Results-basedMonitoringandEvaluation結果導向的監(jiān)測與評價2

Chapter3:

BuildingaResults-BasedMonitoringandEvaluationSystem

模塊3:

建立結果導向的監(jiān)測與評價體系12456789103

Results-basedMonitoringandEvaluation結果導向的監(jiān)測與評價1Chapter3:

BuildingaResultIntroduction

引言ImportanceofResults-BasedM&E結果導向的監(jiān)測與評價的重要性WhatIsResults-BasedM&E?什么是結果導向的監(jiān)測與評價？Traditionalvs.Results-BasedM&E傳統(tǒng)的監(jiān)測與評價和結果導向的監(jiān)測與評價的比較TenStepstoBuildingResults-BasedM&E建立結果導向的監(jiān)測與評價的十個步驟2Introduction

引言ImportanceofRImportance

重要性Growingpressuresindevelopingcountriestoimproveperformanceofpublicsectors發(fā)展中國家面臨著越來越大的提高公共部門績效的壓力Tracksresultsofgovernmentsandotherentitiesovertime跟蹤政府和其它實體在一段時期內的結果-budgeting,humanresources預算、人力資源organizationalculture組織文化Isamanagementtool是一種管理工具3Importance

重要性GrowingpressurePlanningforImprovement

SelectingRealisticTargets為提高績效進行規(guī)劃——選擇切合實際的具體目標51ConductingaReadinessAssessment實施就緒度評價3SelectingKeyIndicatorstoMonitorOutcomes選擇監(jiān)測成效的關鍵指標7TheRoleofEvaluations評價的作用9UsingFindings利用發(fā)現(xiàn)2AgreeingonOutcomestoMonitorandEvaluate對監(jiān)測與評價成效達成一致意見4BaselineDataonIndicators—WhereAreWeToday?指標的基準數(shù)據(jù)——我們現(xiàn)在處于什么情況？6MonitoringforResults結果導向的監(jiān)測8ReportingFindings匯報發(fā)現(xiàn)SustainingtheM&ESystemWithintheOrganization組織內部維持監(jiān)測與評價體系104PlanningforImprovementSelThePowerofMeasuringResults

結果衡量的效力Ifyoudonotmeasureresults,youcannottellsuccessfromfailure如果不衡量結果，就無法區(qū)分成功與失敗Ifyoucannotseesuccess,youcannotrewardit如果看不到成功，就不能得到獎勵Ifyoucannotrewardsuccess,youareprobablyrewardingfailure如果得不到成功的獎勵，就可能會受到失敗的獎賞Ifyoucannotseesuccess,youcannotlearnfromit如果看不到成功，就無法從中汲取經(jīng)驗Ifyoucannotrecognizefailure,youcannotcorrectit如果認識不到失敗，就無法進行糾正Ifyoucandemonstrateresults,youcanwinpublicsupport如果能夠證明結果，就能贏得公眾支持5ThePowerofMeasuringResultsReasonstoDoR-BM&E

實施結果導向的監(jiān)測與評價的原因Providescrucialinformationaboutpublicsectorperformance提供關于公共部門績效的重要信息Providesaviewovertimeonthestatusofaproject,program,orpolicy提供項目、計劃或政策在某段時期內的狀態(tài)信息Promotescredibilityandpublicconfidencebyreportingontheresultsofprograms匯報計劃的結果，提高可信度，增強公眾信心Helpsformulateandjustifybudgetrequests幫助制定和論證預算要求Identifiespotentiallypromisingprograms

orpracticesbystudyingpilots通過研究試點發(fā)現(xiàn)具有潛力的計劃或做法(continuedonnextslide)(轉下頁)6ReasonstoDoR-BM&E

實施結果導向的監(jiān)Reasons:

(cont.)

原因:

(續(xù))Focusesattentiononachievingoutcomesimportanttotheorganizationanditsstakeholders著重達成對組織和利益相關者具有重要意義的成果目標Providestimely,frequentinformationtostaff向工作人員提供及時且頻繁的信息Helpsestablishkeygoalsandobjectives幫助制定關鍵的長期目標和短期目標Permitsmanagerstoidentifyandtakeactiontocorrectweaknesses允許管理者發(fā)現(xiàn)并改正不足Supportsadevelopmentagendathatisshiftingtowardsgreateraccountabilityforaidlending支持促進援助貸款問責制的發(fā)展議程7Reasons:(cont.)

原因:(續(xù))FocuseResults-BasedMonitoring

結果導向的監(jiān)測Results-basedmonitoring(whatwecall“monitoring”)isacontinuousprocessofcollectingandanalyzinginformationtocomparingactualresultstoexpectedresultsinordertomeasure

howwellaproject,program,orpolicyisbeingimplemented結果導向的監(jiān)測（簡稱“監(jiān)測”）是一個收集和分析信息的持續(xù)過程，比較實際結果和預期結果，以衡量一個項目、計劃或政策的實施好壞情況的過程。8Results-BasedMonitoring

結果導向的Results-BasedEvaluation

結果導向的評價Results-basedevaluationisanassessmentofaplanned,ongoing,orcompletedinterventiontodetermineitsrelevance,efficiency,effectiveness,impact,andsustainability結果導向的評價是對計劃中的、實施中的或已經(jīng)完成的干預措施的評價，以此判定其相關性、效率、效果、影響和可持續(xù)性。9Results-BasedEvaluation

結果導向的DifferencebetweenResults-BasedMonitoringandEvaluation

結果導向的監(jiān)測和評價之間的區(qū)別Monitoringisfocusedontrackingevidenceofmovementtowardstheachievementofspecific,predeterminedtargets監(jiān)測注重于跟蹤取得預定的具體目標的進展證據(jù)Evaluationtakesabroaderviewofanintervention,consideringnotonlyprogresstowardstatedgoals,butalsothelogicoftheinitiative,aswellasitsconsequences.評價對干預措施進行更廣泛的考量，不僅考慮實現(xiàn)預定目標的進展情況，還考慮措施的邏輯及其后果Bothareneededtobeabletobettermanagepolicy,program,andproject為能更好地管理政策、計劃和項目，二者都需要10DifferencebetweenResults-BasComparison

比較Traditional傳統(tǒng)的監(jiān)測與評價inputs投入activities活動outputs產出Results-Based結果導向的監(jiān)測與評價combinestraditionalwithassessmentresults將傳統(tǒng)的監(jiān)測與評價和評價結果相結合allowsorganizationtomodifyandmakeadjustmentstoimplementationprocesses允許組織對實施過程進行修改和調整11Comparison

比較TraditionalResultComplementaryRolesofandMonitoringEvaluation

監(jiān)測與評價的互補作用Monitoring監(jiān)測Clarifiesprogramobjectives明確計劃的目標Linksactivitiesandtheirresourcestoobjectives建立各項活動及其資源投入與目標之間的聯(lián)系Translatesobjectivesintoperformanceindicatorsandsettargets將目標轉化為績效指標并設定具體目標Routinelycollectsdataontheseindicators,comparesactualresultswithtargets定期收集有關這些指標的數(shù)據(jù)，比較實際結果和具體目標Reportsprogresstomanagersandalertsthemtoproblems向管理者匯報進展情況并提醒其注意出現(xiàn)的問題Evaluation評價Analyzeswhyintendedresultswereorwerenotachieved分析預期結果實現(xiàn)或未實現(xiàn)的原因Assessesspecificcausalcontributionsofactivitiestoresults

評價活動對結果產生的特定的因果作用Examinesimplementationprocess

檢查實施過程

Exploresunintendedresults研究超出預期的結果

Provideslessons,highlightssignificantaccomplishmentorprogrampotential,andoffersrecommendationsforimprovement

總結經(jīng)驗教訓，突出重大成就或計劃潛力，提出改進建議12ComplementaryRolesofandMonBriefIntroductiontoTheoryofChange

變革理論簡述Theoryofchangeisarepresentationofhowanorganizationorinitiativeisexpectedtoleadtotheresultsandidentificationofunderlyingassumptionsbeingmade變革理論體現(xiàn)了一個組織或一項倡議是如何按照預期計劃產生結果的并確定背后的基本假設13BriefIntroductiontoTheoryoComponentsofTheoryofChange

變革理論的組成Activities

–whatwedo活動：做什么Outputs–whatweproduce產出：產生什么Results

–whywedoit結果：為什么做Otheroptionalcomponents其他可選成分Inputs-whatresourcesareused投入：使用了什么資源ReachorTargetgroups–whothetargetisdirectedtoward目標團體：目標是指向誰的Internal/ExternalFactors–factorswithinandoutsidecontrolorinfluence內部/外部因素：受/不受控制或影響的因素14ComponentsofTheoryofChangKeyTypesofMonitoring

監(jiān)測的主要類型ResultsMonitoring結果監(jiān)測

ImplementationMonitoring

(MeansandStrategies)實施情況監(jiān)測

(手段和策略)Outcomes成效Impacts影響Results結果Inputs投入Activities活動Outputs產出Implementation實施情況15KeyTypesofMonitoring

監(jiān)測的主要類Indicators

指標Avariablethatallowstheverificationofchangesinthedevelopment允許核查發(fā)展中變化的變量interventionorshowsresultsrelativetowhatwasplanned干預活動或者顯示相對于計劃的結果Examinethecumulativeevidenceofaclusterofindicatorstoseeifaprogramismakingprogress檢查一組指標的累積證據(jù)來判斷一個計劃是否進展順利16Indicators

指標AvariablethataTenStepstoBuildingaResults-BasedM&ESystem

建立結果導向監(jiān)測與評價體系的十個步驟17TenStepstoBuildingaResultStep1:ConductingaReadinessAssessment

步驟1:實施就緒度評價PlanningforImprovement

SelectingRealisticTargets為改善績效進行規(guī)劃——選擇切合實際的具體目標51ConductingaReadinessAssessment實施就緒度評價3SelectingKeyIndicatorstoMonitorOutcomes選擇關鍵指標對成效進行監(jiān)測7TheRoleofEvaluations評價的作用9UsingFindings使用發(fā)現(xiàn)2AgreeingonOutcomestoMonitorandEvaluate對要監(jiān)測與評價的成效達成統(tǒng)一意見4BaselineDataonIndicators—WhereAreWeToday?指標的基準數(shù)據(jù)——我們現(xiàn)在處于什么情況？6MonitoringforResults結果導向的監(jiān)測8ReportingFindings匯報發(fā)現(xiàn)SustainingtheM&ESystemwithintheOrganization監(jiān)測與評價體系在組織內的持續(xù)發(fā)展1018Step1:ConductingaReadinessWhatIsaReadinessAssessment?

什么是就緒度評價？Ananalyticalframeworktoassessacountry’sabilitytomonitorandevaluateitsdevelopmentgoals評估一國在監(jiān)測和評價其發(fā)展目標方面的能力的分析框架19WhatIsaReadinessAssessmentIncentives

激勵機制Sortouttheanswerstothesequestions:弄清楚這些問題的答案：WhatisdrivingtheneedforbuildinganM&Esystem?是什么在推動建立監(jiān)測與評價體系的需求？WhoarethechampionsforbuildingandusinganM&Esystem?誰是建立和使用監(jiān)測與評價體系的擁護者？WhatismotivatingthosewhochampionbuildingandusinganM&Esystem?是什么在激勵那些擁護建立和使用監(jiān)測與評價體系的人？Whowillbenefitfromthesystem?誰會從中受益？Whowillnotbenefit?誰不會從中受益？20Incentives

激勵機制SortouttheanRolesandResponsibilities

角色與責任Ask:問題：Whataretherolesofcentralandlineministriesinassessingperformance?中央和行業(yè)主管部門在績效評價中扮演什么角色？Whatistheroleofparliament?議會扮演什么角色？Whatistheroleofthesupremeauditagency?最高審計機構的角色是什么？Doministriesandagenciesshareinformationwithoneanother?政府部門和機構之間是否能實現(xiàn)信息共享？Isthereapoliticalagendabehindthedataproduced?得出的數(shù)據(jù)后面是否有一個政治議程？Whointhecountryproducesdata?誰負責得出數(shù)據(jù)？Whereinthegovernmentaredataused?政府哪些部門會使用這些數(shù)據(jù)？21RolesandResponsibilities

角色與OrganizationalCapacity

組織能力Assesscurrentcapacitytomonitorandevaluate:評價目前的監(jiān)測與評價能力:Technicalskills技術能力Managerialskills管理技能Existingdatasystemsandtheirquality現(xiàn)有的數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)及其質量Technologyavailable可獲得的技術Fiscalresourcesavailable可獲得的財政資源Institutionalexperience機構經(jīng)驗22OrganizationalCapacity

組織能力AsBarrierstoM&E

實施監(jiān)測與評價的障礙DoanyoftheseimmediatebarrierstobuildinganM&Esystemnowexist?建立監(jiān)測與評價體系的這些直接障礙是否依然存在？Lackoffiscalresources缺乏財政資源Lackofpoliticalwill缺乏政治意愿Lackofchampion缺乏擁護者Lackofexpertise&knowledge缺乏專業(yè)技能和知識Lackofstrategy缺乏戰(zhàn)略Lackofpriorexperience缺乏經(jīng)驗Howdoweconfrontthesebarriers?如何消除這些障礙？23BarrierstoM&E

實施監(jiān)測與評價的障礙DoKeyQuestionsforPredictingSuccess

預測成功的關鍵問題DoesaclearmandateexistforM&E?PRSP?Law?CivilSociety?Other?監(jiān)測與評價有明確的規(guī)定嗎？減貧戰(zhàn)略文件（PRSP）、法律、民間團體或其它？Istherethepresenceofstrongleadershipatthemostseniorlevelofthegovernment?政府最高層是否有強有力的領導？Areresourceandpolicydecisionslinkedtothebudget?資源和政策決定是否與預算相關？Howreliableisinformationthatmaybeusedforpolicyandmanagementdecisionmaking?用于政策制定和管理決策的信息的可靠性如何？Howinvolvediscivilsocietyasapartnerwithgovernment?作為政府的合作方，民間團體的參與程度如何？Aretherepocketsofinnovationthatcanserveasbeginningpracticesorpilotprograms?是否存在可作為啟動實踐或試點計劃的創(chuàng)新?24KeyQuestionsforPredictingSStep2:AgreeingonPerformanceOutcomestoMonitorandEvaluate

步驟2:對監(jiān)測與評價的成效達成一致意見

PlanningforImprovement

SelectingRealisticTargets為改善績效進行規(guī)劃——選擇切合實際的具體目標51ConductingaReadinessAssessment實施就緒度評價3SelectingKeyIndicatorstoMonitorOutcomes選擇關鍵指標監(jiān)測成效7TheRoleofEvaluations評價的作用9UsingFindings使用發(fā)現(xiàn)2AgreeingonOutcomestoMonitorandEvaluate要監(jiān)測與評價的成效形成一致意見4BaselineDataonIndicators—WhereAreWeToday?指標的基準數(shù)據(jù)——我們現(xiàn)在處于什么情況？6MonitoringforResults結果導向的監(jiān)測8ReportingFindings匯報發(fā)現(xiàn)SustainingtheM&ESystemwithintheOrganization監(jiān)測與評價體系在組織內的持續(xù)發(fā)展1025Step2:AgreeingonPerformancWhyanEmphasisonOutcomes?

為什么要強調成效Makesexplicittheintendedobjectivesofgovernmentaction(“Knowwhereyouaregoingbeforeyougetmoving”)明確政府行動的預期目標(“行動之前應該先明確目標”)Outcomesarewhatproducebenefits成效帶來效益Clearlysettingoutcomesiskeytodesigningandbuildingresults-basedM&Esystem設定清晰的成效對于設計和建立結果導向的監(jiān)測與評價體系至關重要Important!Budgettooutputs,managetooutcomes!重要!

針對產出進行預算，針對成效進行管理！26WhyanEmphasisonOutcomes?

為DevelopingOutcomesforOnePolicyArea:Education

政策領域的成效設定：以教育為例2.Primaryschoollearningoutcomesforchildrenareimproved2.提高兒童小學學習的成效1.Nationschildrenhaveimprovedaccesstopre-schoolprograms1.使全國有更多的兒童加入學前教育計劃Targets:具體目標:Baselines:基準:Indicators:指標:Outcomes:成效:27DevelopingOutcomesforOnePoOutcomes:

成效:Outcomesareusuallynotdirectlymeasured—onlyreportedon通常無法對成效進行直接衡量——只須報告Outcomesmustbetranslatedtoasetofkeyindicators必須將成效轉化為一組關鍵指標Whenchoosingoutcomes,“Donotgoitalone!”–agreementiscrucial選擇成效時，“切忌一意孤行！”——取得一致意見至關重要28Outcomes:

成效:OutcomesareusuaStep3:SelectingKeyIndicatorstoMonitorOutcomes

步驟3:選擇監(jiān)測成效的關鍵指標PlanningforImprovement

SelectingRealisticTargets為改善績效進行規(guī)劃——選擇切合實際的具體目標51ConductingaReadinessAssessment實施就緒度評價3SelectingKeyIndicatorstoMonitorOutcomes選擇關鍵指標監(jiān)測成效7TheRoleofEvaluations評價的作用9UsingFindings使用發(fā)現(xiàn)2AgreeingonOutcomestoMonitorandEvaluate對要監(jiān)測與評價的成效形成一致意見4BaselineDataonIndicators—WhereAreWeToday?指標的基準數(shù)據(jù)——我們現(xiàn)在處于什么情況？6MonitoringforResults結果導向的監(jiān)測8ReportingFindings匯報發(fā)現(xiàn)SustainingtheM&ESystemwithintheOrganization監(jiān)測與評價體系在組織內的持續(xù)發(fā)展1029Step3:SelectingKeyIndicatoIndicators

指標Aspecificmeasure(orsetofdata)thatindicatesprogress(ornot)towardaspecifictarget用來表明特定目標實現(xiàn)進展（或偏離情況）的一種具體的測量方法（或一組數(shù)據(jù)）Indicatorsasksthequestion:Howwillweknowsuccesswhenweseeit?指標提出這樣一個問題：當我們看到成功時如何得知這就是成功？30Indicators

指標AspecificmeasurIndicatorDevelopment

指標開發(fā)“CREAM”Claer清晰Relevant相關Economic經(jīng)濟Adequate充足Monitorable可監(jiān)測31IndicatorDevelopment

指標開發(fā)“CREMatrixforSelectingIndicators

指標選擇矩陣Indicator指標Datacollectionmethod數(shù)據(jù)收集方法Frequency&costtocollect收集頻率和成本W(wǎng)howillanalyzeandreportdata?誰負責分析和匯報數(shù)據(jù)Whowillcollectdata?誰負責收集數(shù)據(jù)Whowillusethedata?誰將使用數(shù)據(jù)Difficultytocollect收集的難度Datasource數(shù)據(jù)來源1.2.3.

32MatrixforSelectingIndicatorDevelopingSetofOutcomeIndicatorsforOnePolicyArea:Education

為教育這一政策領域開發(fā)一套成效指標1.%ofGrade6studentsscoring70%orbetteronstandardizedmathandsciencetests1.六年級學生在標準化的數(shù)學和自然科學考試中得到70分或以上成績的人數(shù)比例2.%ofGrade6studentsscoringhigheronstandardizedmathandsciencetestsincomparisontobaselinedata2.六年級學生在標準化的數(shù)學和自然科學考試中成績高于基準數(shù)據(jù)的人數(shù)比例1.%ofeligibleurbanchildrenenrolledinpre-schooleducation

1.城市適齡兒童接受學前教育的比例2.%ofeligibleruralchildrenenrolledinpre-schooleducation2.農村適齡兒童接受學前教育的比例Targets:具體目標:

Baselines:基準:Indicators:指標:Outcomes:成效:2.Primaryschoollearningoutcomesforchildrenareimproved2.提高兒童小學學習的成效1.Nationschildrenhaveimprovedaccesstopre-schoolprograms1.使全國有更多的兒童加入學前教育計劃33DevelopingSetofOutcomeIndiDevelopingIndicators

開發(fā)指標Developyourownindicatorstomeetyourneeds開發(fā)滿足自己需要的指標Developinggoodindicatorsusuallytakesmorethanonetry開發(fā)好的指標通常要進行多次嘗試Arrivingatfinalindicatorswilltaketime開發(fā)出最終的指標要花費一定的時間Stateallindicatorsneutrally–not“increasein…”or“decreasein…”用中性詞語描述所有的指標，而非“在……增長了……”或“在……下降了……”之類的表達Pilot,Pilot,andPilot!試點，試點，再試點！34DevelopingIndicators

開發(fā)指標DeveStep4:GatheringBaselineDataonIndicators

步驟4:收集指標的基準數(shù)據(jù)PlanningforImprovement

SelectingRealisticTargets為改善績效進行規(guī)劃——選擇切合實際的具體目標51ConductingaReadinessAssessment實施就緒度評價3SelectingKeyIndicatorstoMonitorOutcomes選擇關鍵指標監(jiān)測成效7TheRoleofEvaluations評價的作用9UsingFindings使用發(fā)現(xiàn)2AgreeingonOutcomestoMonitorandEvaluate對要監(jiān)測和評價的成效形成一致意見4BaselineDataonIndicators—WhereAreWeToday?指標的基準數(shù)據(jù)——我們現(xiàn)在處于什么情況？6MonitoringforResults結果導向的監(jiān)測8ReportingFindings匯報發(fā)現(xiàn)SustainingtheM&ESystemWithintheOrganization監(jiān)測與評價體系在組織內的持續(xù)發(fā)展1035Step4:GatheringBaselineDatBaselineDataand

Sources

基準數(shù)據(jù)及來源Baselinedata:Measurementtofindoutwherearewetoday?基準數(shù)據(jù)：明確我們現(xiàn)在處于什么情況的測量結果Primarysource::gatheredspecificallyfortheproject主要來源：專門為項目收集的數(shù)據(jù)Secondarysource::collectedforanotherpurpose,butcanbeusedfrom:withinorganization,government,internationaldatasources,etc.cansavemoneybutbecarefultoensurethatitistrulytheinformationyouneed次要來源：為其它目的收集的數(shù)據(jù)，但也可以使用來源：組織內部、政府和國際數(shù)據(jù)來源等可以節(jié)約資金，但要注意確保這些信息是你真正需要的36BaselineDataandSources

基準數(shù)PossibleSources

可能的數(shù)據(jù)來源Writtenrecords書面記錄Individualsinvolvedwiththeintervention參與干預措施的個人Thegeneralpublic公眾Trainedobservers訓練有素的觀察員Mechanicalmeasurements機械測量Geographicalinformationsystem地理信息系統(tǒng)37PossibleSources

可能的數(shù)據(jù)來源WritteConversation

with

concerned

individuals與相關人員交談CommunityInterviews社區(qū)訪談Field

visits實地調研Reviewsofofficialrecords(MISandadmindata)查閱官方數(shù)據(jù)

(管理信息系統(tǒng)和管理數(shù)據(jù))Participant

Observation參與式觀察Keyinformant

interviews與關鍵知情者面談FocusGroupInterviews焦點組訪談Questionnaires問卷調查PanelSurveys同樣本調查Census人口普查Field

experiments現(xiàn)場試驗

Informal/LessStructuredMethods非正式性/結構性較差的方法

MoreStructured/FormalMethods更具結構性/正式的方法One-Time

Survey一次性調查Direct

observation直接觀察38Field

visitsParticipant

ObserContinuingExample,DevelopingBaselineDataforOnePolicyArea:Education

開發(fā)基準數(shù)據(jù)：以教育為例1。47%in2002scored70%orbetterinmath.50%in2002scored70%orbetter

1.2002年在數(shù)學和自然科學考試中取得70分或以上成績的學生比例分別為47%和50%2.Mean%scorein2002forGrad6studentsformathwas68%,and53%forscience2.2002年六年級學生數(shù)學和自然科學平均成績分別為68分和53分1.75%urbanin1999

1.1999年城市兒童接受學前教育的比例為75%2.40%ruralin2000

2.2000年農村兒童接受學前教育的比例為40%1.%ofGrade6studentsscoring70%orbetteronstandardizedmathandsciencetests1。六年級學生在標準化的數(shù)學和自然科學考試中得到70分或以上成績的人數(shù)比例2.%ofGrade6studentsscoringhigheronstandardizedmathandsciencetestsincomparisontobaselinedata2.六年級學生在標準化的數(shù)學和自然科學考試中成績高于基準數(shù)據(jù)的人數(shù)比例1.%ofeligibleurbanchildrenenrolledinpre-schooleducation

1.城市適齡兒童接受學前教育的比例2.%ofeligibleruralchildrenenrolledinpre-schooleducation2.農村適齡兒童接受學前教育的比例Targets:具體目標:Baselines:基準:Indicators:指標:Outcomes:成效:2.Primaryschoollearningoutcomesforchildrenareimproved2.提高兒童小學學習的成效1.Nationschildrenhaveimprovedaccesstopre-schoolprograms1.使全國有更多的兒童加入學前教育計劃39ContinuingExample,DevelopingStep5:PlanningforImprovements—SettingRealisticTargets

步驟5:為改善績效進行規(guī)劃

——設定切合實際的具體目標PlanningforImprovement

SelectingRealisticTargets為改善績效進行規(guī)劃——選擇切合實際的具體目標51ConductingaReadinessAssessment實施就緒度評價3SelectingKeyIndicatorstoMonitorOutcomes選擇關鍵指標監(jiān)測成效7TheRoleofEvaluations評價的作用9UsingFindings使用發(fā)現(xiàn)2AgreeingonOutcomestoMonitorandEvaluate對要監(jiān)測和評價的成效形成一致意見4BaselineDataonIndicators—WhereAreWeToday?指標的基準數(shù)據(jù)——我們現(xiàn)在處于什么情況？6MonitoringforResults結果導向的監(jiān)測8ReportingFindings匯報發(fā)現(xiàn)SustainingtheM&ESystemWithintheOrganization監(jiān)測與評價體系在組織內的持續(xù)發(fā)展1040Step5:PlanningforImprovemeTargets:

具體目標:Thequantifiablelevelsoftheindicatorsthatacountryororganizationwantstoachieveatagivenpointintime一個國家或組織希望在某一時點能夠實現(xiàn)的量化指標水平Example:Agriculturalexportswillincreaseinthenextthreeyearsby20%overthebaseline示例：未來3年農業(yè)出口將在基準出口水平的基礎上增加20%41Targets:

具體目標:ThequantifiableIdentifyingExpectedorDesiredLevelofImprovementRequiresTargets

需要具體目標來確定期望或理想的改善程度Baseline

Indicator

Level指標的基準水平Desired

Levelof

Improvement預計的改善水平Assumesa

finiteand

expectedlevelofinputs,activities,andoutputs假設投入、活動和產出的期望水平是給定的Target

Performance具體的績效目標Desiredlevelofperformancetobereachedwithinaspecifictime特定時期內所要達到的預定績效水平+=42IdentifyingExpectedorDesireCaution:

請注意:Ittakestimetoobservetheeffectsofimprovements,therefore:BerealisticwhensettingtargetsAvoidpromisingtoomuchandthusprogrammingyourselftofail需要一定時間才能看到改進效果，因此：設定具體目標時要切合實際避免過多承諾，以免使自己陷于失敗43Caution:

請注意:IttakestimetoContinuingExample,SettingPerformanceTargetsforOnePolicyArea:

Education

設定具體目標：以教育為例1.80%by2006inmath-7%by20061.2006年之前在數(shù)學和自然科學考試取得70分或以上成績的學生比例要分別達到80%和70%2.MeanMathtestscorein2006is78%--meansciencescorein2006is65%2.2006年數(shù)學和自然科學平均成績分別要達到78分和65分1.85%urbanin20061.2006年城市兒童接受學前教育的比例要達到85%2.60%ruralin20062.2006年農村兒童接受學前教育的比例要達到60%1.47%in2002scored70%orbetterinmath.50%in2002scored70%orbetter1.2002年在數(shù)學和自然科學考試中取得70分或以上成績的學生比例分別為47%和50%2.Mean%scorein2002forGrad6studentsformathwas68%,and53%forscience2.2002年六年級學生數(shù)學和自然科學平均成績分別為68分和53分1.75%urbanin19991.1999年城市兒童接受學前教育的比例為75%2.40%ruralin2000

2.2000年農村兒童接受學前教育的比例為40%1.%ofGrade6studentsscoring70%orbetteronstandardizedmathandsciencetests1.六年級學生在標準化的數(shù)學和自然科學考試中得到70分或以上成績的人數(shù)比例2.%ofGrade6studentsscoringhigheronstandardizedmathandsciencetestsincomparisontobaselinedata2.六年級學生在標準化的數(shù)學和自然科學考試中成績高于基準數(shù)據(jù)的人數(shù)比例1.%ofeligibleurbanchildrenenrolledinpre-schooleducation

1.城市適齡兒童接受學前教育的比例2.%ofeligibleruralchildrenenrolledinpre-schooleducation2.農村適齡兒童接受學前教育的比例

Targets:具體目標:

Baselines:基準:Indicators:指標:Outcomes:成效:2.Primaryschoollearningoutcomesforchildrenareimproved2.提高兒童小學學習的成效1.

Nationschildrenhaveimprovedaccesstopre-schoolprograms1.使全國有更多的兒童加入學前教育計劃44ContinuingExample,SettingPeStep6:MonitoringforResults

步驟6:結果導向的監(jiān)測PlanningforImprovement

SelectingRealisticTargets為改善績效進行規(guī)劃——選擇切合實際的具體目標51ConductingaReadinessAssessment實施就緒度評價3SelectingKeyIndicatorstoMonitorOutcomes選擇關鍵指標監(jiān)測成效7TheRoleofEvaluations評價的作用9UsingFindings使用發(fā)現(xiàn)2AgreeingonOutcomestoMonitorandEvaluate對要監(jiān)測和評價的成效形成一致意見4BaselineDataonIndicators—WhereAreWeToday?指標的基準數(shù)據(jù)——我們現(xiàn)在處于什么情況？6MonitoringforResults結果導向的監(jiān)測8ReportingFindings匯報發(fā)現(xiàn)SustainingtheM&ESystemWithintheOrganization監(jiān)測與評價體系在組織內的持續(xù)發(fā)展1045Step6:MonitoringforResultsKeyTypesofMonitoring

監(jiān)測的主要類型ResultsMonitoring結果監(jiān)測

ImplementationMonitoring

(MeansandStrategies)實施情況監(jiān)測

(手段和策略)Outcomes成效Impacts影響Results結果Inputs投入Activities活動Outputs產出Implementation實施情況46KeyTypesofMonitoring

監(jiān)測的主要類ImplementationMonitoringLinkstoResultsMonitoring

實施監(jiān)測與結果監(jiān)測相關聯(lián)MeansandStrategies

(Multi-yearandAnnualWorkPlans)方法和策略

(多年期和年度工作計劃)MeansandStrategies

(Multi-yearandAnnualWorkPlans)方法和策略

(多年期和年度工作計劃)MeansandStrategies

(Multi-yearandAnnualWorkPlans)方法和策略

(多年期和年度工作計劃)MonitorResults監(jiān)測結果

Monitor

Implementation監(jiān)測實施Target1具體目標1Target2具體目標2Target3具體目標3Outcome成效47ImplementationMonitoringLinkTarget1具體目標1Partner1合作伙伴1Partner2合作伙伴2Partner3合作伙伴3Means&Strategy方法與策略Partner1合作伙伴1Partner2合作伙伴2Partner3合作伙伴3Means&Strategy方法與策略Partner1合作伙伴1Partner2合作伙伴2Partner3合作伙伴3Means&Strategy方法與策略Target2具體目標2Outcome成效Outcome成效Outcome成效Impact影響48Target1具體目標1Partner1Partner2PSuccessfulMonitoringSystems

成功的監(jiān)測體系Tobesuccessful,everymonitoringsystemneedsthefollowing:每個成功的監(jiān)測體系都需要：Ownership所有權Management管理Maintenance維護Credibility可信度49SuccessfulMonitoringSystems

Step7:TheRoleofEvaluations

步驟7:評價的作用PlanningforImprovement

SelectingRealisticTargets為改善績效進行規(guī)劃——選擇切合實際的具體目標51ConductingaReadinessAssessment實施就緒度評價3SelectingKeyIndicatorstoMonitorOutcomes選擇關鍵指標監(jiān)測成效7TheRoleofEvaluations評價的作用9UsingFindings使用發(fā)現(xiàn)2AgreeingonOutcomestoMonitorandEvaluate對要監(jiān)測和評價的成效形成一致意見4BaselineDataonIndicators—WhereAreWeToday?指標的基準數(shù)據(jù)——我們現(xiàn)在處于什么情況？6MonitoringforResults結果導向的監(jiān)測8ReportingFindings匯報發(fā)現(xiàn)SustainingtheM&ESystemWithintheOrganization監(jiān)測與評價體系在組織內的持續(xù)發(fā)展1050Step7:TheRoleofEvaluationEvaluationMeansInfoon:

評價提供下列信息：Strategy戰(zhàn)略Whetherwearedoingtherightthings我們是否在做正確的事Rationale/justification原理/理由Cleartheoryofchange清晰的變革理論Operation操作Whetherwearedoingthingsright我們是否在正確地做事Effectivenessinachievingexpectedoutcomes達到預期成效方面的效果Efficiencyinoptimizingresources優(yōu)化資源方面的效率Clientsatisfaction客戶滿意度Learning學習Whethertherearebetterwaysofdoingit是否有更好的方法Alternatives其它方法Bestpractices最佳實踐Lessonslearned經(jīng)驗教訓51EvaluationMeansInfoon:

評價提供EvaluationandMonitoring–WhentoUse?

評價和監(jiān)測——何時實施?Anytimethereisanunexpectedresultthatrequiresfurtherinvestigation出現(xiàn)預期之外的結果并且需要進一步調查研究的時候Whenresourceorbudgetallocationsarebeingmadeacrossprojects,programs,orpolicies在不同項目、計劃或政策之間進行資源或預算分配的時候Whenadecisionisbeingmadewhetherornottoexpandapilot進行是否擴大試點范圍決策的時候Whenthereisalongperiodwithnoimprovement,andthereasonsforthisarenotclear在很長時期內未提高績效，并且原因不明的時候Whensimilarprogramsorpoliciesarereportingdivergentoutcomes類似計劃或政策匯報的成效各不相同時52EvaluationandMonitoring–WhStep8:ReportingFindings

步驟8:匯報發(fā)現(xiàn)PlanningforImprovement

SelectingRealisticTargets為改善績效進行規(guī)劃——選擇切合實際的具體目標51ConductingaReadinessAssessment實施就緒度評價3SelectingKeyIndicatorstoMonitorOutcomes選擇關鍵指標監(jiān)測成效7TheRoleofEvaluations評價的作用9UsingFindings使用發(fā)現(xiàn)2AgreeingonOutcomestoMonitorandEvaluate對要監(jiān)測和評價的成效形成一致意見4BaselineDataonIndicators—WhereAreWeToday?指標的基準數(shù)據(jù)——我們現(xiàn)在處于什么情況？6MonitoringforResults結果導向的監(jiān)測8ReportingFindings匯報發(fā)現(xiàn)SustainingtheM&ESystemWithintheOrganization監(jiān)測與評價體系在組織內的持續(xù)發(fā)展1053Step8:ReportingFindings

步驟AnalyzingandReportingData

數(shù)據(jù)的分析與匯報Givesinformationonthestatusofprojects,programs,andpolicies提供項目、計劃和政策的狀態(tài)信息Providescluestoproblems提供問題線索Createsopportunitiestoconsiderimprovementsinthe(projects,programs,orpolicy)implementationstrategies為考慮改進（項目、計劃或政策）實施策略創(chuàng)造機會Providesimportantinformationovertimeontrendsanddirections提供某段時間內發(fā)展趨勢和方向方面的重要信息Helpsconfirmorchallengetheoryofchangebehindtheproject,programorpolicy幫助確證或質疑項目、計劃或政策背后的變革理論54AnalyzingandReportingData

數(shù)AnalyzingData

分析數(shù)據(jù)ExaminechangesovertimeComparepresenttopastdatatolookfortrendsandotherchangesThemoredatapointsyouhave,themorecertainyouareofyourtrends研究隨時間發(fā)生的變化比較當前和過去的數(shù)據(jù)，觀察趨勢和其它變化擁有的數(shù)據(jù)點越多，對趨勢的判斷就越準確?TimeImprovingaccess

toruralmarkets時間增加進入農村市場的機會進入機會AccessTimeImprovingaccess

toruralmarkets時間增加進入農村市場的機會進入機會Access55AnalyzingData

分析數(shù)據(jù)ExaminechaPresentingData

呈報數(shù)據(jù)Presentmostimportantdataonly只呈報最重要的數(shù)據(jù)Useanappendixoraseparatereportfordetailedtechnicaldata使用附件或單獨報告來呈報詳細的技術數(shù)據(jù)Usevisualpresentations(charts,graphs,maps)toillustrateandhighlightkeypoints使用有形的呈報形式（圖表、圖形、地圖）來說明和突出關鍵數(shù)據(jù)Avoid“datadumps”避免出現(xiàn)“數(shù)據(jù)轉儲”56PresentingData

呈報數(shù)據(jù)PresentmoStep9:UsingFindings

步驟9:使用發(fā)現(xiàn)PlanningforImprovement

SelectingRealisticTargets為改善績效進行規(guī)劃——選擇切合實際的具體目標51ConductingaReadinessAssessment實施就緒度評價3SelectingKeyIndicatorstoMonitorOutcomes選擇關鍵指標監(jiān)測成效7TheRoleofEvaluations評價的作用9UsingFindings使用發(fā)現(xiàn)2AgreeingonOutcomestoMonitorandEvaluate對要監(jiān)測和評價的成效形成一致意見4BaselineDataonIndicators—WhereAreWeToday?指標的基準數(shù)據(jù)——我們現(xiàn)在處于什么情況？6MonitoringforResults結果導向的監(jiān)測8ReportingFindings匯報發(fā)現(xiàn)SustainingtheM&ESystemWithintheOrganization監(jiān)測與評價體系在組織內的持續(xù)發(fā)展1057Step9:UsingFindings

步驟9:使TenUsesofResultsFindings

結果的10個用途Respondstoelectedofficials’andthepublic’sdemandsforaccountability回應官員和公眾對問責機制的要求Helpsformulateandjustifybudgetrequests幫助制定和論證預算要求Helpsinmakingoperationalresourceallocationdecisions幫助進行可用資源分配決策Triggersin-depthexaminationsofwhatperformanceproblemsexistandwhatcorrectionsareneeded引發(fā)對存在的績效問題和所需的改進進行深入研