中西方餐桌禮儀的差異-商務(wù)英語大學生本科學位論文

PAGEPAGE20中國某某某某學校學生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)題目：中西方餐桌禮儀的差異姓名：00000000班級、學號：000000000系(部)：經(jīng)濟管理系專業(yè)：商務(wù)英語指導教師：000000開題時間：2009-4-10完成時間：2009-10-252009年10目錄畢業(yè)設(shè)計任務(wù)書…………………1畢業(yè)設(shè)計成績評定表……………2答辯申請書……………………3-6正文……………7-23答辯委員會表決意見……………24答辯過程記錄表…………………25課題中西方餐桌禮儀的差異課題(論文)提綱引言1.餐桌禮儀的重要性；2．中西方餐桌禮儀的差異；2.1中餐主要餐具的使用2.1.1筷子.3盤子2.1.4茶杯2.1.5餐巾2.1.6牙簽2.2中餐席位的安排2.3西餐主要餐具的使用2.3.1刀和叉.32.4西餐席位的安排2.5進餐禮儀的差異..4結(jié)語二、內(nèi)容摘要Withtherapiddevelopmentofeconomy,theworldhasgrownsosmallthatwealldependoneachothernow.Whathappensinoneplaceoftheworldaffectsotherplaces.Andfrequentcontactsareshowingtheimportanceoftablemanners.Differentcountrieshavedifferenttablemanners.ThedifferenttablemannersbetweenChineseandwesterncountriesarethecoreofthispaper.ThispaperintroducestheuseofmaintablewaresandarrangmentofseatsandtheorderofdishesandtablemannersbetweenChineseandwesterncountries.WemusthaveagoodknowledgeoftablemannersbetweenChineseandwesterncountriesinordertoworkandliveproperlyduringtheinternationalcommunication.隨著經(jīng)濟全球化的日益發(fā)展緊密，世界變得越來越小，并相互依存相互影響。國際間人與人之間的交往日趨頻繁,也就突顯了餐桌禮儀在國際交往中的重要性,不同的國家有著不同的餐桌禮儀。本文主要介紹中西方餐桌禮儀的差異，主要從主要餐具的使用,座位的安排,進餐禮儀,上菜次序來比較中西方餐桌禮儀差異的.人們需要了解中西方國家在餐桌禮儀上的差異，以便能在國際交往中更好地交流，給生活和工作帶來更大的便利。參考文獻[1]李元授.禮儀訓練[M]華中理工大學出版社,2005-5[2]魏志國,餐飲服務(wù)飲食管理[M]北京:旅游教育出版社,2002-9[3]中餐座位主客座的位置坐法及其相關(guān)用餐禮儀常識中國旅游2007-4-2/yinshiwenhua/meishibaike/200704/21553.html[4]精致生活西餐餐具擺放中國時尚品牌網(wǎng)浙2006-2-4/news/Detail/2007-6-8/49442.htm/Drumsticks"\o"Drumsticks"drumsticksorusethemtomove\o"Bowls"bowlsor\o"Plates"plates.Decidewhattopickupbeforereachingwithchopsticks.Donotusechopsticksmovearoundinshareddish.Afteryouhavepickedupanitem,donotputitbackinthedish.Chopstickscanbeputquitelyonone'splateorbowl.Neverstabchopsticksintoabowlofrice,leavingthemstandingupwards.2.1.2SIt’smainfuctionisscoopthefoodanddish.Sometimesyoucanusethespoonandchopstickstogethertogetfood,buttrynottoseparetelyusethespoontopickupdish.Pleasebecarefulwhenyougetthesoupwithspoonanddon’ttakefullsuopincasethesoupoverflow.Itwillmakeyouclothsandtablegotdirty.Afteryougetthesoup,youcanpauseamomentwhenthesoupisnotfurtherdownstreamandthenmoveitbackandenjoy.Thespoonshouldbeplacedontheplatewhenyoutemporarilynotuseandpleasedon’tputitdirectlyonthetableorinthedish.Andifthefoodyouhavegotistoohot,nottouseaspoontoscoopandscooporblowwithmouth.Youcanputitonyourownbowlfirstandwaitamomentwhenitbecomecool,theneatthem.Alsodon’tusethespoonstuffedintoyoumouthorlickwithyourtonguerepeatedly.2.1.3plateismainlyusedforholdingfoodandthefunctionaswellasthebowl.Generallyplatemustbestayedinoneplaceatthedinneranddon’tstackittogether.Weneedtogiveaimportancepresentationfordishplatebecauseofspecialuseful.Themainroleofthedishplateisusedforholdingfoodthattakefromthepublicdishtoenjoy.Pleasedon’tgetmanydisheachtime.Itwillnotonlyappeardisorderbutalsolikeahungryghost.Donotputavarietyofdishesstackedtogether,itwillnotgood-lookingandbecomebadtasteandnotdelicious.Theresidue,bone,gillyounoteatshould’tsplitedonthegroundoronthetablebutshouldbetakenlightyonthefrontofdishplate.Ifthedishplateisfilledwithfood,youaskthewarterforchanging.2.1.4It’smanilyusedforholdingwater.Suchassoftdrinks,fruitjuice,colaandothers.Donotuseittoholdwineanddonotturnitover.Inaddition,thedrinkintothemouthcan’tbespritedback.2.1.5Thewaiterpreparedawetnapkcinforyoubeforedinner.It’susedtocleanyouhandsandshouldbeputbackintotheplatethatbetakenbywaiter.Sometimesbeforetheformalendofthebanquet,thewaiteralsobringawetnapkinforyouistowipeyoumouthratherthanface.2.1.6Trynottopickyouteethinpublic.Whenyouhavetodothatpleasecoveryoumouthwithyourotherhand.Afterpicking,donotholdthetoothpickinyourmouthforlongtime.Andnotuseittotakefood.2.2ThearrangementforChinesefoodseatsChineseandwesternpeopleusedifferentarrangementfortabletotreattheirguests.Thedifferentarrangementrequiredifferenttypesoftableseating。InthetraditionalChinesebanquets,peopleusethesquaretable.ThesquaretableisalsocalledatraditionalChinesetableforeight.Asitsnameshows,squaretableissquareshapeandcanprovidefoursidesforseating.Eachsidecanhavetwoseatsandeightseatsinall.Theseatsfacingthedoorareconsideredasthehonoredseatsandtheotherseatsareforordinaryguests.Inthebanquet,theguestsofhonorsitonthehonoredseatsandthehostandthehostesssitontheseatsoppositetothem.Theothergueststaketherestseatsinorder.IntheChinesetradition,thesouthisusuallyconsideredasthepositionofhonorwhilethenorthislessfavored.AsaChinesesayinggoes,“theseatofthekingfacesthesouth.”SointheChinesefeast,theseatsfacingthesouthareusuallysavedfortheimportantguestsortheelderly.BeforetheChinesepeoplegetintotheseatingtheyalwaysdeclinemodestlyabouttheseatsfacingthesouth.2.3Theuseofwesternmaintableware2.3.1KTheforkisheldinyourlefthandandtheknifeisheldinyourright.Youshouldholdyourknifewiththehandleinyourpalm.Atfirstyouholddownthefoodwithafork,thencutitintosmallpieceswithaknife,andthenforkitintoyourmouth.Americanusetheforkinyourlefthandwhilecutting,andthenswitchtorighthandtopickupandeatapiecewhileeuropeansnotchangehands.Theforkisusedtoconveyanysolidfoodtothemouth.Theknifebladeshouldbeplacedontheedgeofyourplatewhennotinuse.Thebladeshouldalwaysfaceinward.Ifthereareanumberofknivesorforks,thenyoushouldstartfromtheoutsidesetaseachcourseisserved.2.3.2SWiththerighhandheldthespoonandthefingermustbemaintainedattheendofspoonhandle.Inaddition,pleaseusethespoontogetthesoupanddonotuseittogetotherfood.Whenyouhavefinishedeatingsoup,thespoonshouldbeplacedtothesideofthesaucer,notleftinthebowlorputontheshareddish.Wheneatingsoup,youshouldholdyourspooninyourrighthandandtipthebowlawayfromyou,scoopingthesoupinmovementsawayfromyourself.2.3.3Duringdinnerlargenaplcinscanbefoldedoutwardandcoveredsteadilyonthelap,butsmallnapkincanbestretchedinthelegsdirecty.Pleasebecarefulnothungitonthechestandcleanyoufaceortableware.Pleaseusetheinsideofnapkintowipemouthifyoumakeamessratherthanoutside.Neverblowyournoseonyournapkin.Yournapkinshouldneverbescrewedup.Whenfinished,folditneatlyandleaveittotheleftofyourplate.2.4WesterncountriesseatsarrangementThewesternbanquetsareusedtousingthelongtable.Innormalsituationwhichboththehostandthehostessattend,thehostandthehostesssitonthetwoendsofthetable.Theguestofhonorsitsontherightsideofthehostesswhilethewifeofthehonoredguestsitsontherightsideofthehost.Theotherguestssitaccordingtotheirstatusandonemanshouldsitnexttoonewoman.Butthewesterntraditionaltableseatingpaysmoreattentiontothepositionsofleftandright.Therightismorefavorablethantheleft.Thatisbecausethewesternpeoplethinkthatthesunrisesfromtheeastwhichisjusttherightsidetothem.Sorightmeansmotivaveintheireyes.Thehonoredguestsarenormallysittingattherightsideofthehostsandallguestssitinaclockwiseorderaccordingtotheirimportance.Thereisarulethateachpersonseated,orleavehisseat,shouldbeleftoutfromtheseat.2.5ThedifferencedinningmannersbetweenwesternandChinese2.5.1Pleasekeepaexcellentgustureduringdinnersoyoushouldmaintainyourbodystraightandkeepyourfeetonthegroundwithoutmoving.Duringdinneryourhavemanyoptionsabouthowtoplaceyourhand.Youcanputyourwristatthebottomedgeofthetableorputhandsontheknees.Butthemostimportantthingsisthatyourhandsmustremainstationary.Chinesetraditionallyeat\o"Rice"ricefromasmall\o"Bowl"bowlheldinthelefthand.Thericebowlisraisedtothemouthandthericepushedintothemouthusingthechopsticks.Thethumbmustalwaysbeabovetheedgeofthebowl.Andnotuseaspoontoscoopricefromthebowl.whensoupingchinesepeopledonotwantmakeanyvoiceaswellaswesterners.Chinesepeoplescoopthesoupfromoutsidetoinsidewhilethewesternersarescoopedfrominsideout.Whendinninginwesternthecellphonealmostnotturnonunlessyouhaveaveryimportantthings.Inthissituation,theringtonesshouldbeturnedquietly.Ifringingyouneedtosaysorrytoallguestandthengoout.ThisruleisalsousedinChinese.Duringdinneryouneedinvitethegueststoeatfirstanddonothurrytotakethedish.Eachtimegetlessdishandtakelessdishfarawayfromyour.Nomatterwhatparticularfoodyoueat,don’tmakeanyvoice.Itisacceptabletotakefoodtopeoplewhoarehavingdifficultyinpickingupthefoodfarawayfromhimself.Alsoitisasignofrespecttopassfoodtotheelderlyfirstbeforethedinnerstarts.Traditionally,itispolitefortheyoungestmembersofthetabletotalkeachandeveryoneoftheelderlymembersofthetablebeforeamealstartsandtellthemto"eatrice",whichmeans"goaheadandstartthemeal",toshowrespect.Thehostshouldalwaysmakesuretheguestsdrinksaresufficientlyfull.Youshouldnotpourforyourselffirst,butshouldoffertopourforaneighbor.Whenyourdrinkisbeingpoured,youshouldnotsay"thankyou"butmaytapyourfingersonthetabletoshowappreciation.Whenpeoplewishtoputdrinkstogetherintheformofacheer,itisimportanttoobservethatyoungermembersshouldputtheedgeoftheirdrinkbelowtheedgeofaneldertoshowrespect.2.5.2Accordingtotraditionalmanners,themealusuallybeginswithasetofatleastfourcolddishes,tobefollowedbythemaincoursesofhotmeatandvegetabledishes.Andthenthesoupwillbeserved,tobefollowedbydumplingsornoodlesorfruit.Hotfoodshouldbeservedontheleftofhonoredguste’sopposite.Servingmannersareasfollows:Ifthedishincludethepatternofpeacocks,phoenix,itshouldbeservedonfrontofthefirsthonoredguestandthemasters.Itwillconvinientforthemtoappreciate.Thefirsthotfoodshouldbeplacedonfrontoftheownerandhonoredguest.Thedishnotfinishdeismovedtowardsthesideofdeputymasteraswellasthefolloweddish.DonotputtheBeheaded,ducktail,fishridgefacetohonoredguesthoweveryoushouldputtheBeheadedandduckheadtowardstotherightplaceofthehonoredguest.DuetoFish-belliedlittlethornanddelicioussoyoushouldputtheFish-belliedtowardstothehonoredguestratherthanFishRidge2.5Refrainfromcoughing,sneezingorblowingnoseathetableandnotmakeworsenoiseswhileeating.Whenchewingfood,closeyourmouthandonlytalkwhenyouhaveswallowedit.Alsonottalkatloudvolume.Swallowallfoodbeforeeatingmoreorhavingadrink.Thefoodshouldbebroughttoyourmouthonthefork;youshouldsitstraightandnotleantowardsyourplate.Donotstareatanyonewhileheorsheiseatingandnotblamesomeonewhohasshownpoortablemanners.Alwaysaskthehostorhostesstobeexcusedbeforeleavingthetableduringdinner.Donoteatfoodwithyourfingersunlessyouareeatingfoodscustomarilyeatenwithfingers,suchasbread,frenchfries,chickenwings,pizza,etc.Donotasktotakesomeofyouruneatenfoodawayfromthemealafteritends,especiallywhenhavingaformaldinner.Keepyournapkinonyourlap.Atmoreformaloccasionsallgusterswillwaittoplacetheirnapkinsontheirlapsuntilthehostorhostessplaceshisorhernapkinonhisorherlap.Atmoreformaloccasionsalldinnersmustwaittobeginuntilthehostessorhostliftsaforkorspoon.Whenserving,servefromtheleftandpickupthedishfromtheright.Beveragesarebothservedandremovedfromtheright.Eatsoupquitelyandwiththesideofthespoon.Ifyou’reeatingadessert,yourforkshouldbeheldinthelefthandandthespoonintheright.Wheneatingbreadrolls,breakoffapiecebeforebuttering.Useyourknifeonlytobutterthebread,nottocutit.\o"Tea"Teaor\o"Coffee"coffeeshouldneverbepouredintothesaucertocoolbutshouldbesippedfromthecup.Andicemaybeusedtocooleither.Drinksshouldalwaysbetotherightofyourplatewiththebreadrolltotheleft.Itisconsideredrudetoanswerthetelephoneatthetable.Ifyouneedtotakeanurgentcall,excuseyourselfandgooutside.Alwaysaskforpermissionfromthehostandexcuseyourselfifyouneedtoleavethetable.Youshouldplaceyournapkinonyourseatuntilyoureturn.Ifyoumustleavethetableorareresting,andyourforkshouldbeateighto’clockandyourknifeatfouro’clock.Neverleanacrosssomebodyelse’splate.Ifyouneedsomethingtobepassed,askthepersonclosesttoit.Ifyouhavetopasssomething,onlypassitifyouareclosesttoitandpassitdirectlytothemifyoucan.Saltandpeppershouldbepassedtogether.Alsodonottakefoodfromaneighbour’splateanddon’tasktodoso.Ifpouringadrinkforyourself,offertopouradrinkforyourneighboursbeforeservingyourself.Ifextrafoodisonthetable,askothersfirstiftheywouldlikeitbeforetakingityourself.Neverpickfoodoutofyourteethwithyourfingernails.Youmustnotputyourelbowsonthetable.Alwaysremember“regular”manners.Remembertosay"please"and"thankyou".Trytoeatallthefoodyouareserved.Whenyou’refinished,placeyourknifeandforktogetheratsixo’clockwithyourforkontheleftandknifeontheright,withtheknifebladefacingin.Thissignalsthatyouarefinished.2.5.4theorderofdishinwesterntheorderofdisharefollowing:

Thefirstdishofwesternisthefirstplateandalsocalledappetizer,itgenerallyincludecoldappetizersandhotappetizers.Alsoithasdistinctiveflavorandit’stastebasedonsaltandacid.What’smore,theappetizerareofhighquality.

Thereisgreatdifferentthatwesternsecondcoursewassoup.Thekindsofsoupislessbutofhighnutritional.

Ingeneral,FishdishesasthethirdwesterndishesisalsocalledtheDeputydishes.Becausefishdishesiseasiertod