdifficultiesorabnormalitiesareparticularlyuseful.Keepcompleteandaccuratenotesinaboundnotebook.Recordpre-accidentconditions,theaccidentsequenceandpost-accidentconditions.Inaddition,documentthelocationofvictims,witnesses,machinery,energysources,andhazardousmaterials.調(diào)查人員在調(diào)查過程中從各方面搜集證據(jù)，從證人、旁觀者及部分相關(guān)報道中得到信息，在事故發(fā)生后立即找目擊證人談話，在事故現(xiàn)場遭到改變前進行檢驗，對事故場景進行拍照并繪制草圖，統(tǒng)計和地形相關(guān)全部數(shù)據(jù)，并將全部報道復(fù)印保留。統(tǒng)計常規(guī)操作步驟圖、維修圖表或?qū)щy、異?，F(xiàn)象匯報等很有用。在活頁筆記本中完整正確統(tǒng)計。統(tǒng)計事故發(fā)生前環(huán)境、事故次序及事故發(fā)生后環(huán)境情況等。另外，統(tǒng)計傷者、證人、機械、能量起源和危害物質(zhì)位置。Anaccidentinvestigationisafact-findingprocessandnotafault-findingprocesswiththepurposeofaffixingblame.Theendofanyresultofanaccidentinvestigationshouldbetoassurethatthetypeofhazardoraccidentdoesnotexistoroccurinthefuture.事故調(diào)查是一個尋求事實過程，而不是一個為了追究責(zé)任去尋求過失過程。事故調(diào)查任何結(jié)果目標(biāo)全部應(yīng)該是為了確保這一類危害或事故未來不再存在或發(fā)生。Inspiteoftheircomplexity,mostaccidentsarepreventablebyeliminatingoneormorecauses.Accidentinvestigationsdeterminenotonlywhathappened,butalsohowandwhy.盡管事故很復(fù)雜，不過大部分事故還是能夠利用消除一個或多個致災(zāi)原因來預(yù)防。事故調(diào)查確定不僅僅是發(fā)生了什么，還包含怎么發(fā)生，為何發(fā)生。Thefailureofpeople,equipment,supplies,orsurroundingstobehaveorreactasexpectedcausesmostoftheaccidents.Accidentinvestigationsdeterminehowandwhythesefailuresoccur.Byusingtheinformationgainedthroughandinvestigation,asimilarorperhapsmoredisastrousaccidentmaybeprevented.大部分事故是由人、設(shè)備、物料、環(huán)境等和大家期望發(fā)生反作用或沖突而產(chǎn)生故障所造成。事故調(diào)查能夠確定這些故障怎樣發(fā)生和為何發(fā)生。經(jīng)過使用調(diào)查所得到信息，能夠預(yù)防類似事故或可能愈加嚴重事故。Eventhoughamajorityofindustrialaccidentsorincidentshavehistoricallybeenattributedtotheunsafeactsortheunsafeconductofworkers,theimportanceofunsafephysicalconditionsandequipmentcanshouldnotbeminimizedinanydiscussionconcerningaccidentriskpotential.即使大多數(shù)工業(yè)事故或事件在歷史上被歸因于工人不安全行為或不安全地實施，不過不應(yīng)該在全部關(guān)事故潛在風(fēng)險討論中將物不安全狀態(tài)最小化。Yourcompanyshouldhaveaformalizedaccidentinvestigationprocedure,whichisfollowedbyeveryone.Itshouldbespelledoutinwritingandendwithawrittenreportusingasafoundationofyourstandardcompanyaccidentinvestigationform.Itmaybeyourworker’scompensationformoranequivalentfromyourinsurancecarrier.企業(yè)應(yīng)該含有正式事故調(diào)查程序，每個人全部應(yīng)該遵守。應(yīng)該以書面形式使之明確而且最終形成一個書面匯報，把這作為企業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)事故調(diào)查形式基礎(chǔ)。比如可能是工人賠償形式或保險企業(yè)賠償。MandatorysystemshaveevolvedinanumberofEuropeancountrieswherelegislationrequiresadoptionofariskassessmentsystem.強制性系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)在很多歐洲國家得到發(fā)展，這些國家法律要求必需使用風(fēng)險評價系統(tǒng)。Unit10SafetyElectricitySafetyelectricity 安全用電Electricalequipment 電力設(shè)備Fusepuller 保險絲夾Breakcontact 斷開接點/觸電Hotside 高壓端Loadside 負荷端Lineside 線路/火線端Groundfaultcircuitinterrupt 漏電保護器Groundfault 接地故障Receptacle 電源插座Hotbubs 熱水澡桶Underwaterlighting 水底照明Fountains 人工噴泉Ungrounded(hot)conductor 未接地(高壓)導(dǎo)體/火線Neutralconductor 中性導(dǎo)體Faultcurrent 故障電流Loadcenter 載荷中心Panelboard 配電板Branch-circuit 分支電路CB 一個多功效插座Plug-in 插入式Electricalshock 電擊/電擊事故Takechance 冒險Labored 困難Ventricularfibrillation 心室顫動Twitching 顫搐Ventricle 心室Artificialrespiration 人工呼吸Cardio-pulmonaryresuscitation 心肺復(fù)蘇術(shù)Cardiacarrest 心跳停止Heartstoppage 心臟驟停Lockout 上鎖Tagout 掛牌Bypassing 回避/繞過Jammed 卡住/堵塞Ballvalves 球形閥ANSI 美國國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)協(xié)會Colorcoded 色標(biāo)/彩色編碼Keyed 鍵控制Rust-resistant 防銹Shackle 鐐銬/鉤鏈Kit 成套設(shè)備/裝備Lockout/tagoutkitsarealsoavailable.Alockout/tagoutkitcontainsitemsrequiredtocomplywiththeOSHAlockout/tagoutstandards.Lockout/tagoutkitscontainreusabledangertags,tagties,multiplelockouts,locks,magneticsigns,andinformationonlockout/tagoutprocedures.Besurethesourceofelectricityremainsopenordisconnectedwhenreturningtoworkwheneverleavingajobforanyreasonorwheneverthejobcannotbecompletedthesameday.上鎖/掛牌成套設(shè)備也是可用。上鎖/掛牌套件中包含有必需滿足OSHA上鎖/掛牌標(biāo)準(zhǔn)組件。上鎖/掛牌套件中包含有可反復(fù)使用危險標(biāo)簽、臨時懸掛標(biāo)志、多種閉鎖、鎖、磁性標(biāo)志、及和上鎖/掛牌相關(guān)信息。不管什么原因停下工作或當(dāng)日不能完成工作時，在返回工作時候全部要確保電源保持斷開或非連接狀態(tài)。Unit11MachineryequipmentsafetyMachineryEquipmentSafety 機械設(shè)備安全Presses 沖床Liftingplant 起吊設(shè)備Scald 燙傷Fragmentation 破碎/爆炸Temporarystaff 臨時人員Dumpertruck 翻斗車Powerpresses 壓力機Lifttruck 升降式裝卸車Elevatingworkplatform 升降臺CEmarked CE認證標(biāo)志Subcontractor 中間商/轉(zhuǎn)包商Interlockedguard 聯(lián)鎖保護裝置Jig 模具Pushstick 推桿Competentperson 能勝任安全工作人Workingorder 正常運