新概念英語第一冊(cè)語法精粹

一．

時(shí)態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，一般過去時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，一般將來時(shí)，過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，過去完成時(shí)，過去將來時(shí)1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示一般性，經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作或一般性事實(shí)。含有be動(dòng)詞的句子Heisateacher.Thegirlisverybeautiful.TimandJackarestudents.★變疑問句將be動(dòng)詞移到句首Isheateacher?Isthegirlverybeautiful?AreTimandJackstudents?★變否認(rèn)句在be動(dòng)詞后面加notHeisnotateacher.Thegirlisnotverybeautiful.TimandJackarenotstudents.★肯定答復(fù)及否認(rèn)答復(fù)Yes,heis.No,heisnot.Yes,sheis.No,sheisnot.Yes,theyare.No,theyarenot.不含有動(dòng)詞的句子，即含有一般動(dòng)詞的句子第三人稱單數(shù)及單數(shù)名詞Helikesbooks.Shelikeshim.Thedoglikesbones.★變疑問句在句首加does,動(dòng)詞變?yōu)樵虳oeshelikebooks?Doesshelikehim?Doesthedoglikebones?★變否認(rèn)句在主語及動(dòng)詞之間加doesn’t,動(dòng)詞變?yōu)樵虷edoesn’tlikebooks.Shedoesn’tlikehim.Thedogdoesn’tlikebones.★肯定答復(fù)及否認(rèn)答復(fù)：Yes,hedoes.No,hedoesn’t.Yes,shedoes.No,shedoesn’tYes,itdoes.No,itdoesn’t.注意：第三人稱單數(shù)形式一般在動(dòng)詞后面加S，不要和名詞復(fù)數(shù)混淆，變否認(rèn)句或疑問句時(shí)名詞復(fù)數(shù)沒有任何變化。其他人稱及復(fù)數(shù)名詞Iwanttohaveabath.Wehavesomemeat.Thestudentslikesmartteachers.★變疑問句在句首加doDoyouwanttohaveabath?Dowehaveanymeat?Dothestudentslikesmartteachers?★變否認(rèn)句在主語和動(dòng)詞之間加don’t.Youdon’twanttohaveabath.Wedon’thaveanymeat.Thestudentsdon’tlikesmartteachers.★肯定答復(fù)及否認(rèn)答復(fù)Yes,Ido.No,Idon’t.Yes,wedo.No,wedon’tYes,theydo.No,theydon’t.2.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。構(gòu)成：主語＋be動(dòng)詞＋動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞＋其它成分〔現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成見附錄〕Wearehavinglunch.Heisreadingabook.Thedogisrunningafteracat.Theboysareswimmingacrosstheriver.★變疑問句將be動(dòng)詞移到句首Arewehavinglunch?Ishereadingabook?Isthedogrunningafteracat?Aretheboysswimmingacrosstheriver?★變否認(rèn)句在be動(dòng)詞后面加notWearenothavinglunch.Heisnotreadingabook.Thedogisnotrunningafteracat.Theboysareswimmingacrosstheriver.★特殊疑問句：what,which,how,where,who,etc.疑問詞＋動(dòng)詞＋主語＋現(xiàn)在分詞Whatareyoudoing?Whatisshedoing?Whatisthedogdoing?(必背)沒有進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞表示狀態(tài)，思想，感情和感覺的動(dòng)詞不能表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作1.表示感覺，感官的詞see,hear,like,love,want,2.have,has當(dāng)”擁有”講時(shí)沒有進(jìn)行時(shí)3.一般過去時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或事件，常和表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用，如yesterday,lastnight,thedaybeforeyesterday,3daysago,含有be動(dòng)詞的句子，將動(dòng)詞變?yōu)檫^去式，am,is的過去式為was，are的過去式為wereIwasatthebutcher’s.Youwereastudentayearago.Theteacherwasverybeautifultenyearsago.★變疑問句將be動(dòng)詞移動(dòng)到句首Wereyouatthebutcher’s?Wereyouastudentayearago?Wastheteacherverybeautifultenyearsago?★變否認(rèn)句在be動(dòng)詞后面加notIwasnotatthebutcher’s.Youwerenotastudentayearago.Theteacherwasnotverybeautifultenyearsago.★肯定答復(fù)否認(rèn)答復(fù)Yes,Iwas.No,Iwasnot.Yes,youwere.No,youwerenot.Yes,he/shewas.No,he/shewasnot.★特殊疑問句：Whatdidyoudo?(必背)不含有be動(dòng)詞的句子，將動(dòng)詞變?yōu)檫^去式，動(dòng)詞過去式構(gòu)成見附錄Ifinishedmyhomeworkyesterday.Theboywenttoarestaurant.TheSawyerslivedatKingStreetayearago.★變疑問句在句首加did，動(dòng)詞變?yōu)樵虳idyoufinishyourhomeworkyesterday?Didtheboygotoarestaurant?DidtheSawyersliveatKingStreetayearago?★變否認(rèn)句在主語和動(dòng)詞之間加didnotIdidnotfinishmyhomeworkyesterday.Theboydidnotgotoarestaurant.TheSawyersdidnotliveatKingStreetayearago.★肯定答復(fù)及否認(rèn)答復(fù)Yes,Idid.No,Ididn’t.Yes,hedid.No,hedidn’t.Yes,theydid.No,theydidnot.4.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)構(gòu)成：主語+助動(dòng)詞have,has+過去分詞用法：1)

表示過去發(fā)生的和現(xiàn)在有某種聯(lián)系的動(dòng)作，常和just,usually,already,since等時(shí)間副詞連用Ihavejusthadlunch.(飽了，不用再吃了)Hehashadacupoftea.〔不渴了，不用再喝〕Theyhavealreadyhadtheirholiday.〔不能再度假了〕Theboyhasalreadyreadthebook.〔已經(jīng)知道書的內(nèi)容了，不用再看了〕2)

詢問別人是否做過某事一般用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：Haveyoufinishedyourhomework?HaveyoubeentoBeijing?Haveheseenthefilm?3)

表示開始于過去并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作IhavelivedinBeijingfortwentyyears.Ihaveworkedforthisschoolfor1year.4)

表示一種經(jīng)歷，經(jīng)驗(yàn)：去過…地方，做過…事情，經(jīng)歷過…事情Ihaveneverhadabath.Ihaveneverseenafilm.Ihaveneverbeentocinema.IhaveeverbeentoParis.Havebeento表示去過，havegoneto表示去了IhavebeentoLondon.(人已經(jīng)回來)HehasgonetoLondon.〔人還在那里〕5)

表示一種結(jié)果，一般不和時(shí)間副詞聯(lián)用Ihavelostmypen.Ihavehurtmyself.Hehasbecomeateacher.Shehasbrokenmyheart.句型變化：★變疑問句將助動(dòng)詞移到句首，變否認(rèn)句在助動(dòng)詞后面加not.e.g.Haveyoulostyourpen?Ihavenotlostmypen.★肯定答復(fù)及否認(rèn)答復(fù)Yes,Ihave.No,Ihavenot.★特殊疑問句：Whathaveyoudone?Whathashedone?一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別：但凡有明確的表示過去的時(shí)間狀語的句子為過去時(shí)注意：有些動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作有一個(gè)終點(diǎn)，不能再延續(xù)，因此不能和表示一段時(shí)間狀語連用錯(cuò)：I’veleftBeijingfor3days.對(duì)：IleftBeijing3daysago.Ihavebeenawayfrombeingfor3days.5.一般將來時(shí)表示將來將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，經(jīng)常和tomorrow,nextyear,thedayaftertomorrow,theyearafterthenext,infivehours’time,etc.表示將來的詞聯(lián)用結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+助動(dòng)詞will+動(dòng)詞原形IwillgotoAmericatomorrow.ThepilotwillflytoJapanthemonthafterthenext.Jackwillmoveintohisnewhousetomorrowmorning.★變疑問句將助動(dòng)詞移到句首WillyougotoAmericatomorrow?WillthepilotflytoJapanthemonthafterthenext?WillJackmoveintohisnewhousetomorrowmorning?★變否認(rèn)句在助動(dòng)詞后面加notIwillnotgotoAmericatomorrow.ThepilotwillnotflytoJapanthemonthafterthenext.Jackwillnotmoveintohisnewhousetomorrowmorning★肯定答復(fù)及否認(rèn)答復(fù)Yes,Iwill.No,Iwillnot.Yes,he/shewill.No,he/shewillnot.Yes,hewill.No,hewillnot.★特殊疑問句：Whatwillyoudo?6.過去完成時(shí)：用法：在過去的時(shí)間里，兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在前的哪個(gè)動(dòng)作要用過去完成時(shí)。結(jié)構(gòu)：had+過去分詞Aftershehadfinishedherhomework,shewentshopping.TheyhadsoldthecarbeforeIaskedtheprice.ThetrainhadleftbeforeIarrivedatthestation.After/before引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句放在句首要在句子后面加逗號(hào)，如果放在主句后那么不用加。★

變疑問句將助動(dòng)詞移到句首Hadshefinishedherhomework?★

變否認(rèn)句在助動(dòng)詞后面加notShehadn’tfinishedherhomework.★

肯定答復(fù)及否認(rèn)答復(fù)Yes,shehad.No,shehadn’t.★

特殊疑問句：Whathadshedone?7.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,經(jīng)常用在when,while,as引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中。結(jié)構(gòu)：was/were+doingWhenmyhusbandwasgoingintothediningroomthismorning,hedroppedsomecoinsonthefloor.Whilewewerehavingdinner,myfatherwaswatchingTV.8．過去將來時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)：woulddoShesaidshewouldgoherethenextmorning.一．

特殊句型：therebe句型，begoingto結(jié)構(gòu)1.Begoingto結(jié)構(gòu)表示打算，準(zhǔn)備，方案做某事★結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+be動(dòng)詞+goingto+動(dòng)詞原型Iamgoingtomakeabookcase.Theyaregoingtopaintit.Thefatherisgoingtogivethebookcasetohisdaughter.★變疑問句將be動(dòng)詞移到句首Areyougoingtomakeabookcase?Aretheygoingtopaintit?Isthefathergoingtogivethebookcasetohisdaughter?★變否認(rèn)句在be動(dòng)詞后面加notIamnotgoingtomakeabookcase.Theyaregoingtopaintit.Thefatherisnotgoingtogivethebookcasetohisdaughter.★肯定答復(fù)及否認(rèn)答復(fù)Yes,Iam.No,Iamnot.Yes,theyare.No,theyarenot.Yes,heis.No,heisnot.★特殊疑問句Whatareyougoingtodo?Whataretheygoingtodo?Whatisthefathergoingtodo?(必背)2.Therebe句型表示哪里有什么東西(某處有某物)Thereis＋單數(shù)名詞＋表示場(chǎng)所的詞〔一般為介詞詞組〕Thereisabookinthisroom.ThereisapenonthetableThereare＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞＋表示場(chǎng)所的詞〔一般為介詞詞組〕Therearetwopensonthetable.Therearethreeschoolsthere.★變疑問句將be動(dòng)詞移到句首Isthereabookinthisroom?Aretheretwopensonthetable?★變否認(rèn)句在動(dòng)詞后面加notThereisnotabookinthisroom.Therearenottwopensonthetable.★肯定答復(fù)及否認(rèn)答復(fù)Yes,thereis.No,thereisnot.Yes,thereare.No,therearenot.一．

問句：一般疑問句，特殊疑問句，選擇疑問句，反意疑問句，選擇疑問句，否認(rèn)疑問句一般疑問句:助動(dòng)詞/be動(dòng)詞+主語Areyouateacher?Doyouwanttohaveacupoftea?特殊疑問句:特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句Whatisyourname?選擇疑問句:orDoyouwantbeeforlamb?反意疑問句:肯定陳述句+否認(rèn)疑問局部，否認(rèn)陳述局部+肯定疑問局部Youdon’tneedthatpen,doyou?否認(rèn)疑問句:一般疑問句+否認(rèn)詞Aren’tyoulucky?Don’tyouwanthavearest?二．

冠詞用法：a/an/the的一般用法詳細(xì)見筆記三．

限定詞：some,any,many,muchsome,any修飾可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，some用于肯定句，any用于否認(rèn)句和疑問句，注意，當(dāng)期待對(duì)方的答案為肯定答復(fù)時(shí)用somemany修飾可數(shù)名詞，much修飾不可數(shù)名詞，在口語中表示很多一般不用many,much,而用alotof,在否認(rèn)句中表示很多用many,much.Ihavealotofmoney.Idon’thavemuchmoney.四．

名詞：種類，復(fù)數(shù)，名詞所有格1．名詞分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞無法分開的東西：water,tea,bread,milk,rice〔米〕抽象的東西：love,beauty,coldness〔寒冷〕不可數(shù)名詞有以下特點(diǎn)：不能用a,an修飾不能加s和單數(shù)be動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞搭配可數(shù)名詞：?jiǎn)螖?shù)可數(shù)名詞要用冠詞修飾，復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞要在名詞后面加s,名詞復(fù)數(shù)共有以下幾種變化：規(guī)那么變化的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式規(guī)那么1一般情況+se.g.shell→shellsbook→books規(guī)那么2以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾+ese.g.fox→foxeschurch→churches,bus→buses,watch→watches規(guī)那么3以o結(jié)尾+s或+ese.g.potato→potatoes,Negro→Negroes,hero→heroes,tomato→tomatoes，〔口訣：黑人英雄愛吃土豆和西紅柿〕，剩下一般加s,radio→radios規(guī)那么4以f,fe結(jié)尾的，變f,fe為vese.g.life→liveshalf→halves,shelf→shelves,city→cities,wife→wives規(guī)那么5以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾,變y為i+ese.g.sky→skiesfly→flies不規(guī)那么變化的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式單數(shù)manwomanfootgoosetooth復(fù)數(shù)menwomenfeetgeeseteeth單數(shù)childsheepdeermousefish復(fù)數(shù)childrensheepdeermicefish五．

介詞(注意總結(jié)書上詞組)六．副詞：用法及形容詞變副詞的變化副詞可以修飾形容詞，動(dòng)詞，副詞或整個(gè)句子。如：Thebookisverygood.Herunsfast.Shecameherequiteearly.CertainlyIwillgowithyou.變化：1．

直接在形容詞后加-ly,careful-carefully,slow-slowly,2．

以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的形容詞，把y變I,加-ly,happy-happily,lucky-luckily3．

有些詞形容詞和副詞的形式相同，不需要做任何變化fast,hard,late4．

有些詞加上-ly后意思與原詞相差很遠(yuǎn)：neary-nearly,high-highly,late-lately,一．

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的使用：can,must,may,might,need,1．情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can〔能夠〕,must〔必須〕,may〔可以〕結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+can/must/may+動(dòng)詞原型Hecanmakethetea.Sallycanairtheroom.WecanspeakEnglish.★變疑問句將情態(tài)動(dòng)詞移到句首Canhemakethetea?CanSallyairtheroom?CanwespeakEnglish?★變否認(rèn)句在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面加notHecannotmakethetea.Sallycannotairtheroom.WecannotspeakEnglish.★肯定答復(fù)及否認(rèn)答復(fù)Yes,hecan.No,hecannot.Yes,shecan.No,shecannot.Yes,wecan.No,wecannot.★特殊疑問句：Whatcanyoudo?(必背)注意：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的句子沒有第三人稱單數(shù)的變化，不要在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞后面加S。2．Must/haveto的區(qū)別must表示必須，是主觀上覺得應(yīng)該做，haveto是不得不，是由于客觀條件逼迫的必要要做must只能用在表示現(xiàn)在和將來的句子里，而havetodo可以用在任何時(shí)態(tài)3．must,may,might表示猜想：mustdo表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在事實(shí)的猜想musthavedone表示對(duì)過去事實(shí)的猜想musthavebeendoing表示對(duì)過去正在進(jìn)行的事實(shí)的猜想may/mightdo,may/mighthavedone表示沒有任何事實(shí)依據(jù)的猜想，might的可能性更小。can’t/couldn’t表示不可能4．need用法：表示“需要”時(shí)為實(shí)意動(dòng)詞，后面可以加名詞，也可以加不定式：Ineedapen.Doyouneedanybeer?No,Idon’t.Ineedtohavearest.Needdoing=needtobedone，表示被動(dòng)Theflowersneedwatering.Need在否認(rèn)時(shí)做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞使用Youneedn’tgosoearly.=Youdon’tneedtogosoearly.MustIcleanthedeskrightnow?No,youneedn’t.一．

不定代詞及不定副詞：SomeanynoeverythingsomethinganythingnothingeverythingonesomeoneanyoneanythingeveryonewheresomewhereanywhereanywhereeverywherebodysomebodyanybodynobodyeverybodyIlookedformybookeverywhere,butIcan’tfinditanywhere.Ifyouwantgosomewhere,ifyouwanttobesomeone,youmustwakeup.Help!Somebody?Anybody?Youarereallysomething.Sinceeverybodyishere,let’sbeginourclass.Wheredidyougo?Iwentnowhere.Nobodyisathome.Ihavenothingleft.二．感慨句：What+名詞+主語+謂語Whatabeautifulgirlsheis!How+形容詞+主語+謂語Howbeautifulthegirlis!三．

祈使句：第二人稱：let+其他人稱代詞祈使句的否認(rèn)，加don’t反意疑問祈使句〔第二人稱〕祈使句表示請(qǐng)求，命令，建議，邀請(qǐng)等，謂語動(dòng)詞一律用原型，句子中通常不用主語，句末用驚嘆好或者句號(hào)，用降調(diào)?！锟隙ň鋭?dòng)詞原型例，Comehere,please.Godownstairs,please.Standup.Sitdown.Bequiet.Becareful.祈使句中如果有喚語，一定要用逗號(hào)隔開，放在句首或者句尾Comein,Amy.Sitdownhere,Tom.Mary,givemeabookplease.★否認(rèn)：Don't+動(dòng)詞原型Don'tcomehere.Don’tsitdown.Don’tstandup.Don’tgivemeit.letsb.doLetmepass.Letushavearest.Let’shavearest.(反意疑問)：Let’shaveawalkalongtheriver,shallwe?Letusgooutforadrink,willyou?四．

倒裝句：so/neither的倒裝eg.Hecanswim.SocanI.Ididn’tgotoclass.NeitherdidI.結(jié)構(gòu)：so/neither+be+

主語so/neither+助動(dòng)詞+

主語so/neither+情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+

主語一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),do,does/am,is,are現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),am,is,are一般過去時(shí),did現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),have,has一般將來時(shí),will,shall,過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，was,were過去完成時(shí)，had過去將來時(shí),would五．

直接引語/間接引語如果引語的主句所用動(dòng)詞為過去時(shí)，那么間接引語要做相應(yīng)變化：時(shí)態(tài)，人稱，時(shí)間地點(diǎn)及指示詞時(shí)態(tài)變化：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)——一般過去時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)——過去進(jìn)行時(shí)一般過去時(shí)——過去完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)——過去完成時(shí)一般將來時(shí)——過去將來時(shí)begoingto——was/weregoingto/wouldcan----------------couldmay---------------might時(shí)間地點(diǎn)及指示詞的變化：here—there,tomorrow—thenextday,thefollowingday,this—that…人稱變化：根據(jù)句意改變?nèi)朔Q。六．

直接賓語/間接賓語主語＋及物動(dòng)詞＋間接賓語＋直接賓語直接賓語是及物動(dòng)詞的直接對(duì)象，間接賓語是及物動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作所涉及的人或事務(wù)，也可以說間接賓語表示動(dòng)作是對(duì)誰做的，或者是為誰做的。所以間接賓語要用名詞或者賓格代詞來擔(dān)當(dāng)。Hegivesmeabook.me間接賓語,abook直接賓語直接賓語和間接賓語的位置調(diào)換時(shí)要加一個(gè)介詞to或for主語＋及物動(dòng)詞＋直接賓語＋介詞+間接賓語Givemeabook.Givethebooktome.Sendhisaletter.Sendalettertohim.Showhimthenewdress.Showthenewdresstohim.一．

從句：賓語從句，定語從句〔限定性〕，表語從句，狀語從句〔if引導(dǎo)的真實(shí)條件句〕賓語從句：如果賓語從句的主句中的動(dòng)詞為過去時(shí)，那么賓語從句中的時(shí)態(tài)要和主句統(tǒng)一；如果賓語從句為疑問詞引導(dǎo)，那么語序要用陳述語序，即主語在前，動(dòng)詞在后。定語從句：表語從句：

狀語從句〔if引導(dǎo)的真實(shí)條件句〕：主句用一般將來時(shí)，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)Whatwillyoudoifyouwinalotofmoney?Ifitrainstomorrow,Iwillstayathome.二．

動(dòng)詞不定式做賓語及賓語補(bǔ)語的用法(詳細(xì)用法請(qǐng)見NECII)結(jié)構(gòu)：todo,用法：可以做除謂語以外的所有成分，語法上稱之為非謂語動(dòng)詞。做賓語：在一些動(dòng)詞后常用不定式做賓語，例如：want,like,ask,try…做賓補(bǔ)：wantsb.todo,asksb.todo,likesb.todo…附錄：代詞及be動(dòng)詞名詞復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞的第三人稱單數(shù)形式動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞動(dòng)詞過去式過去式的讀音形容詞的比擬級(jí)形容詞和副詞的最高級(jí)代詞及be動(dòng)詞第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)主格Iweyouyoushe/he/itthey賓格meusyouyouher/him/itthem代詞所有格myouryouryourher/his/itstheir名詞性代詞mineoursyoursyourshers/his/itstheirsbe動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在時(shí)Amareareareisarebe動(dòng)詞過去時(shí)waswerewerewerewaswere名詞的復(fù)數(shù)規(guī)那么變化的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式規(guī)那么1一般情況+se.g.shell→shellstoy→toys規(guī)那么2以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾+ese.g.fox→foxeschurch→churches規(guī)那么3以o結(jié)尾s或+ese.g.radio→radiospotato→potatoes規(guī)那么4以f,fe結(jié)尾的，變f,