2019年全國碩士研究生招生考試英語(一)真題及答案

2019年全國碩士研究生招生考試英語（一）真題及答案

（江南博哥）

材料題

根據(jù)以下材料，回答1-20題

Today,weliveinaworldwhereGPSsystems,digitalmaps,andothernavigationapps

areallavailableonoursmartphones.工ofusjustwalkstraightintothewoods

withoutaphone.Butphones_2_onbatteries,andbatteriescandiefasterthanwere

alize._3_yougetlostwithoutaphoneoracompass,andyou4can'tfindnorth,afew

tricksmayhelpyounavigate_5_tocivilization,oneofwhichistofollowtheland.

Whenyoufindyourselfwell6_atrail,butnotinacompletely_7_area,youhaveto

answertwoquestions:Which_8_isdownhill,inthisparticulararea?

Andwhereisthenearestwatersource?Humansoverwhelminglyliveinvalleys,and

onsuppliesoffreshwater.9_,ifyouheaddownhill,andfollowanyH20youfind,you

should10seesignsofpeople.

Ifyou'veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsights-youmay

be11howquicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockortreecanrestoreyourbearings.

Another12:Climbhighandlookforsignsofhumanhabitation.13.evenindense

forest,youshouldbeableto14gapsinthetreelineduetoroads,traintracks,and

otherpathspeoplecarve15thewoods.Headtowardthese16tofindawayout.At

nightscanthehorizonfor17lightsources,suchasfiresandstreetlights,thenwalk

towardtheglowoflightpollution.

18,assumingyou'relostinanareahumanstendtofrequent,lookforthe19we

leaveonthelandscape.Trailblazes,tiretracks,andotherfeaturescan20youto

civilization.

1［單選題］第1題答案是—?

A.Some

B.Most

C.Few

D.AII

正確答案：C

參考解析：此題考查詞義辨析和上下文語境。首句為主題句：今天，我們生活在

一個GPS定位系統(tǒng)，數(shù)字地圖和其他導(dǎo)航應(yīng)用程序都能在我們的智能手機中找

到的世界里。

空格所在句指出：我們中的______在沒有電話的情況下直接走進樹林?？崭窬?/p>

前談到我們生活在一個靠智能手機指引的世界里，所以句意為在沒有手機的情況

下我們很少有人走進樹林。本句由without和few構(gòu)成雙重否定表肯定。根據(jù)

句意應(yīng)填入"幾乎沒有人"，符合題意，故選

fewco

2償涉函第2題答案是

A.put

B.take

C.run

D.come

正確答案：C

參考解析：此題考查固定搭配。runonbattery表示手機用電池發(fā)動，運行。其

他選項：puton"穿上，使運轉(zhuǎn)"，takeon"承擔(dān),呈現(xiàn)"，comeon”快點,

開始"，代入文中，語義不通順，故選

c0

3［單選題］第3題答案是—?

A.Since

B.lf

C.Though

D.Until

正確答案：B

參考解析：此題考查邏輯關(guān)系?？崭袼诰渥g文：你在沒有手機和指南針的

情況下迷路,找不到北方，我們有一些技巧可以幫助你導(dǎo)航—文明之地。

聯(lián)系上下文，此處為假設(shè)的情況，故填入符合題意，故選

if,Bo

4償選函第4題答案是—.

A.formally

B.relatively

C.gradually

D.literally

正確答案：D

參考解析：空格所在句譯文：如果你在沒有手機和指南針的情況下迷路，——

找不到北方，我們有一些技巧可以幫助你導(dǎo)航文明之地。

此處literally表示"確實地，真正地"，代入原文，語義通順，即確實找不到北

方，故選代入其他選項后，不符合原文意思，故排除。

De

5［單選題］第5題答案是—?

A.back

B.next

C.around

D.away

正確答案：A

參考解析：空格所在句譯文：如果你在沒有手機和指南針的情況下迷路，確實找

不到北方，我們有一些技巧可以幫助你導(dǎo)航文明之地。前文講lost（迷路）,

此處填入back（回到）文明之地，相互呼應(yīng)，故選Ao

6［單選題］第6題答案是____.

A.onto

B.off

C.across

D.along

正確答案：B

參考解析:此處考查詞義辨析和詞組搭配。空格所在句的譯文為：當(dāng)你一路徑，

但不是完全—一的區(qū)域，你需要回答兩個問題：在這個特殊區(qū)域，哪條—是下

坡?哪里有最近的水源?通過后半句的問題，

能了解到前面是當(dāng)你偏離軌道，迷失蹤跡的時候。B項off意為"逃離，離開"

符合語義要求，故選Be

7［單選題］第7題答案是____.

A.unattractive

B.uncrowded

C.unchanged

D.unfamiliar

正確答案：D

參考解析：此處考查詞義辨析?？崭袼诰涞那耙痪湔f迷失蹤跡，偏離軌道?？?/p>

格所在后半句but開頭，所填入的形容詞需要和前面構(gòu)成邏輯轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，雖然偏

離軌道，但也不是完全不熟悉的路。

只有D項unfamiliar"不熟悉的"，符合題意。A項意為"不吸引人的"，B項

意為"寬敞的"，C項意為"未改變的"，均不符合題意，故排除。

8［單選題］第8題答案是—?

A.site

B.point

C.way

D.place

正確答案：C

參考解析：此處考查詞義辨析?？崭袼诰渚湟猓耗阈枰卮饍蓚€問題，在這個

特殊區(qū)域，哪個—是下坡?哪里有最近的水源?空格處所填的詞需要符合上下文

語境。c項意為"道路"，即哪個是下坡路?符合語義要求。

9［單選題］第9題答案是—?

A.So

B.Yet

C.Instead

0.Besides

正確答案：A

參考解析：此處考查詞邏輯關(guān)系?？崭袼诰涞那耙痪渲赋觯荷钤谏焦鹊娜?

基本都靠淡水為生。后面也就是空格所在句:—如果你下山，沿著水走，你—

會發(fā)現(xiàn)人類的跡象。

很明顯空格處所填的連詞和前面構(gòu)成因果邏輯關(guān)系只有A項符合題意改選A。

10博進函第10題答案是_____.

A.immediately

B.intentionally

C.unexpectedly

0.eventually

正確答案：D

參考解析：此處考查詞義辨析。空格所在句句意：所以如果你下山，沿著你找到

的水一直走，你__會看到人類的跡象?？崭裉幩璧母痹~需要符合本句語境并

使句子通順。

D項eventually"最后，終于"，符合語義要求，故選D。A項意為"立刻"，

B項意為"有意地"，c項意為"出乎意料地"，三個選項代入空格均不符合題

As1、。

11［單選題］第11題答案是_____.

A.surprised

B.annoyed

C.frightened

D.confused

正確答案：A

參考解析:空格所在句提到:如果你之前去過這個地方，一定要注意熟悉的景象，

你或許會____識別出一塊特征明顯的巖石或樹木能如此快速地幫助你恢復(fù)方位

感。此句明顯體現(xiàn)了積極褒義的感情色彩，根據(jù)這個線索，可直接選出A項為正

確答案，即"你或許會驚訝于……"

12［單選題］第12題答案是____.

A.problem

B.option

C.view

D.result

正確答案：B

參考解析：這里提到了一個關(guān)鍵詞another,所以說明它所指代的內(nèi)容在上文中

提到過，且后面有冒號解釋說明：爬到高處，尋找人類居住的跡象。說明這也是

另一種方法，所以只有最合適，故選

optionBe

13［單選題］第13題答案是____.

A.Aboveall

B.lncontrast

C.Onaverage

D.Forexample

正確答案：D

參考解析：此處考查上下文邏輯。此處需要根據(jù)空格前后兩句話之間的語義關(guān)系

來選擇?？崭袂疤岬?另一個辦法就是來尋找有人類居住的跡象"是一種大致的

方法，后面內(nèi)容是具體分析，

所以用表示舉例分析的最合適，故選

forexampleDo

14［單選題］第14題答案是—?

A.bridge

B.avoid

C.spot

0.separate

正確答案：C

參考解析：結(jié)合原文語境，”即使是在茂密的森林里，你也能夠—林木線的縫

隙?！彼赃@里填上的動詞需與縫隙搭配，只有spot"觀察"，符合題意，故

選C。

15［單選題］第15題答案是—?

A.from

B.through

C.beyond

D.under

正確答案：B

參考解析：空格處需填入介詞來和前面的動詞carve及后面的名詞woods構(gòu)成

順暢的語義搭配。Carvethewoods:在森林中開辟道路，B項through

用法最恰當(dāng)，故選

Bo

16［單選題］第16題答案是—?

A.posts

B.links

C.shades

D.breaks

正確答案：D

參考解析：本題空格前有一個指示代詞these,通過語義，氣hese"指代

上文的"roads,traintracks,andotherpaths”,并有定語從句"peoplecarve

throughthewoods"修飾,從語義上看,breaks"岔路口”最合適,即朝著

這些岔路口走，找到一條出路，故選

De

17［單選題］第17題答案是____.

A.artificial

B.mysterious

C.hidden

D.limited

正確答案：A

參考解析：本題所在句子"scan...forlightsources"，與本段開頭"look

forsignsofhumanhabitation"結(jié)構(gòu)一致，語義相關(guān)，空格處所填的形容詞和

human意思相近，

選擇artificial"人造的"。除此之外，該空后所列舉的兩種光源的共同特點就是

artificial"人工的，人造的"，故選A。

18［單選題］第18題答案是—?

A.Finally

B.Consequently

C.Incidentally

0.Generally

正確答案：A

參考解析：本空位于段首，并由逗號隔開，所以考查上下文邏輯。空后為條件狀

語從句"assumingyou",與上文構(gòu)成順接遞進關(guān)系，選項中，只有finally表

順接遞進，故選

Ao

19［單選題］第19題答案是—?

A.memories

B.marks

C.notes

D.belongings

正確答案：B

參考解析：空格后的定語從句"weleaveonthelandsc叩e",由語義得知此

處應(yīng)填"標(biāo)記"，即假設(shè)你迷失在一個人類常去的地方，尋找我們在風(fēng)景中留下

的標(biāo)記，故選

Bo

20博闞第20題答案是_____.

A.restrict

B.adopt

C.lead

D.expose

正確答案：c

參考解析：本空主要考查語義搭配，所填動詞需要與主語"Trailblazes,tire

tracksandotherfeatures"，賓語"you"，以及不定式"tocivilization"之

間構(gòu)成完整語義，所以此處填lead"引導(dǎo)"最合適，即引導(dǎo)你回歸文明之地，故

選C。

材料題

根據(jù)以下材料，回答21-25題

FinancialregulatorsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthebossesofbig

banks.Startingnextyear,anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbedelayed10

yearsiftheirbanksareunderinvestigationforwrongdoing.Themainpurposeofthis

"clawback"ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-takingandtorestore

publictrustinfinancialinstitutions.Yetofficialsalsohopeforamuchlargerbenefit:

morelong-termdecision-makingnotonlybybanksbutbyallcorporations,tobuilda

strongereconomyforfuturegenerations.

"Short-termism"orthedesireforquickprofits,hasworsenedinpubliclytraded

companies,saystheBankofEngland'stopeconomist,AndrewHaldane.Hequotesa

giantofclassicaleconomics,AlfredMarshall,indescribingthisfinancialimpatienceas

actinglike"childrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeatthematonce"

ratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeatenlast.

TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain,he

notes,hasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades.Transient

investors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirm's

effortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty.Thishasbeen

dubbed"quarterlycapitalism."

Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingofequities,

quickeruseofinformation,andthusshorterattentionspansinfinancialmarkets.

"Thereseemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenseof

long-terminvesting,"saidCommissionerDanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesand

ExchangeCommissioninaspeechthisweek.

IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyActof2002haspushedmostpubliccompaniestodefer

performancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelping

reduce"short-termism."InitslatestsurveyofCEOpay,TheWallStreetJournalfinds

that"asubstantialpart"ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.

Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage"long-termism,"suchaschangesinthetax

codeandquickerdisclosureofstockacquisitions.InFrance,shareholderswhohold

ontoacompanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimesearnmorevoting

rightsinacompany.

Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentivesfor

executivestothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthecompanyandonbehalfofall

stakeholders.Britain'snewruleisaremindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterestin

theirperformance,notjustfortheshorttermbutforthelongterm.

21摩透煞/AccordingtoParagraph1,onemotiveinimposingthenew

ruleisto.

A.enhancebankers'senseofresponsibility.

B.helpcorporationsachievelargerprofits.

C.buildanewsystemoffinancialregulation.

0.guaranteethebonusesoftopexecutives.

正確答案：A

參考解析細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞"paragraph1"和"onemotiveinimposing

thenewrule"可定位在文章第一段第三句"Themainpurposeofthis

'clawback'ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-taking

andtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitution.",由此可知這個規(guī)則的

主要目的是讓銀行家為不良風(fēng)險負責(zé)以及修復(fù)公眾對金融機構(gòu)的信任。對比四個

選項，只有A項enhancebanks'senseofresponsibility”增加銀行的責(zé)任

感"與原文表述一致，故為正確答案。

22［單選題］NfredMarshallisquotedtoindicate.

A.theconditionsforgeneratingquickprofits.

B.governments'impatienceindecision-making.

C.thesolidstructureofpubliclytradedcompanies.

D."short-termism"ineconomicactivities.

正確答案：D

參考解析：根據(jù)題干中的AlfredMarshall可定位在文章第二段最后一句”…

AlfredMarshall,indescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglike...”,

其中的"thisfinancialimpatience"指上文提到的"short-termism",也就

是AlfredMarshall描述"短期主義”的行為就像……,由此可知，D項

"short-termism"ineconomicactivities”經(jīng)濟活動中的‘短期主義"'為正

確答案。其他選項在原文均未提及，故排除。

23［單選題isarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmenton

publiccompaniescanbe.

A.indirect.

B.adverse.

C.minimal.

0.temporary.

正確答案：B

參考解析：由題干中的關(guān)鍵詞"transientinvestment"定位到文章第三段第二

句"Transientinvestors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfrom

companies,canhinderafirm7seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearchor

tobuildupcustomerloyalty.",由此可知，短期投資會對公司的長期規(guī)劃

設(shè)阻，并影響客戶的忠誠度。B項adverse"不利的"對應(yīng)原文"hinder",故

為正確選項。ACD項在原文并未提及，故排除。

24［單選題］'heUSandFranceexamplesareusedtoillustrate.

A.theobstaclestopreventing"short-termism".

B.thesignificanceoflong-termthinking.

C.theapproachestopromoting"long-termisin".

D.theprevalenceofshort-termthinking.

正確答案：C

參考解析：根據(jù)題干定位到文章第五、第六段，第五段為美國的例子，主要講述

美國延遲發(fā)放才上任一年左右的高管績效津貼，繼而促進緩解"短期主義"盛行

的現(xiàn)狀。第六段為法國的例子，主要講述法國持股兩年以上者擁有更多的選票權(quán)。

第六段首句承前啟后講到"Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage'long

termism'",即促進"長期主義”還有很多做法。Clotheapproachesto

promotinglong-termism"促進’長期主義’的方法"，與原文一致，故為正

確答案。

25［單選題］\Nh\chofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.FailureofQuarterlyCapitalism

B.PatienceasaCorporateVirtue

C.DecisivenessRequiredofTopExecutives

0.FrustrationofRisk-takingBankers

正確答案：B

參考解析：主旨大意題。綜觀全文，文章圍繞西方國家的金融企業(yè)的"短期主義"

投資和"長期主義”投資展開。第一段由金融管理者制訂一項限制高管津貼措施

引出全文中心話題，促進金融投資的"長期主義"規(guī)劃；第二段介紹了目前英國

銀行高管中"短期主義"投資愈發(fā)盛行；第三段指出"短期主義"投資的弊端；

第四段主要介紹美國現(xiàn)階段仍然通過技術(shù)手段使得"短期主義"投資愈發(fā)盛行；

第五、第六段點明美法兩國為促進"短期主義"投資所采取的措施；文章尾段再

次呼應(yīng)首段，點明英國新政提醒銀行家們注重"長期主義"投資。B項Patience

對應(yīng)文章中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的short-termism和long.termism,Corporate本身在

文章就多次出現(xiàn)，所以為最佳標(biāo)題。

材料題

根據(jù)以下材料，回答26-30題

Gradeinflation—thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs(grade-pointaverages)over

thepastfewdecades—isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhigher

education,inwhichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased.But

another,relatedforce—apolicyoftenburieddeepincoursecatalogscalled"grade

forgiveness"-ishelpingraiseGPAs.

Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceivedalow

grade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethatcountsin

calculatingastudent'soverallGPA.

Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,ascolleges

continuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool(andpayingtuition)and

improvetheirgraduationrates.Whenthispracticefirststarteddecadesago,itwas

usuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirst

yeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses.Butnowmost

colleges,saveformanyselectivecampuses,allowallundergraduates,andeven

graduatestudents,togettheirlowgradesforgiven.

Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessislessaboutthe

gradeitselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecoursescriticaltotheir

degreeprogramandgraduationwithoutincurringabigpenalty."Ultimately,"saidJack

Mine,OhioStateUniversity'sregistrar,"weseestudentsachievemoresuccess

becausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterinsubsequentcoursesormasterthe

contentthatallowsthemtograduateontime."

Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescolleges'ownneedsas

well.Forpublicinstitutions'statefundsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccesson

metricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretention—sobettergradescan,by

boostingfigureslikethose,meanmoremoney.AndanythingthatraisesGPAswill

likelymakestudents—who,attheendofthedayarepayingthebill-feelthey've

gottenabettervaluefortheirtuitiondollars,whichisanotherbigconcernfor

colleges.

Indeed,gradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesarerespondingto

consumers'expectationsforhighereducation.Sincestudentsandparentsexpecta

collegedegreetoleadtoajob,itisinthebestinterestofaschooltoturnout

graduateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible—oratleastappeartobe.Onthis,

students'andcolleges'incentivesseemtobealigned.

26［單選題/WbdXiscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeinflation?

A.Thechangeofcoursecatalogs.

B.Students'indifferencetoGPAs.

C.Colleges'neglectofGPAs.

D.Theinfluenceofconsumerculture.

正確答案：D

參考解析：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到文章第一段第一句，句子主干"Grade

inflation...isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhigher

education..."可知高校分?jǐn)?shù)膨脹問題通常被認為是消費者至上時代的產(chǎn)物。選

項Theinfluenceofconsumerculture”消費者至上文化的影響"正是該句原

因的同義表達，故選D。

27［單選題/Whatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgiveness?

A.Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.

B.Tomaintaincolleges'graduationrates.

C.Topreparegraduatesforachallengingfuture.

D.Toincreaseuniversities'incomefromtuition.

正確答案：A

參考解析：根據(jù)題干要求定位到文章第三段第二句。該句中的thispractice對應(yīng)

題干中的gradeforgiveness,firststarted對應(yīng)題干中的original,而以不定

式短語”…togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyearif

theystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses為目的，即..

給他們第二次機會去上課,對應(yīng)題干中的purpose，故正確答案為A項Tohelp

freshmenadapttocollegelearning”幫助大一新生適應(yīng)大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)"。

28AccordingtoParagraph5,gradeforgivenessenablescolleges

to.

A.obtainmorefinancialsupport.

B.boosttheirstudentenrollments.

C.improvetheirteachingquality.

D.meetlocalgovernments'needs.

正確答案：A

參考解析：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞可定位到文章第五段第一句。通過第一句話可以看出

"gradeforgiveness"滿足了大學(xué)自己的需要，而具體的需要在第二句體現(xiàn)。

因此，本題真正的答案出于第二句"Forpublicinstitutions1statefundsare

sometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduation

ratesandstudentretention-----sobettergradescan,byboostingfigures

likethose,meanmoremoney.",即對于大學(xué)來講，國家的基金有時候是跟

一些因素有關(guān)的。比如，畢業(yè)率和學(xué)生在學(xué)率，因此好的分?jǐn)?shù)意味著錢。由此可

知"gradeforgiveness"使大學(xué)能夠獲得更多的國家的基金，這與A項obtain

morefinancialsupport”獲得更多的經(jīng)濟支持"匹配，故選A。

29［單選題/\Nhatdoesthephrase"tobealigned"(Para.6)mostprobably

mean?

A.Tocounterbalanceeachother.

B.Tocomplementeachother.

C.Tobeidenticalwitheachother.

D.Tobecontradictorytoeachother.

正確答案：C

參考解析：根據(jù)題目定位到文章第六段最后一句"Onthis,students1and

colleges1incentivesseemtobealigned.",解決本題的關(guān)鍵是this指代

的內(nèi)容,根據(jù)上文“Sincestudentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreeto

leadtoajob,itisinthebestinterestofaschooltoturnoutgraduates

whoareasqualifiedaspossible—oratleastappeartobe.”可知由于學(xué)

生和家長都希望通過大學(xué)學(xué)歷找工作，因此符合學(xué)校最佳利益的便是盡可能地證

明學(xué)生的能力一一或者說至少看起來如此，即學(xué)生和學(xué)校有著共同的利益目標(biāo),

所以正確答案選

c0

30［單選題］'heauthorexaminesthepracticeofgradeforgiveness

by.

A.assessingitsfeasibility.

B.analyzingthecausesbehindit.

C.comparingdifferentviewsonit..

D.listingitslong-runeffects.

正確答案：B

參考解析：由題干可知，表面上問作者通過什么論述方式來探討grade

forgiveness的實踐操作，實際是考全文的主旨寫作手法，方法即是串讀每段段

落的大意句，把握作者的論述角度。文章的每段都突出了gradeforgiveness能

夠滿足大學(xué)自身的需求，這也是分析了gradeforgiveness的原因。因此，該題

答案是項

Banalyzingthecausesbehindit0

材料題

根據(jù)以下材料，回答31-35題

ThisyearmarksexactlytwocenturiessincethepublicationofFrankenstein;or,The

ModernPrometheus,byMaryShelley.Evenbeforetheinventionoftheelectriclight

bulb,theauthorproducedaremarkableworkofspeculativefictionthatwould

foreshadowmanyethicalquestionstoberaisedbytechnologiesyettocome.

Todaytherapidgrowthofartificialintelligence(Al)raisesfundamental

questions:"Whatisintelligence,identity,orconsciousness?Whatmakeshumans

humans?"

Whatisbeingcalledartificialgeneralintelligence,machinesthatwouldimitatethe

wayhumansthink,continuestoevadescientists.Yethumansremainfascinatedbythe

ideaofrobotsthatwouldlook,move,andrespondlikehumans,similartothose

recentlydepictedonpopularsci-fiTVseriessuchas"Westworld"and"Humans."

Justhowpeoplethinkisstillfartoocomplextobeunderstood,letalone

reproduced,saysDavidEagleman,aStanfordUniversityneuroscientist."Wearejustin

asituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousnessactually

isandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetogetthere."

Butthatdoesn'tmeancrucialethicalissuesinvolvingAlaren'tathand.Thecoming

useofautonomousvehicles,forexample,posesthornyethicalquestions.Human

driverssometimesmustmakesplit-seconddecisions.Theirreactionsmaybea

complexcombinationofinstantreflexes,inputfrompastdrivingexperiences,and

whattheireyesandearstelltheminthatmoment.AI"vision"todayisnotnearlyas

sophisticatedasthatofhumans.Andtoanticipateeveryimaginabledrivingsituation

isadifficultprogrammingproblem.

Wheneverdecisionsarebasedonmassesofdata,"youquicklygetintoalotofethical

questions,"notesTanKiatHow,chiefexecutiveofaSingapore-basedagencythatis

helpingthegovernmentdevelopavoluntarycodefortheethicaluseofAl.

AlongwithSingapore,othergovernmentsandmega-corporationsarebeginningto

establishtheirownguidelines.Britainissettingupadataethicscenter.lndiareleased

itsAlethicsstrategythisspring.

OnJune7Googlepledgednotto"designordeployAl"thatwouldcause"overall

harm,"ortodevelopAl-directedweaponsoruseAlforsurveillancethatwouldviolate

internationalnorms.ltalsopledgednottodeployAlwhoseusewouldviolate

internationallawsorhumanrights.

Whilethestatementisvague,itrepresentsonestartingpoint.Sodoestheideathat

decisionsmadebyAlsystemsshouldbeexplainable,transparent,andfair.

Toputitanotherway:Howcanwemakesurethatthethinkingofintelligentmachines

reflectshumanity'shighestvalues?Onlythenwilltheybeusefulservantsandnot

Frankenstein'sout-of-controlmonster.

31［單選題］MaryShelley'snovelFrankensteinismentionedbecause

it.

A.fascinatesAlscientistsallovertheworld.

B.hasremainedpopularforaslongas200years.

C.involvessomeconcernsraisedbyAltoday.

D.hassparkedseriousethicalcontroversies.

正確答案：C

參考解析：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到文章第一段最后一句話"Evenbeforethe

inventionoftheelectriclightbulb,theauthorproducedaremarkable

workofspeculativefictionthatwouldforeshadowmanyethical

questionstoberaisedbytechnologiesyettocome.",即甚至在電燈發(fā)

明之前，作者創(chuàng)作了這部舉世矚目的推測性小說，這部小說預(yù)示了很多即將到來

的技術(shù)所帶來的很多道德倫理方面的問題。由此可知C項"涉及了一些今天AI

人工智能帶來的擔(dān)憂"為正確答案，其中，involves對應(yīng)foreshadow,some

對應(yīng)其余選項在原文均無依據(jù)，故排除。

concernsmanyethicalquestionso

32［單選題八nDavidEagleman'sopinion,ourcurrentknowledgeof

consciousness.

A.helpsexplainartificialintelligence.

B.canbemisleadingtorobotmaking.

C.inspirespopularsci-fiTVseries.

D.istoolimitedforustoreproduceit.

正確答案：D

參考解析：細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干信息DavidEagleman找到定位點第四段第二句

"'Wearejustinasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplaining

whatconsciousnessactuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachine

togetthere."',即我們?nèi)匀惶幵跊]有確鑿的理論解釋"意識"是什么，而

且也不能發(fā)明機器實現(xiàn)這一點。從這句話就能選擇D項istoolimitedforUSto

reproduceit"對于我們來說我們能力太有限以致于不能去復(fù)制它"。

33［單選題］'hesolutiontotheethicalissuesbroughtbyautonomous

vehicles.

A.canhardlyeverbefound.

B.isstillbeyondourcapacity.

C.causeslittlepublicconcern.

D.hasarousedmuchcuriosity.

正確答案：B

參考解析：根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第五段第二句。該句出現(xiàn)forexample,可知

autonomousvehicle是具體例子。文中的例子是為了證明論點，應(yīng)往前看，即

證明第一句的觀點：涉及人工智能的倫理問題在我們身邊，說明問題依然存在。

B項與題干結(jié)合，含義為：找出由自動駕駛車帶來的人工智能倫理問題的解決方

法超出了我們的能力，與文章含義一致。A項過于絕對，CD項原文未提及，故

選B。

34［單選題］'heauthor'sattitudetowardGoogle'spledgesisoneof.

A.affirmation.

B.skepticism.

C.contempt.

D.respect.

正確答案：A

參考解析：根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第七、第八段。但第七段都是在講Google's

pledge,繼續(xù)看第八段,開頭while,表轉(zhuǎn)折,whilethestatementisvague,

與vague意思相反的即是作者的觀點。

vague"模糊的、曖昧的"，是負向情感的詞語，相反方向應(yīng)是正向情感。BC

項都是負向情感，項雖是正向情感，但程度太深，所以選

DAo

35［單選題］\Nh\chofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.AI'sFuture:IntheHandsofTechGiants

B.Frankenstein,theNovelPredictingtheAgeofAl

C.TheConscienceofAl:ComplexButInevitable

D.AIShallBeKillersOnceOutofControl

正確答案：C

參考解析：本文首段通過引用MaryShelley的書引出本文要探討的話題，即新

技術(shù)所引發(fā)的道德問題。第二段更是明確指出AI引起了一些問題。第三段和第

四段是對第二段的詳細論述，表明我們并不能確定智能化的程度，以及因為所處

環(huán)境的復(fù)雜無法定義人類自我意識。而在第五段轉(zhuǎn)折之后明確指出AI所涉及的

道德問題已經(jīng)觸手可及了。全篇復(fù)現(xiàn)了AI和conscience這兩個關(guān)鍵詞，因此正

確答案為C項"人工智能的道德問題：復(fù)雜但是不可避免"。

材料題

根據(jù)以下材料，回答36-40題

Stateswillbeabletoforcemorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymakeonline

purchasesunderaSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythatwillleaveshopperswith

lighterwalletsbutisabigfinancialwinforstates.

TheSupremeCourt'sopinionThursdayoverruledapairofdecades-olddecisionsthat

statessaidcostthembillionsofdollarsinlostrevenueannually.Thedecisionsmadeit

moredifficultforstatestocollectsalestaxoncertainonlinepurchases.

Thecasesthecourtoverturnedsaidthatifabusinesswasshippingacustomer's

purchasetoastatewherethebusinessdidn'thaveaphysicalpresencesuchasa

warehouseoroffice,thebusinessdidn'thavetocollectsalestaxforthestate.

Customersweregenerallyresponsibleforpayingthesalestaxtothestatethemselves

iftheyweren'tchargedit,butmostdidn'trealizetheyoweditandfewpaid.

JusticeAnthonyKennedywrotethatthepreviousdecisionswereflawed."Eachyear

thephysicalpresencerulebecomesfurtherremovedfromeconomicrealityand

resultsinsignificantrevenuelossestothestates,"hewroteinanopinionjoinedby

fourotherjustices.Kennedywrotethattherule"limitedstates'abilitytoseek

long-termprosperityandhaspreventedmarketparticipantsfromcompetingonan

evenplayingfield."

Therulingisavictoryforbigchainswithapresenceinmanystates,sincetheyusually

collectsalestaxononlinepurchasesalready.Now,rivalswillbechargingsalestax

wheretheyhadn'tbefore.Bigchainshavebeencollectingsalestaxnationwide

becausetheytypicallyhavephysicalstoresinwhateverstateapurchaseisbeing

shippedto.A,withitsnetworkofwarehouses,alsocollectssalestaxin

everystatethatchargesit,thoughthird-partysellerswhousethesitedon'thaveto.

Untilnow,manysellersthathaveaphysicalpresenceinonlyasinglestateorafew

stateshavebeenabletoavoidchargingsalestaxeswhentheyshiptoaddresses

outsidethosestates.SellersthatuseeBayandEtsy,whichprovideplatformsfor

smallersellers,alsohaven'tbeencollectingsalestaxnationwide.Undertheruling

Thursday,statescanpasslawsrequiringout-of-statesellerstocollectthestate'ssales

taxfromcustomersandsendittothestate.

Retailtradegroupspraisedtheruling,sayingitlevelstheplayingfieldforlocaland

onlinebusinesses.Thelosers,saidretailanalystNeilSaunders,areonline-only

retailers,especiallysmallerones.Thoseretailersmayfaceheadachescomplyingwith

variousstatesalestaxlaws.TheSmallBusinessandEntrepreneurshipCouncil

advocacygroupsaidinastatement,"Smallbusinessesandinternetentrepreneursare

notwellservedatallbythisdecision."

36［單選題/'heSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaywill.

A.betterbusinesses'revolutionswithstates.

B.putmostonlinebusinessesinadilemma.

C.makemoreonlineshopperspaysalestax.

D.forcesomestatestocutsalestax.

正確答案：C

參考解析：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到文章第一段第一句"Stateswillbeableto

forcemorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymakeonlinepurchases

underaSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythatwillleaveshopperswith

lighterwalletsbutisabigfinancialwinforstates.",由此可知最高法院

的裁決可能讓州政府去強制消費者在網(wǎng)上購物時要上交銷售稅，直接得出c項

makemoreonlineshopperspaysalestax”讓更多的在線購物者支付銷售稅"。

37［單選題canbel