中美餐桌禮儀差異

XChapterFourReasonsfortheDifferencesinTableManners4.1DifferencesinCollectivismandIndividualisticValuesChinaisacountrywithalonghistoryof5,000years,withalonghistoryandprofoundknowledge.Comparedwithothernationalities,thehistoryandcultureoftheChinesenationhasamoredistinctive,uniqueandtypical"foodcolor",Chinesefoodculturereflectstheconceptof"harmony"inclassicalChinesephilosophy,reflectingthevaluesofConfucianism,thatis:theideaofcollectivism.Chinaemphasizestheunityofheavenandmanandthefunctionofthewhole,andtakesharmonyasthevalueinlifeandharmonyasthebeautyincooking.Thevalueofcollectivismisabouttheconceptofhierarchyandrespectforeldersandyoungsters,emphasizingcollectivedecisions,opinionsandroles,stressingmutualrespectandhumility,andvaluingcollectiveemotionalcommunication.TheChineseculturaltraditionisbasedonagriculturalcivilization.Inancienttimes,whenproductivitywaslow,agriculturalprojectssuchaswaterconservancyrequiredcollectiveeffortstocomplete,soinordertomeettheneedsofproduction,theChineseplacedspecialemphasisonthecollectiveconcept.TheUnitedStatesisa"meltingpot",anationofimmigrantsfrommanypartsofEurope,Asia,SouthAmericaandAfrica.EarlyimmigrantscametotheAmericasinsearchofreligiousfreedom,valuingindividualeffort,freedomandprofit,whichledAmericanstoformacorevalueof"individualism".Theemphasiswasontheindividualasthebasisofsociety,withclearboundariesbetweenpeople'sinterests,theirownspaceandnon-interference,independenceandpersonaldignity,andencouragementofcreativity.AmericanindividualismisreflectedinthefoodcultureisthatAmericansliketousethemealsystemtoinvitegueststodinner.Americansareaccustomedtoeatingwithlongstripsofdraught,theimplementationofthemeal,eachorder,eachholdingacopy,andrespectforpersonalwishes,duringthemealisnotallowedtoserveothers,donotliketotalkabout.AmericancultureoriginatedfromtheGreekcivilization,andthebasisoftheproductionmethodofGreekcultureiscommodityeconomyandmarketeconomy.TheagricultureintheGreekpeninsulacouldnotmeetpeople'sneedsduetogeographicalconstraints,soitwasnecessarytomaintainlifethroughcommoditytradewithEgyptandWestAsia,andthecommodityexchangerequiredequalstatusofbothpartiesandfairnessandfreedominthetransactionprocess,thuscreatingtheindividualisticculturaltraditionofWesterners.4.2DifferencesinWaysofThinkingaboutEnjoymentandSurvivalTheChinesepeoplehavealwaysadvocated"thepeopletakefoodasthesky,andfoodtakestasteasthefirst",andtheeightmajorcuisinesfromeasttowest,northtosouth,reflecttherichconnotationofChinesefoodculture.TheChinesedietemphasizesthe"color,aroma,taste,shape,andutensils"ofdishes,andthepursuitoffoodisnotonlyataste,butalsoarealm.TheChinesecookfishandvegetablesinavarietyofways,suchas:fried,pan-fried,deep-fried,stewed,simmered,grilled,burnt,mixed,etc.,theflavoroftheingredients,seasoningsandfoodcomplementeachother,interpenetrateandintermingle,thediethasreachedaninexpressiblelevel,"foodisnottiredoffine,popularisnottiredoffine"canbesaidtobetheinherentqualityoftheChinesedietTheChinesedietcanbeconsideredasaninherentquality,butlessconcernedwithnutrition.ThisshowstheChineseconceptofaestheticdiet.IntheUnitedStates,dietisconsideredfromanutritionalpointofview,withmoreemphasisonthecombinationandabsorptionofnutrients.Americansthinkthatdietisonlyameans,sotheirattitudeisalsomorecasual,foodcookingmethodsaresimple,mainlyburning,frying,frying,smothering,dishesmainlyfocusontheoriginalflavor,notoverlypursuethetaste.Peopledonotconsidertheexcessorlackofnutritionfromthefoodcultureintermsoftaste,sightandsmell,aslongasthetasteisgood,colorfulandbeautiful,peoplearehappytoenjoy.Americanshavearationalviewoffoodandonlyneedacertainamountofnutritionalassurance.Evenifthefoodtastesaverage,theywillstillconsumeitbecauseitisnutritious.ThemainstructureofAmericanfoodisone,two,three,four,likeatriangle.Themostimportantoneisbeef,thesecondischickenandfish,thethirdisgoat,pig,shrimp,andthefourthisbread,potatoes,cornandvegetables.Theydonotknowhowtostir-fry,anddonotknowhowtotaste,andtheirdishesareprocessedinanextremelysimpleway,basicallyamechanicalmixtureTheybelievethatfoodisonlyusedforphysiologicalneeds,sonutritionmustcomefirst.Americanstakearigorousapproachtofood,andtheytreatdietasascientificwayoflife.Inaddition,Americansprefertoeatlightfoodsbecausetheycareabouttheirhealth.Lighterfoodsaregoodforhealthbecauselighterfoodstendtoboostmetabolism.Americansarealsomoreconcernedaboutthenutritionoftheirfood.ChapterFiveConclusionThispapertakesthedifferencesbetweenChineseandAmericantablemannersastheresearchobject,startingfromthreeaspects:ChineseandAmericanseatingetiquette,ChineseandAmericandiningetiquette,andChineseandAmericanstoppingetiquette,andanalyzingthedifferencesinseatingarrangement,tablesetting,servingorder,diningatmosphere,stoppingway,andcheckoutafterthemealonthebasisofunderstandingChineseandAmericantablemanners.ByanalyzingthereasonsforthedifferencesintablemannersbetweenChinaandtheU.S.,andbystudyingthedifferencesinthevaluesofcollectivismandindividualismandthedifferencesinthewaysofthinkingaboutenjoymentandsurvival,thestudywillhelptocrosstheculturalgapandcontributetotheworldwideculturalintegrationthroughanin-depthunderstandingofthecharacteristicsoftablemannersofbothsides.Bycollectingalargeamountofliteratureandrelatedmaterials,wecannotonlydeeplyunderstandthedifferencesinChineseandAmericantablemannerscultureandcrosstheculturalcommunicationbarriers,butalsodeveloppeople'sadaptabilityincross-culturalcommunicationandeffectivelyavoidmisunderstandingsbetweencommunicationpartiesduetoculturaldifferences.BothEasternandWesterndietshavetheirowndeepculturalandsocial.Ifwelosethisfoundation,wewillfaceacrisis.ThedifferencesintheeatinghabitsofChineseandAmericanpeoplecanbesaidtobecausedbytheirdifferentcultures,customs,atmosphere,historicalconnotations,nutritionalvaluesandeconomicconditions,nutritionalvaluesandeconomicconditions,ifwecan.Ifwecanidentifysomeproblemsandobjectivelymakeupfortheshortcomings,wecancreateaIfwecanfindoutsomeproblemsandmakeupfortheshortcomingsobjectively,wecancreateadietthatmeetstheconditionsofChina,whichwillbemorebeneficialtopeople'shealth.Withmoreandmorefrequentinternationalinteractions,theearthisbecomingsmallerandsmaller.However,thetighteningoftimeandspaceintheworlddoesnotautomaticallymakepeople'spsychologicaldistancedisappear,andcross-cultural.Cross-culturalinteractionsoftenresultinfrictionduetodifferencesinfoodandculturalhabits,andinasense,thisculturalfrictioncannotbeavoided.Inasense,thisculturalfrictioncannotbeavoided.Therefore,intheprocessofinterculturalcommunication.Intheprocessofinterculturalcommunication,weshouldformaunifiedvalueofoppositesandtrytounderstandeachotherinordertoachievemutualadapttoeachother,butweshouldnotcompletelygiveupourowncustomsandvalues.TheChineseandAmericanfoodculturesareincollision.Inconclusion,ChineseandAmericanfoodculturesareboundtoappearnewchangesandcharacteristicsinthecollision.Thecross-culturalcommunicationintheglobalizationsituationwillcertainlypromotethespreadanddevelopmentofChinesefoodcultureinthewholeworld.TheinterculturalcommunicationundertheglobalizationwillcertainlypromotethespreadanddevelopmentofChinesefoodcultureintheworld.Theformationofdifferentfoodcultureshashabits,history,culture,geography,climateandmanyotherinternalandexternalfactors.Withtheglobalizationoftheeconomy,manyAmericanfoodshaveenteredChina,andmanyChinesefoodshaveenteredtheUnitedStates.Therefore,theintegrationofthetwocultureshasbecomeaninevitabletrendandthefusionofthetwoculturesisinevitable,whichisanextremelynaturalphenomenon.Bibliography[1]Andrew,Milner.CulturesinContrast:MisunderstandingbetweenChineseandAmericans[M].Boston:InterculturalPressInc,2008.[2]BannaJinanC,GillilandBetsy,KeefeMargaret,ZhengDongping.Cross-culturalcomparisonofperspectivesonhealthyeatingamongChineseandAmericanundergraduatestudents.[J].BMCpublichealth,2016,16