無(wú)線電力傳輸外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

無(wú)線電力傳輸外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯(含：英文原文及中文譯文)文獻(xiàn)出處：Weaver,Bill."Can'tTouchThis:Wirelesspowertransmission."26.3(2009).英文原文Can'ttouchthis-wirelesspowertransmissionWilliamL.WeaverAfewyearsago,acolleagueandIparticipatedinafieldtripprojectorganizedbythecollegestudentgrouptostudytheWestOrangeattheEdisonNationalHistoricSiteinNewJersey.Wevisitedwiththepublicandparticipatedinalaboratorysetupinsideabuildingtounderstandthedevelopmentofincandescentlightbulbsandfilmtechnology.However,whatimpressedmemostwasthetwocomplexadditionalfunctions.First,itisaresearchlibraryequippedwithallpublicationsofthethenUSPatentOffice.Representativesofscientistsandengineersareconcernedthatmarketableproductsmaybeusefulincreatingnewtechnologies.Theuniversityisagreatplacetodiscoverscienceandtechnologywithit,butEdison'slaboratoryexistsasacompany.Inthelate19thcentury,therewasnointernetconnection,sothelibrarytookupthelaboratory'sinformationrepository.Justliketoday,whentheresearchersneededinformationaboutchemicalreactions,amathematicalformulaortheirmostadvancedengineeringsolutionandconsultedthecurrentliterature,itwasonlythroughpaperatthetime.Bysimplifyingtheadoptionofstandards,thisprocessisfurthersimplifiedbytherapidadoptionofstandards.Sincemostofthetoolsandequipmentcanbedevelopedlocally,theycandeploytheirownstandardsandcreatethefacilityonamulti-acrecampus.Oneofthesecriteriaisthemethodofdistributionofpower.ThefinalknownpowersupplyforgriddevelopmentisthefamousEdisonbulb.ThetoolsusedintheearlyEdisonlabwerealongaxisofrotationlikearear-wheeldriveautomobiledriveshaftmadeupofauniversalcableshaftoramarinevessel.Thepropellershaftdispersesthepotentialenergyoftheentireplantintheformofmechanicalenergygeneratedbytheboiler.Abeltandasimpleclutchsystemareconnectedtothelineshaftandthestrengthoftheleverisenhancedbyusingasurroundingshaftbelt.Overtime,thebeltwaswornoutduetoexcessivefriction.However,thistechnologyprovidesalesscomplexpowerdistributionmethodthanearlierhigh-pressuresteamandhydraulicsystems.Overtime,aswellasthedevelopmentofelectricalandelectronicequipment,high-voltagepowersuppliesandmoredistributionstandardsmustbeusedinourproductionplants,officesandhomesinthenearfuture.IntheUnitedStates,theelectricitygeneratedis60Hzandiseventuallyproducedatanominalvoltagebetween120,240and480volts.Atypicalpoweroutletisspecifiedtoaccommodate15ampsofcurrentandisequippedwiththreefamiliarprongs,averticalandU-shapedgroundpinconsistingoftwopaddles.Forward-lookingretailersmakepinsofdifferentshapesandorientationstopreventotherincompatibledevicesfromconnecting.Unlesstherearenotenoughpoweroutlets,plugsorextensioncords,thestandardthree-holepowercordisaubiquitousdeviceto"plugin"thepowerdistributionsystem.Withthecontinuousdevelopmentoftechnology,mobileandhandhelddeviceswecurrentlyhavearebooming,sobatterycompanieswillfollow.Physicallyconnectingthesesmalldevicestothegridwillseriouslyaffecttheirfunctionality.Itisforthisreasonthattheyshouldexhausttheirownpowersuppliesorproducerechargeablebatteries.Batterymanufacturersquicklydeveloptheirownindustrystandards,including"AA"and"C"units,toreducetheconfusionthatconsumersmayhavewhenreplacingbatteries.Althoughtransistorradiosandtoysensorswerepopularatthebeginningoftheyear,single-usechemicalbatteriescouldnotprovideenoughcurrentfordevicessuchaslaptops,smartphonesandpersonalentertainmentgamesthathavecomplicatedcomputationalrequirements.Theirrechargeablebatteriesareincorporatedintotheequipmentandrarelyneedtobereplacedbytheuser.Thesedevicemanufacturerscanchoosehowthebatteryismanufactured,suchassize,batterylife,andinternalconfigurationcapabilitiesofthedevicecomponents.Thisfeatureofthebatteryhasgivenmanufacturers'industrialdesignersmorerightstodifferentiatetheirproductsinstyle,lookandfeel.However,thedisadvantageofrechargeablebatteriesisthattheyeventuallystillneedtobecharged.WecaneasilyconnecttothepowersupplyviaanAC/DCpoweradapter.However,itismoredifficulttoconnectthebatterytotheadapteror"charger"becauseeachbatterymanufacturerisfreetodesignthebattery'sshapeandinterface.what?Inthelovely100-year-oldinnovationafterthis,itdidnotchangewiththemodeitshouldhave.Aconspiracytheorymayindicatethatportabledevicemanufacturersadmitthatbatterychargersarealucrativesourceofincome.Similarbubblejetprintermanufacturersrelyontheconsumptionofinkinthedeviceasasaleschanneltomakeupforthedifferencebetweenthesellingpriceandthecost.Userspay$25to$100toreplacethedamagedormissingpoweradapter,whichcancelsoutaservice.The"realcostoffreedom"inaplannedorlow-costlaptopphone.Aninnocentnon-conspiratorialtheorymayberelatedtothe2000(Y2K)problem.Programmerswouldn’texpectmuchtroubleforthisdevicemadeinatwo-digityeartocreateforthefuture,andfewportabledevicedesignersmayexpecttoconsumelaptops,mobilephones,MP3players,anddigitalcamerastoday.Thenumberofpeople.Thesefunctionsmayeventuallybeprovidedbyanindependent"supersmartphone",butatpresent,individualchargerusersarestillinconvenient.Chargersalsohavesimilar,incompatibleproblemsbetweendevices,andusersmaycauseexchangestoriseorlosedevices.Ifyouareusingyourfifthmobilephone,itisverylikelythattherewillbefouroutdatedchargersonyourgarage'sworkbench.InFebruarythisyear,theEuropeanUnionTelecommunicationsAuthority(CEPT)andthesubsequentEuropeanUnion(EU)jointlyauthorizedtheestablishmentofthePublicisGroupSpecialMobileAssociation(GSMA),whichwasdevelopedin2012asastandardforusebymobilephones.MicroUSBinterfacechargerspecification.Inadditiontomakingtheusermoreconvenient,thisspecificationhasalsobeenappliedtotherecyclingofdiscardedadapters.Althoughitisnotaimedatthestandardizationofadaptersbetweendifferentmobiledevices,itseemstobeagoodstart.However,imaginethatiftheAC/DCadapteriscompletelyeliminated.Thisisthefutureofwirelessenergytransfer.NikolaTeslafirstpublishedhisutilityin1893.Inductivelycoupledtransformersusewirelesstechnologytoreplaceanordinarypoweradapter,correctingthedrawbacksoftheDCvoltagerequiredtochargethetwoinductivecoilsofaninductivelycoupledtransformersuppliedbyanACoutlet.Unfortunately,asthedistancebetweenthetransmitterandreceiverincreases,theinductanceeffectquicklydiminishesandisoftenaffectedbyinterference.Inotherrecentdevelopments,ProfessorMalinsoorandhiscolleaguesattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyrecentlydevelopedinductivecouplingcoilsthatcanbetunedtospecificresonantfrequenciestoovercometheselimitations.Thisimprovestheunderstandingofthecouplingefficiencyofthepowersupplyandreducestheinterferencearoundotherdevicesorbetweencoilsinotherindifferentlocations.ItiscalledeCoupledtechnology.WhiletakingadvantageofthehighefficiencyoftheWitricityResonanceSensing,theeCoupledsystem,includingthesenderandreceiver,doesnotincludetheswitchingofametaldeviceordeviceoftheRFIDchipintosleepmode.Theadditionaldataservicesarerobustandcanonicalcommunications,andwillautomaticallypoweroffwhenthebatteryisfull.Ifwidelyadopted,wirelesspowertransmissionwillbelistedasapublicservicefacility.ImagineeCoupledtransmittersaresimplewhenitcomestousingnewstandardsthatareusedtospurtheirown,usuallyusingtwomainmethods.Tothenewstandard,thereareusuallytwomainmethodsusedtopromoteitsdevelopment.Thefirstisastrongregulatorycode.Second,inventingatechnologythatallowsmanufacturerstoimitateandmakeitwidelypopularispowerful,butIpreferthelatter'snon-interventionmethod.中文譯文不能觸碰這個(gè)—無(wú)線電力傳輸WilliamL.Weaver幾年前,一個(gè)同事和我參加在校大學(xué)生團(tuán)體的組織的一個(gè)實(shí)地考察項(xiàng)目,考察地位于新澤西州的愛迪生國(guó)家歷史遺址的西橙。我們隨公眾一起參觀,并參觀了設(shè)置于建筑物內(nèi)的實(shí)驗(yàn)室,了解了白熾燈燈泡和電影技術(shù)的發(fā)展。然而,令我最感動(dòng)的是其中的兩個(gè)復(fù)雜的附加功能。首先,是配備了當(dāng)時(shí)美國(guó)專利局的所有出版物的研究圖書館。科學(xué)家和工程師的代表關(guān)注到適銷對(duì)路的產(chǎn)品可能會(huì)在創(chuàng)造新技術(shù)中有所用途。大學(xué)是隨之而來(lái)的發(fā)現(xiàn)科學(xué)技術(shù)的偉大場(chǎng)所,但愛迪生的實(shí)驗(yàn)室卻是作為一個(gè)企業(yè)而存在的。在19世紀(jì)后期是沒(méi)有互聯(lián)網(wǎng)連接的,因此,圖書館便擔(dān)任起了實(shí)驗(yàn)室的信息存儲(chǔ)庫(kù)。就像今天,當(dāng)研究人員所需要的信息是有關(guān)于化學(xué)反應(yīng)、一個(gè)數(shù)學(xué)公式或他們最先進(jìn)的工程解決方案而咨詢目前的文獻(xiàn)一樣,只不過(guò)當(dāng)時(shí)是通過(guò)紙張。第二個(gè)令人印象深刻的事情是生產(chǎn)和加工設(shè)施的復(fù)雜性。創(chuàng)建工具,使新的工具催化技術(shù)的發(fā)展,是愛迪生實(shí)驗(yàn)室的一個(gè)創(chuàng)新過(guò)程的早期代表性的例子。通過(guò)快速采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn),進(jìn)一步簡(jiǎn)化此過(guò)程。由于工具和設(shè)備大部分可以在本地發(fā)展,便可以在數(shù)英畝大小的校園中部署自己的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)并創(chuàng)造該設(shè)施。這種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一是權(quán)力分配的方法。最終已知的電網(wǎng)發(fā)展供電是著名的愛迪生燈泡,早期的愛迪生實(shí)驗(yàn)室使用的工具是由一個(gè)通用線路軸組成的機(jī)器。組成一個(gè)類似于后輪驅(qū)動(dòng)汽車傳動(dòng)軸的長(zhǎng)旋轉(zhuǎn)軸或像是一個(gè)海洋船只的螺旋槳軸,使整個(gè)工廠的旋轉(zhuǎn)的勢(shì)能形式分散了鍋爐產(chǎn)生的機(jī)械能。個(gè)別機(jī)器通過(guò)皮帶和簡(jiǎn)單的離合器系統(tǒng)被連接到線路軸,通過(guò)使用周圍的軸帶來(lái)加強(qiáng)對(duì)杠桿的強(qiáng)度。隨著時(shí)間的推移,由于過(guò)多的摩擦,皮帶便穿了出來(lái)。但這種技術(shù)提供了一個(gè)相比早期高壓蒸汽和液壓系統(tǒng)來(lái)說(shuō)不太復(fù)雜的動(dòng)力分配方法。隨著時(shí)間的推移,以及電器及電子設(shè)備的開發(fā),在不久之后我們的生產(chǎn)廠房、辦公室和家庭中必須采用高壓電源和更多的分配標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。在美國(guó),產(chǎn)生的電力是60赫茲,并最終產(chǎn)生在120,240和480伏特之間的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)額定電壓。典型的電源插座被規(guī)定制造為容納15安培電流和配有熟悉的三個(gè)插腳,兩個(gè)槳組成的垂直的和U型接地的插腳。具有前瞻性的零售商制造不同形狀和取向標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的插腳,以防止其他不兼容的設(shè)備連接。除非沒(méi)有足夠的電源插座、插頭或延長(zhǎng)線帶,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的三孔電源線是一種普遍存在的設(shè)備來(lái)“塞“進(jìn)配電系統(tǒng)。隨著技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,目前我們擁有的移動(dòng)和手持設(shè)備正在蓬勃發(fā)展,因此電池企業(yè)隨之產(chǎn)生。將這些小型設(shè)備物理上連接到電網(wǎng),將嚴(yán)重影響他們的功能。正是因?yàn)檫@個(gè)原因,他們應(yīng)把自己的自帶電源一次性耗盡或生產(chǎn)充電電池。電池制造商們快速的開發(fā)出自己的行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),其中包括“AA“和“C”型單元,以減輕消費(fèi)者更換電池時(shí)可能產(chǎn)生的混淆。雖然年初晶體管收音機(jī)、玩具用傳感器流行,但一次性使用的化學(xué)電池不能為如筆記本電腦、智能手機(jī)和個(gè)人娛樂(lè)游戲機(jī)這些擁有復(fù)雜的計(jì)算要求的設(shè)備提供其所需的充足電流。他們可充電的電池被收納入設(shè)備的內(nèi)部,很少需要用戶自行更換。這使設(shè)備制造商可以據(jù)此選擇電池如何制造,例如大小,電池壽命和設(shè)備組件的內(nèi)部配置功能。電池的這一特性,授予了制造商的工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)師們?cè)谠煨汀⑼庥^和感覺上區(qū)分他們產(chǎn)品的更多權(quán)利。但充電電池的缺點(diǎn)是,他們最終依然需要充電。我們很容易便可通過(guò)一個(gè)交直流電源適配器連接到電源。然而較難是電池怎樣連接到適配器或“充電器”,因?yàn)槊總€(gè)電池制造商都可以自由地設(shè)計(jì)電池的外形和接口。什么?在此之后的可愛的百年創(chuàng)新中,其并未隨著應(yīng)有的模式有所改變。一個(gè)陰謀理論也許可以說(shuō)明,便攜式設(shè)備制造商承認(rèn),電池充電器是一個(gè)利潤(rùn)豐厚的收入渠道。類似氣泡噴墨打印機(jī)制造商依賴于油墨在設(shè)備中的消耗作為銷售渠道,以彌補(bǔ)銷售價(jià)低于成本的差額,用戶支付25美