Chapters-23-24-英國文學簡史(English-Literature)

KeyPointsinChapter19TheEarly20thCenturyTheEdwardiansTheGeorgiansKeyPointsinChapter19TheEa1TheEarly20thCentury

IntroductionWhenQueenVictoriadiedin1901,anerawasformallyover.Thenewcenturybeganwithitsparticularsetofproblems.Foronething,thecrisisoffaith,firstclearlyfeltwiththepublicationofCharlesDarwin’sTheOriginofSpecies.Pessimismwasprevalent.ThentheBritishempirewasdeclining.Furthermore,thestatusofartsandliteraturewasbeginningtoundergoaprocessofredefining.Therewasastrongsenseofdisaffectionandhugedriveforchangeintheliterarycircles.Importantdevelopmentinthefieldssuchaspsychology,anthropologyandphilosophywereexertingafar-reachinginfluenceonliterarycreation.TheEarly20thCentury

Introdu2TheEdwardians

IntroductionInherfamousessay,“ModernFiction,”VirginiaWoolfsingledoutthreenovelistsofthefirstyearsofthe20thcenturyforanalysisandbrandedthemas“Edwardians,”anomenclaturenotfavorableinmeaning.Hermajorcomplaintwasabouttheirover-emphasisonthedescriptionofexternalitiesintheirrepresentationofliferatherthanontheinternalworldofman.Theauthorswhowroteandmadetheirnamesinthis“Edwardian”periodwhenKingEdwardwasonthethroneforadecadeincludedArnoldBennett,H.G.Wells,JohnGalsworthy,JosephConrad,RudyardKiplingandE.M.Forster.TheEdwardians

Introduction3Chapters-23-24--英國文學簡史ppt(English-Literature)4Chapters-23-24--英國文學簡史ppt(English-Literature)5TheEdwardians

JohnGalsworthy(1867-1933)HewasoneofthemostprolificwritersoftheperiodandwontheNobelPrizein1932.HeinheritedthegreattraditionofrealisminEnglishliterature.Histhemesfocusonthelivesandexperiencesoftherichmenofproperty,theirselfishness,theirphilistinism,theirdecadence,depravity,anddecline,andtheirfierceconflictwiththeworkers.Hismajorworksincludethethreetrilogies,TheForsyteSaga,AModernComedyandTheEndoftheChapter.ThebestknownofhisworksaretheForsyteSaganovels—TheManofProperty,InChancery,andToLet.TheEdwardians

JohnGalsworthy6TheEdwardians

H.G.Wells(1866-1946)Wellswasanovelistreformer.Heisbestrememberedforhisachievementinsciencefictionanhispropheciesabouttheoutbreakofthetwoworldwars.Wellshasbeenregardedasoneofthefoundingfiguresofthegenre—sciencefiction.HismajorfictionnovelsincludeTheTimeMachine,TheWaroftheWorlds,TheFirstMenintheMoon,andTheInvisibleMan.TheEdwardians

H.G.Wells(187TheEdwardians

JosephConrad(1857-1924)ToclassifyConradasanEdwardianistodolessjusticetohimthanhereallydeserves.Hewasaneffectivetransitionalfigure.Conraddrawsinhisliteraryendeavorsmostlyfromhisexperienceontheseaandintheremotepartsoftheworld.OneofthesalientfeaturesofhisfictionsisthestrikinglypermeatingsenseofdisjunctionandfragmentationthatcharacterizestheModernistworks.Anotherfeatureofhisfictionistheirpsychologicalexplorationsandtheirfocusontheinteriorityofthecharacters.TheEdwardians

JosephConrad(8TheEdwardians

JosephConrad(1857-1924)Conrad’sfictionsfallroughlyunderthreecategories—theseanovels,theforestnovels,andthesocialnovels.Hismajorworksare:Almayer’sFolly,TheOutcastoftheIslands,TheNiggeroftheNarcissus,LordJim,Typhoon,and

TheHeartofDarkness.TheEdwardians

JosephConrad(9TheEdwardians

E.M.Forster(1879-1970)Hissubjectstouchuponsuchthemesastheinnerworldofman,thesenseofestrangementandalienation,andtherelationshipbetweenmanandnature,allthemesthatsmellstronglyofModernism.Hisfamousnovel,PassagetoIndia,writteninthetraditionalmanner,triestorepresentandexplorethepsychologicalfacetofman.TheEdwardians

E.M.Forster(10TheEdwardians

KatherineMansfield(1888-1923)Mansfield’sachievementintheshortstorieshasbeensuchthatsherepresentsamilestoneinthehistoryofthegenre.Shedrawsprofuselyfromherrecollectionsofherchildhood,herfamily,andhernativecity.Herbestwork“Prelude”,and“AtBay,”and“TheGardenParty”aregoodexamples.HercollectionsofshortstoriesincludeBlissandOtherStories,TheGardenPartyandOtherStories,TheDove’sNestandOtherStories,SomethingChildishandOtherStoriesandNovelsandNovelists.TheEdwardians

KatherineMansf11TheGeorgians

IntroductionTheGeorgianswereagroupoftypicalpoetswhoseworksareincludedinSirEdwardMarsh’sGeorgianAnthologies.Theywroteandpublishedmainlybetween1910and1920.Theseincluded,amongothers,JohnDrinkwater,D.H.Davies,WalterdelaMare,W.W.Gibbon,EdwardThomas,RupertBrook,RobertGraves,andEdmundBlunden.TheGeorgiansrejectedtheavant-gardeaesthetickindofpoetryofthelastdecadeofthe19thcenturyandturnedbacktotradition.TheGeorgians

Introduction12KeyPointsinChapter20The1920sVirginiaWoolfJamesJoyceKeyPointsinChapter20The1913The1920s

IntroductionITheBritishEmpirewasundergoingagravecrisis.Internally,itwassinkingintoanabyssofmountingproblems.Extremesofwealthandpovertybecameintolerablyacute.SlumsincreasedincrediblyMortalityrateskyrocketedamongtheworkingclassandtheirfamilies.Strikesoccurredthathelpedparalyzenationaleconomy.Thenationalmoralityplummetedalongwithproductivity.The1920s

IntroductionI14The1920s

IntroductionIIAbroadthecountrywasfeelingtheincreasingimpactoftheeconomicdepressionthenenvelopingthewholeofEuropeinitsclutches.Thetensionbetweentheimperialistpowerswasfastapproachingitsbreakingpoint.Britainbegantofacethealarmingenormityofthethreatofthenationalindependencestrugglesofthoseoppressedpeople.ThenWWIbrokeoutandtheEmpirelostitsworldpowersupremacyaswellasitseconomicdominanceinEurope.The1920s

IntroductionII15The1920s

IntroductionIIIThechangeschieflyoccurredinthewakeoftheadvancesinscienceandtechnologyandthegrowingcrisisoffaith.ByfarthemostimportantdevelopmentsinthefieldofphilosophyandpsychologyduringthisperiodthatimpactedliterarycreativityandcriticismshouldbeBergson’snotionoftimeandFreud’stheoryofpsychoanalysis.ToBergson,timeisnottobemerelymeasuredinclocktime,orthetraditionalrepresentationsofhours,days,monthsandyears.Bergson’sphilosophyoftimehelpedpavethewayfortheriseofmodernismor“streamofconsciousness”literature.Freud’stheoryof“thesubconscious”addedimpetustotheemergenceofthenewformofliteraryexpression.The1920s

IntroductionIII16The1920s

IntroductionIVThenewcriticalsystemwoulddepreciateanddisparagetheconventionalnovelsforplacingfocussolelyontheexternalitiesoflife;itwouldalsohelppromotethemodernwayofexpressionanditsemphasisontheexcavationoftheinnerworldofman.Theyears1912-1914sawtheappearanceofallkindsofinnovations.Thevariouslevelsoftension,theabsurdityoflife,thegrowingsenseofalienation,theevilsideofnature,andtheexistentialcrisisofman—allthesecametothesurfacecryingforattentionandgaverisetothediverseattitudesofnegativitysuchaspessimism,nihilism,andexistentialism.The1920s

IntroductionIV17The1920s

IntroductionVVariedexperienceoftheperioddemandedanew,variedmodeofexpression.ImpressionismappearedalongwithDadaismandExpressionism.SymbolismandSurrealismbecamestylishandpopular.Modernismrepresentsanewmodeofperception,amajorfeatureofwhichisdisjunctiveirony.Theattempttocopewithchaosandfragmentationledtoinwardtranscendence,totheconstructionofamoreperfectworld,aliterarycosmos,aself-imposedandself-containedsenseofwholenessandharmonyinart.Italsoledtoartasarefuge,anideal.The1920s

IntroductionV18The1920s

IntroductionVINowinretrospect,peoplehavecometoseethatthevalueofModernisminheresnotsomuchintheanswersithasfurnished,asinitspresentingtotheworldtheawarenessofcrisisineveryaspectoflife.TheaestheticcrisisinthebodyofModernism—theexcessiveemphasisonthepsychologicalbutundueneglectoftheexternalpartoflife—alsohelpedleadfinallytotheimpasseimpossibleforittoavoid.The1920s

IntroductionVI19VirginiaWoolf

(1882-1941)

IntroductionIVirginiaWoolfwasprobablythepersonwhoannouncedthecomingofthenewagewithherclearvoiceandvision.Shefeelsthatthetraditionalnoveliststrytomeetthetyrannicalneedforplotinterest.Toher,thehumanmindreceiveseveryday“amyriadofimpressions”whichdonotalwaysprovidetherightstuffforanyplotinterestinatragedyorcomedyoralovestory,norleadtoanlogicaltraditionalendings.Woolfthuscalledforanewkindofnovelandaskedwriterstoexploreandportraytheinnerlife.Asaresult,modernwritersalldidtheirbesttobringtoattentiontheworkingsofmind,whichisoftenirrational,mysterious,subconscious,fluid,operatingthroughfreeassociations.Thestream-of-consciousnessmethodofwritingthusbecameavogue.VirginiaWoolf

(1882-1941)

In20VirginiaWoolfIntroductionIIChaosissoubiquitousthatanorderedworldasimposedfromoutsidelifeamythiccenterisnothingbutanillusion.Characterizationratherthanplotthusbecomesthetopmostconcernforwriters.TheymadeittheirjobasModerniststoseekorderandforminaworldinwhichneitherseemedclearlypresent.ToWoolf,artisimportantbecauseitgivesmeaningtolife,helpsconquertheinevitabledisillusionmentsoflife,andprovidesthefulfillmentofhappinessthatnothingelsecanoffer.Shebelievesthatartcancreateaman-madeparadise.VirginiaWoolfIntroductionII21VirginiaWoolfIntroductionIIIThereflectionofthemind’sresponsebecomeshermajorfeatureofcharacterization.Whenshehadtakentheportrayofinteriorlifeinthemethodofstreamofconsciousnesstoitsfarthestpossiblepoint,Mrs.Woolffoundherselffacetofacewithwhatwouldinevitablyoccur—thedisintegrationandthelossoftheselfforhercharacters.Sinceobsessiveconcernwithdepthisvalidatedbythebeliefandassumptionthatcharacterisintact,depthandsurfacebegintoclash.VirginiaWoolfIntroductionIII22VirginiaWoolfMajorWorksJacob’sRoomMrs.DallowayTotheLighthouseTheWavesTheYearsBetweentheActsVirginiaWoolfMajorWorks23JamesJoyce

(1882-1941)IntroductionJoycewasbornintoadecliningIrishmiddleclassfamily.Hewasfinanciallynevercomfortableallhislife.ButJoyceneverlostsightofhispriority—theambitiontowritethegreatestliteratureofhistime.Hewassuchaconsciousliteraryartistthathespentyearsonthewritingofonebook.Withregardtohisformalfeatures,Joyceisnotedforhisfrankrepresentationofreality.Heembracesrealismagainstromanticism.Forhim,characterizationmattersmorethandoesplot.Joyceisalsowellrenownedforhisadroituseofthestream-of-consciousnesstechniqueandhiscontributiontoitssubsequentpopularityasaneffectivestylisticmedium.JamesJoyce

(1882-1941)Introd24JamesJoyce

MajorWorksDublinersItisacollectionof15stories.Althoughthenarratorsofthestoriesaredifferent,theyareallinessencethefictionalexternalizationsoftheauthor’sinnerworldandtheprocessofhisemotiona