中國(guó)環(huán)境調(diào)研分析報(bào)告（英文版）-2024年1月上傳培訓(xùn)課件

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01GeneraloverviewShareofeconomicdamagecausedbynaturaldisastersin2022,bycontinentShareofeconomicdamagecausedbynaturaldisastersbycontinent2022Oceania3.8%Europe0.1%Africa3.8%Asia22.0%Americas70.2%3Description:Ofthetotaleconomiclossesasaresultofnaturaldisastersworldwidein2022,70percentcamefromlossesintheAmericas.Thisisdespitethefactthatonly5.5percentofthepeopleaffectedwerelivingintheAmericas.HurricaneIanwasthenaturaldisastercausingthehighestamountoflossesthatyear.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2022Source(s):CentreforResearchontheEpidemiologyofDisasters(CRED)Countrieswiththemostnaturaldisastersin2022Mostnaturaldisastersbycountry2022Numberofdisasters051015202530UnitedStatesIndonesiaColombiaChina262014121212BrazilPhilippinesVenezuelaAfghanistanThailandVietnam88884Description:In2022,theUnitedStatesexperienced26naturaldisasters,whichmadeitthemostnaturalcatastrophe-pronecountryintheworldthatyear.Indonesiawassecondonthatlistwith20naturaldisastersoccurringinthesameyear.Floodswasthemostcommontypeofnaturaldisasterin2022.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2022Source(s):CentreforResearchontheEpidemiologyofDisasters(CRED)DirecteconomiclossduetonaturaldisastersinChinafrom2012to2022(inbillionyuan)DirecteconomiclosscausedbynaturaldisastersinChina2012-2022700580.846005004003002001000503.29418.55370.15337.38334.02327.09301.87270.41264.46238.65201220132014201520162017201820192020202120225Description:In2022,thedirecteconomiclossthatresultedfromnaturaldisastersinChinawasabout238.65billionyuan.Thatyear,around12.07millionhectaresofagriculturallandweredamagedbynaturaldisastersinChina.

ReadmoreNote(s):China;2012to2022Source(s):MEMDirecteconomiclossduetonaturaldisastersinChinain2022,byregion(inbillionyuan)DirecteconomiclossduetonaturaldisastersinChina2022,byregionEconomiclossinbillionyuan15051020253035SichuanJiangxi29.2728.21Hunan19.92GuangdongFujian18.2918.08GuangxiLiaoningYunnan16.8912.8812.2811.7311.24InnerMongoliaHubeiGansu8.5GuizhouShaanxi8.186.76Description:ThisgraphdepictsthedirecteconomiclosscausedbynaturaldisastersinChinain2022,byregion.Thatyear,naturaldisastershadcausedadirecteconomiclossofapproximately2.02billionyuaninAnhuiprovince.

ReadmoreNote(s):China;2022Source(s):MinistryofCivilAffairs(China);MinistryofEcologyandEnvironment(China);NationalBureauofStatisticsofChinaNumberofenvironmentalincidentsinChinain2022,byregionCasesofenvironmentalpollutioninChina2022,byregionNumberofincidents0246810121416ShanxiHubei1511GuangdongHunan8777GuangxiYunnanJiangsuShaanxiSichuanGuizhouXinjiangJiangxi6655544Ningxia7Description:ThestatisticshowsthenumberofenvironmentalincidentsinChinain2022,byregion.In2022,inShanxiprovince,15incidentsoccurredthatresultedinenvironmentalpollution,whilethatofthepreviousyearwas24.ReadmoreNote(s):China;2022Source(s):MinistryofEcologyandEnvironment(China);NationalBureauofStatisticsofChinaAnnualaveragetemperatureandchangecomparedtoregularaverageinChinain2018and2022(indegreeCelsius)AnnualaveragetemperatureandchangeinChina2018-202220182019202020212022*1210810.5310.5110.3410.2510.096420.980.960.790.70.540AveragetemperatureChangecomparedtoregulartemperature8Description:In2022,theannualaveragetemperatureinChinawasaround10.51degreeCelsius.ThisiswasthesecondhighestannualaveragetemperatureevermeasuredinChina.Itwasanincreaseofaround0.96degreeCelsiuscomparedtothehistoricaverageof9.55degreesCelsiusandanincreaseof0.62degreesCelsiuscomparedtotheaveragetemperaturebetween1991and2020.

ReadmoreNote(s):China;2018and2022;*ChangecomparedtoregulartemperaturecalculatedbySource(s):MinistryofEcologyandEnvironment(China)Earlierfiguresweretakenfrompreviouspublications.ReadmoreCHAPTER

02AirTerritorialcarbondioxide(CO?)emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandindustrialprocessesinChinafrom1960to2021(inmillionmetrictons)CarbondioxideemissionsinChina1960-202114,00012,00010,0008,0006,0004,0002,000010Description:Chinareleased11.47billionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideemissionsin2021,makingitbyfartheworld'slargestpolluterthatyear.Whilemostcountriesexperienceddramaticemissionreductionsin2020duetoCOVID-19,Chinawasoneofonlyahandfulofcountrieswhereemissionsincreased.ReadmoreNote(s):China;1960to2021;*Preliminarydata.Figureshavebeenrounded.ReadmoreSource(s):Expert(s)(Friedlingsteinetal.(2022),AndrewandPeters(2022).);GlobalCarbonProjectAirpollutantemissionsfromautomobilesinChinaasof2021,bypollutant(in1,000metrictons)AmountofpollutantsemittedbyvehiclesinChina2021,bytype9,0007,6838,0007,0006,0005,0004,0003,0002,0001,00005,8212,004HC69CONOxPM11Description:In2021,motorizedvehiclesemittedaround7.7milliontonsofcarbonmonoxideinChina.MotorizedvehicleswereoneofthemainsourcesofairpollutioninChina.ReadmoreNote(s):China;2021Source(s):MinistryofEcologyandEnvironment(China)Annualaverageofconcentrationofairpollutantsof339cities*inChinain2022(inmicrograms**percubicmeter)AveragequalityofairinChina2022,byairpollutantsPM2.5PM10OzoneSulfurdioxide145NitrogendioxideCarbonmonoxide**1601401201008060514029212091.10202212Description:Overthelastdecade,Chinahasbeentryingtotackleworseningairqualityfromurbanizationandindustrialization.In2022,theaverageconcentrationofozonewasaround145microgramspercubicmeterin339citiesinChina.

ReadmoreNote(s):China;2022;*Accordingtosource,thesearecitiesatoraboveprefecturelevel(APLcities)includingmunicipality,citiesorregionsatprefecturelevel,autonomousprefecturesandleague.**ConcentrationofCarbonmonoxidewas[...]

ReadmoreSource(s):MinistryofEcologyandEnvironment(China)SulfurdioxideemissionsinChinafrom2005to2022(in1,000tons)AtmosphericenvironmentinChina:sulfurdioxideemissions2005-202230,00025,00020,00015,00010,0005,000020052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202213Description:ThisstatisticshowsthelevelofsulfurdioxideemissioninChinafrom2005to2022.Thisfigurecametoapproximately2.44milliontonsin2022.ReadmoreNote(s):China;2005to2022Source(s):MinistryofEcologyandEnvironment(China);NationalBureauofStatisticsofChinaEmissionsofsulfurdioxideinChinain2022,byregion(inmetrictons)SulfurdioxideemissionsinChina2022,byregionEmissionsinmetrictons050,000100,000150,000200,000250,000InnerMongoliaYunnan202,704184,629Hebei146,246145,926ShandongLiaoningShanxi130,542128,523GuizhouSichuan122,506122,221HeilongjiangXinjiang102,592102,044GuangdongHubei88,21785,04476,675Gansu14Description:ThisstatisticdepictsthetotalvolumeofsulfurdioxideemissionsinChinain2022,byregion.InBeijing,approximately1,078tonssulfurdioxidewereemittedin2022.ReadmoreNote(s):China;2022Source(s):MinistryofEcologyandEnvironment(China);NationalBureauofStatisticsofChinaDischargeofnitrogenoxidesinChinafrom2012to2022(in1,000tons)NitrogenoxideemissionsinChina2012-202225,00023,37822,27420,78020,00015,00010,0005,000018,51015,03313,48412,88412,33910,1979,8849,0052022201220132014201520162017201820192020202115Description:ThisstatisticdepictsthedischargeofnitrogenoxidesinChinafrom2012to2022.In2022,thetotalamountofnitrogenoxidedischargeinChinarangedatapproximatelyninemilliontons.ReadmoreNote(s):2012to2022Source(s):MinistryofEcologyandEnvironment(China);NationalBureauofStatisticsofChinaCHAPTER

03WaterChina'sfreshwaterresourcesfrom2012to2022(inbillioncubicmeters)WaterinChina:freshwaterresources2012-20223,5003,0002,5002,0001,5001,00050002012201320142015201620172018201920202021202217Description:ThisstatisticdepictsthewaterresourcesinChinafrom2012to2022.In2022,thisfigureamountedtoabout2.7trillioncubicmeters.ReadmoreNote(s):China;2012to2022Source(s):MinistryofEcologyandEnvironment(China);NationalBureauofStatisticsofChinaDistributionofsurfacewaterinChinaasofSeptember2023,bywaterqualityDistributionofsurfacewaterinChinaSeptember2023,bywaterqualityWorsethanGradeV1.1%GradeV3.2%GradeI6.5%GradeIV14.1%GradeII45.2%GradeIII29.8%18Description:AsofSeptember2023,around45percentofthesurfacewaterinChinahadbeencategorizedasGradeII,whichservesmainlyasdrinkingwaterandbelongstosurfacewatersourceprimaryprotectionzoneinChina.

ReadmoreNote(s):China;September2023Source(s):MinistryofEcologyandEnvironment(China)(ChinaNationalEnvironmentalMonitoringCentre)AveragegroundwaterqualityinChinain2022,byqualityGroundwaterqualityinChina2022,bylevelGradeV22.4%GradeItoIV77.6%19Description:In2022,around22.4percentofthegroundwatersamplesacrossChinahadbeencategorizedasGradeV,whichservesmainlyasagriculturalwateruseandgenerallandscaperequirementsinChina.

ReadmoreNote(s):China;2022Source(s):MinistryofEcologyandEnvironment(China)AverageriverwaterqualityinChinain2021and2022,byqualityRiverwaterqualityshareinChina2021-2022,bylevel2021202260%50%40%30%20%10%0%53.7%52.4%27.5%27%10.4%9.6%8.3%7.2%1.6%GradeV1%0.9%WorsethanGradeV0.4%GradeIGradeIIGradeIIIGradeIV20Description:In2022,around53.7percentoftheriverwatersamplesacrossChinahadbeencategorizedasGradeII,whichservesmainlyasdrinkingwaterandbelongstosurfacewatersourceprimaryprotectionzoneinChina.

ReadmoreNote(s):China;2021and2022Source(s):MinistryofEcologyandEnvironment(China)KeylakewaterqualityonaverageinChinain2022,byqualityMajorlakewaterqualityinChina2022,bylevel80%73.8%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%4.8%GradeItoIIIWorsethanGradeV21Description:In2022,among210selectedkeylakesacrossChina,around73.8percenthadbeencategorizedwithawaterqualityofGradeItoIII,whichservesmainlyasdrinkingwaterandbelongstosurfacewatersourceprotectionzoneinChina.

ReadmoreNote(s):China;2022Source(s):MinistryofEcologyandEnvironment(China)CHAPTER

04UrbanenvironmentAnnualaveragesunshinehoursinChina'smajorcitiesin2022ClimateinChina:annualaveragesunshinehoursinmajorcities2022Annualaveragesunshinehours05001,0001,5002,0002,5003,0003,500LhasaHohhot3,071.32,919.4TianjinYinchuanUrumqi2,721.12,661.12,635.92,608JinanBeijingHarbin2,579.12,566.1Xining2,519.7KunmingLanzhouShijiazhuangChangchun2,512.22,496.82,429.42,406.223Description:ThisstatisticdepictsannualaveragesunshinehoursinChina'smajorcitiesin2022.Inthatyear,Lhasahadabout3,071.3sunshinehours,whileChengdureceivedapproximately1,282hoursofsunshine.ReadmoreNote(s):China;2022Source(s):MinistryofEcologyandEnvironment(China);NationalBureauofStatisticsofChinaShareofcitiesaffectedbyacidraininChinafrom2013to2022,byfrequencyShareofcitiesaffectedbyacidrainChina2013-2022,byfrequencyTotalshareofcitiesaffectedbyacidrain50%Frequencyofacidrain>25%Frequencyofacidrain>75%44.4%44.3%26.6%45%40%35%30%25%20%15%10%5%40.4%38.8%37.6%36.1%16.8%34%33.8%14.5%33.3%15.4%30.8%12.5%27.5%20.8%20.3%16.3%16.3%9.1%20139.1%20145%3.8%20162.8%20173%2.6%20192.8%20202.6%20211.9%20220%2015201824Description:ThisstatisticshowstheshareofcitiesaffectedbyacidraininChinafrom2013to2022,byfrequency.In2022,about33.8percentofmonitoredcitieshadexperiencedacidrain,whereas1.9percentofmonitoredcitieshadexperiencedanacidrainfrequencyof75percentorabove.ReadmoreNote(s):2013to2022Source(s):MinistryofEcologyandEnvironment(China)AmountofdisposedgarbageinChinainselectedyearsfrom1990to2022(inmilliontons)AmountofdisposedwasteinChina1990-2022300250200248.69244.45242.06235.12228.02215.21203.62191.42158.05155.77150118.19106.7110050067.67199019952000200520102015201620172018201920202021202225Description:Inthelastdecades,theamountofgarbagebeingdisposedinChinahassoared,reachingapproximately244.5milliontonsasof2022.DuringtheoutbreakoftheCOVID-19pandemicin2020,theannualamountofgarbagehaddecreasedtoaround235milliontons,decliningforthefirsttimeinmanyyears.However,thisdropwasonlyshort-lived,andtheamountofgarbagedisposedin2021alreadyexceededpre-pandemiclevels.

ReadmoreNote(s):China;1990to2022Source(s):MinistryofEcologyandEnvironment(China);MOHURD(China);NationalBureauofStatisticsofChinaShareoftotaldaysof339cities*inChinabasedonlevelofpollutionin2022AverageairqualityofChina2022,byqualityofairHeavilypolluted0.6%Moderatelypolluted1.8%Slightlypolluted10.0%Severelypolluted0.3%Excellent37.7%Good48.8%26Description:Approximately38percentofalldaysfor339citiesinChinawereconsideredwithexcellentairqualityin2022.TheairqualityofChinahasbeengraduallyimprovingafteryearsofeffortputintoanti-airpollutionmeasures.ReadmoreNote(s):China;2022;*Accordingtosource,thesearecitiesatoraboveprefecturelevel(APLcities)includingmunicipality,citiesorregionsatprefecturelevel,autonomousprefecturesandleague.

ReadmoreSource(s):MinistryofEcologyandEnvironment(China)AverageannualPM2.5airpollutionlevelsinBeijing,Chinabetween2012and2022(inmicrogramspercubicmeterofair)AnnualPM2.5airpollutionlevelsinBeijing,China2012-2022120101.5697.7210080604020090.5282.772.7358.7850.742.640.54202138.84202031.7420222012201320142015201620172018201927/statistics/690823/china-annual-pm25-particle-levels-beijingAccordingtothemonitoringdatafromtheEmbassyoftheUnitedStates,therewasonaverage31.7microgramsofPM2.5particlespercubicmetertobefoundintheairinBeijingduring2022.Theairqualityhasimprovedconsiderablyoverrecentyears.ReadmoreNote(s):China;2012to2022Source(s):USDepartmentofState;Website()AverageannualPM2.5airpollutionlevelsinShanghai,Chinafrom2013to2022(inmicrogramspercubicmeterofair)AnnualPM2.5airpollutionlevelsinShanghai,China2013-20227059.86605040302010050.7349.6345.3839.6337.0236.2129.6127.4426.52201320142015201620172018*201920202021202228/statistics/1283503/china-annual-pm25-particle-levels-shanghaiAccordingtothemonitoringdatafromtheConsulateoftheUnitedStates,therewasonaverage26.5microgramsofPM2.5particlespercubicmetertobefoundintheairinShanghaiduring2022.Theairqualityhasimprovedgraduallyoverrecentyears.ReadmoreNote(s):China;2013to2022;*Rawdataincomplete.AveragecalculatedbySource(s):USDepartmentofState;Website()basedonhourlydataprovidedbytheUSDepartmentofState.Invalidormissingmeasuringdatawereexcludedfromcalculation.MeasuresforPM2.5[...]

ReadmorePercentageofurbanpopulationwithaccesstotapwaterinChinaselectedyearsfrom1990to2022UrbanpopulationwithaccesstotapwaterinChina1990-202296.7%98.1%98.4%98.3%98.4%98.8%99%99.4%99.4%100%91.1%90%80%70%63.9%58.7%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%48%199019952000200520102015201620172018201920202021202229Description:ThisstatisticshowsthepercentageoftheurbanpopulationwithaccesstotapwaterinChinainselectedyearsfrom1990to2022.In2022,around99.4percentoftheurbanChinesepopulationhadaccesstotapwater.

ReadmoreNote(s):China;1990to2022Source(s):MOHURD(China);NationalBureauofStatisticsofChinaCHAPTER

05Citizens'perspectivesMostconcerningenvironmentalissuesaccordingtocitizensinChinaasofMarch2020comparedtoMarch2019MostconcerningenvironmentalissuesinChina2019-2020Shareofrespondents2020201920%0%5%10%15%25%30%35%40%45%50%45%AirpollutionGlobalwarmingorclimatechangeWaterpollution43%36%26%28%31%25%DealingwithwasteWildlifeconservation33%23%22%21%12%NaturalresourcedepletionEmissionsOver-packagingofconsumergoodsFutureenergysourcesandsuppliesOverpopulation25%16%17%19%16%23%14%14%13%12%DeforestationPoorqualitydrinkingwater10%16%31Description:ThisstatisticdisplaystheresultsofasurveyaboutthemostconcerningenvironmentalissuesinChinaasofMarch2019.AccordingtodataprovidedbyIpsos,airpollutionwastheleadingenvironmentalconcernwith45percent,followedbyglobalwarmingorclimatechangeat36percent.ReadmoreNote(s):China;February21toMarch6,2020;1000+respondents;16-74yearsoldSource(s):IpsosShareofrespondentswhothoughtitlikelythatamajornaturaldisasterwillimpactpeopleintheirtownorcityinChinain2020Respondents'viewsonmajornaturaldisasterimpactingpeopleinChina202060%50%51%40%30%20%10%0%37%LikelyUnlikely32Description:AccordingtoasurveyconductedbyIpsosonpredictionsforglobalissues,51percentofChineserespondentsbelieveditunlikelythatamajornaturaldisasterwillhaveanimpactonpeopleintheirtownorcityin2020.TheresultsofthesurveyshowedthattheshareofChinesewhothoughtthiswassimilartotheglobalaverage.ReadmoreNote(s):China;November26toDecember6,2019;approx.1,000;16-64years;surveysampleweremoreurbanandeducated,andwithhigherincomesthanthenationalaverageSource(s):IpsosPropensityofconsumerstolimittheircontributiontoclimatechangeinChinaasofMarch2022ConsumerspropensitytolimittheircontributiontoclimatechangeChina2022Shareofrespondents0%

5%10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%46%RecyclingShifttopublictransportFuelefficientdrivingpractices(e.g.usingthecorrectgear,anddrivingmoreslowly)Moreenergyefficientcookingequipment,usingcleanerfuelorrenewableenergyLesspackaging42%39%32%30%Switchingtopurchasingrenewableelectricity27%Buyingfeweritemsormoredurableitems18%Livingcar-free13%Growingorproducingyourownfood10%Refurbishingandrenovatinghousingforefficiency7%33Description:Accordingtoa2022surveyonclimatechange,46percentoftherespondentsinChinaindicatedthattheyarewillingtoincreaserecyclinginordertolimittheircontributiontowardsclimatechange.Ontheotherhand,27percentoftherespondentsindicatedthattheyarewillingtoswitchtopurchasingrenewableelectricityinordertolimittheircontribution.ReadmoreNote(s):China;February18toMrach4,2022;approximately1,000;16-74yearsSource(s):IpsosLeadingreasonsforconsumerstomakelow-carbonconsumptioninChinaasofNovember2022Motivationsformakinglow-carbonconsumptioninChina2022Shareofrespondents10%

20%0%30%40%50%60%70%ItisadvocatedbyourcountryandsocietyCarefortheenvironmentandtrytomaketheworldabetterplaceConstantlyreadingnewsaboutenvironmentaldeteriorationLow-carbonproductsaremorereliableandhavebetterqualityTryingoutnewthingswithinacceptablepricerangeSharingmylow-carbonhabbitsandvalueswithpeoplearoundmeGettingmorepoints/discounts/coupons57.99%51.34%42.76%44.35%41.66%38.27%38%ThebrandsIlikelaunchedlow-carbonproductsMyfavoriteidolrecommended/usedlow-carbonproductsIt'strendyandpeopleareallbuyingit26.47%11.7%8.8%Iwon'tbuyitanyway0.89%0.59%Others34Description:AccordingtoasurveyconductedinOctoberandNovember2022,around58percentofChineserespondentssaidtheychosetomakelow-carbonconsumptionbecausethecountryadvocatedit.Also,approximately44percentofrespondentsshoppedforlow-carbonproductsbecausetheybelievedthemtobemorereliable.ReadmoreNote(s):China;October24toNovember17,2022;4,749respondentsSource(s):;SynTaoConsumers'actionstoprotecttheenvironmentinthepastsixmonthsinChinaasofJuly2022Chineseconsumers'environmentalbehaviorsinthepastsixmonths2022ShareofrespondentsHavedone0%Plannedtodo20%Won'tdo40%60%80%100%8%10%16%12%17%21%31%31%120%Buyinglocalproductsmoreoften67%57%55%52%50%40%34%32%25%Buyingmoreenvironmentally-friendlyproductsevenifitcostsmoreCuttingdownexpenses33%29%36%33%StoppingbuyingsomebrandsduetoESG*issueBuyingIndiebrandsornichebrandsPurchasinglessonlinetoreducepackagewasteBuyingsecond-handproducts39%36%37%RentingproductsIneedinsteadofbuying35Description:AccordingtoasurveyconductedinChinain2022,themostcommonactiontakenbyconsumerstoprotecttheenvironmentwasbuyinglocalproductsmoreoften,with67percentofrespondentsstatingthat