2024年全球合作晴雨表WEF-The-Global-Cooperation-Barometer-2024-英

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4Images:GettyImagesContentsForeword34AbouttheGlobalCooperationBarometerExecutivesummary6Introduction:ThestateofglobalcooperationFivepillarsofglobalcooperationPillar1Trade

andcapital799Pillar2InnovationandtechnologyPillar3ClimateandnaturalcapitalPillar4HealthandwellnessPillar5PeaceandsecurityConclusion:Towards

amorecooperativefutureAppendix:SourcesandmethodologyContributors1113151719202223EndnotesDisclaimerThisdocumentispublishedbytheWorldEconomicForumasacontributiontoaproject,insightareaorinteraction.The?ndings,interpretationsandconclusionsexpressedhereinarearesultofacollaborativeprocessfacilitatedandendorsedbytheWorldEconomicForumbutwhoseresultsdonotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsoftheWorldEconomicForum,northeentiretyofitsMembers,Partnersorotherstakeholders.?2024WorldEconomicForum.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem.TheGlobalCooperationBarometer20242January2024TheGlobalCooperationBarometer2024ForewordB?rgeBrendePresident,WorldEconomicForumBobSternfelsGlobalManagingPartner,McKinsey&CompanyThelaunchoftheGlobalCooperationBarometercomesatthestartofacrucialyear,

amidaperiodofimmensegeopolitical,geo-economicandmarketuncertainty,whenthebedrockofwhatwasonceastableglobalsystemisshiftingunderfoot.Leadersinthepublicandprivatesectorswillneedtogain?uencyinthedynamicsdrivingthechangestonotjuststabilizetheirposition,buttobeequippedtoshapeabene?cialfuture.seekingopportunitiesforcollaboration.Notably,attheheightoftheColdWar,

theUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnioncoordinatedoneradicatingsmallpoxandaddressingtheozonelayerintheatmosphere.Andmanycompaniesthatcompetewithoneanotheralso?ndwaystocooperateinareasofmutualbene?t.Itiswithintoday’s

complexgeopoliticalcontextthatgaininganunderstandingoftheshapeofglobalcooperation–andcompetition–isvital.Leadersinbusinessandgovernmentwillneedtorecognizewherethecontoursofoppositionendandthoseofalignmentbegintonavigatethroughthegeopoliticalturbulenceandalsotoshapeamorecooperativefuture.Itisnosecretthatthecurrentglobalcontextisconcerning,asheightenedcompetitionandcon?ictappeartobereplacingcooperation.Theresultisthatnewpowerdynamics,changingdemographicrealitiesandbreakthroughfrontiertechnologiesareraisingthetemperatureonlong-simmeringdistrustratherthanfuelingopportunitiesforbene?t.Manybusinessesarerespondingtothesecomplicated–andoftenfraught–geopoliticaldevelopmentsbyshiftingoperationsandfacilitiesclosertohome.ItisforthisreasonthattheWorldEconomicLeadersinbusinessandgovernment

willneed

to

recognizewhere

thecontoursof

oppositionForumandMcKinsey&CompanydevelopedtheGlobalCooperationBarometer.

Thepurposeofthisanalysis,whichuses42indicatorstomeasurethestateofglobalcooperationbroadlyandalong?veareas,istohelpstakeholdersinbusinessandgovernmentgainabetterunderstandingofthenatureofcooperationthatis,orisnot,takingplace.Yet,

althoughtheworldisheadingtowardsadangerous

dividebysomemeasures,

elsewherethere

are

prospects

forandprogress

oncooperativearrangements.Forinstance,forthe?rsttimesincecountriesbeganmeetingtoaddress

globalwarming,anagreement

wasreached

attheCOP28climatechangeconference

ontransitioningawayfromfossilfuels.endandthose

ofalignmentbegin

tonavigate

throughthegeopoliticalturbulence

andalsoto

shape

amore

cooperativefuture.OurhopeisthattheGlobalCooperationBarometerwillofferstakeholdersatooltouseinshapingahealthier,moreprosperousandmoresustainableworldintheyearaheadandbeyond.Thatcooperationandconfrontationcancoexistshouldnotcomeasasurprise.Historyisrepletewithpartiesatoddswithoneanother,

butstillTheGlobalCooperationBarometer20243AbouttheGlobalCooperationBarometerTheGlobalCooperationBarometer

isstructuredalong?vedimensionsofglobalconnection:tradeandcapital,

innovation

and

technology,

climate

and

naturalcapital,healthandwellness,andpeaceandsecurity.real,

manifestedcooperationanddonotinclude“onpaper”commitments.Outcomemetrics(suchaslifeexpectancy)measure

theprogress

ofcooperation,buttypicallyare

in?uencedbyadditionalfactorsbeyondjustcooperation.Themetricsspancountriesinallgeographiesandalllevelsofdevelopment.These?vepillarswerechosenbecauseoftheirimpactonglobaldevelopmentandtheirexplicitdependenceoncooperativeeffortsamongnationsandeconomies.Asaguidingelementintheanalysis,thebarometeridenti?edgoalsthatactorsareworkingtowardineachofthesethemes.Indoingso,thebarometerdrawsinspirationfromtheUnitedNationsSustainableDevelopmentGoalsandtheeffortsofotherglobalinstitutions.Thebarometerlooksbackatthelast11years,from2012through2022toestablishatrendlineofcooperation.Itindexesdatato2020forthefollowingreason:astheCOVID-19pandemictookhold,itacceleratedmanytrendsexistinginbusinessandsocietyandsetinmotionmanynewones.Indexingthetimeseriesto2020allowsustoseewhattrendswereinplacebeforethepandemic,andthetrendsthatemergedfromit(withoutin?uencingordistortingthetrendsthemselves).Notethatsomemetricshavebeeninvertedsuchthatanyincreaserepresentsapositivedevelopment.To

quantifychangeinthesepillars,42indicatorswere

identi?edthatresearch

suggestsare

eithercooperativeactionsthatadvanceprogress

onthegoalsofthepillarsordemonstratea

broadoutcomefrom

thoseactions.Cooperativeactionmetricsmeasure

actionsthatprovide

evidenceofcooperation;

these

indicators

(such

as

?ows

of

goodsandexchangeofintellectualproperty)

are

evidenceofThemethodologyusedfortheGlobalCooperationBarometerisoutlinedbelow.

DetailsonsourcingofindividualmetricsareintheAppendix.TheGlobalCooperationBarometer’s5pillarsofglobalcooperationTrade

andcapitalPromoteglobaldevelopmentandresilienceFocusofanalysisisoni)developmentandresilientoutcomes;throughii)presenceofglobaleconomic?owsthatpromotelikelyopportunitiesfortheseoutcomesInnovationandtechnologyAccelerateinnovationandbene?cialtechnologicalprogressFocusofanalysisisoni)globalprogressininnovationandtechnology;throughii)presenceoftheglobalsharingofunderlyingknowledgethatcontributestotheseoutcomesbyfosteringcollaborationacrossglobaltalentClimateandnaturalcapitalSupporttheresolutionofclimateandnaturalcapitalchallengesFocusofanalysisisoni)loweringofemissions,preservation

ofnaturalcapital,andpreparedness

forlikelyimpactofclimatechange;through

ii)shared

globalgoals/commitmentsthatincrease

humanity’s

abilitytolimitandadapttothedynamicsofa

changingclimateHealthandwellnessEnableglobalpopulationtoleadlongerandbetterlivesFocusofanalysisisoni)impactoftheburdenofdiseaseondurationandqualityoflife;throughii)commitmenttoglobalpublichealthstandardsandcollaborationthrough?owsofgoods,R&D/IPandhealth?nancingPeaceandsecurityPreventandresolvecon?ictsFocusofanalysisisoni)preventionofdeathandlong-termnegativeimplicationsofcon?ict;throughii)commitmenttomultilateralpeacekeepingoperationsandinternationalstabilizationeffortsTheGlobalCooperationBarometer20244Datacoverage1.

IndexedtrendlinesDatafrom2020servesasthebaseyeartodevelopcomparabletrendlines,withallvaluesin2020equalto1(2020=1).Thisbase-yearstandardizationisthebasisofthescorecalculation,enablingauniformreferencepointforallmetricsandcomparability,despitedifferentunitsanddatasets.1.

GeographyAcrossallmetrics,thebarometeraimstocollectglobaldata.Inmostcases,anaggregateglobalweightedaverageisavailable.Whenaglobalweightedaverageisnotavailable,themostcomprehensivedataisused(e.g.OECDcountries,orasamplesetofcountrieswheredataisavailableforallyears).2.

DatanormalizationWherepossible,metricsarenormalizedtoensurethattrendlinescanbeassessedindependentlyoftheeffectsofeconomicgrowthorpopulationchanges.Forexample,trade,capital,andother?nancial?owsarenormalizedtoglobalGDP,

whilemigrationmetricsarenormalizedtoglobalpopulationlevels.2.

YearsWhilethebarometermeasurescooperationfrom2012through2022,afewmetricsdonothavedataforallyears.Allmetricshave2020datatoensuretheindexedtrendlinecanbecalculated.3.

WeightingEachpillarcomprisestwoindices:anactionindexandanoutcomeindex.To

arriveateach,themetricswithinareweightedequally(i.e.theactionindexisasimpleaverageofmetricsmeasuringcooperativeactions).Theoverallindexforapillariscalculatedasanaverageoftheactionandoutcomemetrics.Aggregateindicesacrosspillarsarealsocalculatedasasimpleaverageofpillarindices(i.e.equalweightingacrosspillars).IndexcalculationTo

evaluateglobalcooperationfairlyandcomparetrendlinesoftheactionandoutcomemetricsacrossthe?vepillars,theglobalcooperationbarometerappliesthefollowingmethodology:TheGlobalCooperationBarometer20245ExecutivesummaryCooperationismultifacetedandcancoexistwithcompetition.Theworldisfacingcomplexchallenges.Addressingthemdemandscooperationatthegloballevel.Aftertrendingpositivelyformuchofthepastdecade,globalcooperationrisksmovingintoreverse.Thestoryvariesbypillar:Today’s

economyisinafragilestate,withgrowthexpectedtobewellbelowthehistoricalaverage,accordingtotheInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF).Revitalizingtradewillbecrucialtostrengtheningtheeconomicoutlookaheadandboostinglivelihoods.However,

theIMFhasraisedalarmsaboutthepossibilityofglobalfragmentation,whichcould––Trade

and

capital:

trade

and

capital

cooperationgrewthroughthepandemicdisruption,butslowedin2023;geopoliticaltensionsandnewrestrictionsmakethefuturepathunclear.1Innovationandtechnology:?owsofdata,IPandinternationalstudentspoweredanincreaseincooperationuntil2020,butnewquestionshavearisenabouthowtoworktogethertoharnessopportunities.shaveoff7%ofglobalGDP.2Similarly,technologicalinnovationiskeytoboostingcurrentlysluggishproductivitygrowth,withgenerativearti?cialintelligence(AI)holdingextraordinarypotential–

$2.6trillionto$4.4trillioninadditionalannualvalueacrossindustries,as–Climateandnaturalcapital:thelevelofcooperationforclimateandnaturalcapitalhasbeenrisingsteadily,dueinlargemeasuretoanincreaseincommitments,butemissionsalsocontinuetorise.estimated

by

the

McKinsey

Global

Institute.

The

only3waytounlockthisbene?tandmanageundesirableconsequencesisthroughglobalcoordination.Climatechangerequiresgovernmentsand––Healthandwellness:cooperationinhealthandwellnessroseswiftlyinresponsetothepandemic,butappearstobesettlingbacktohistoricalpatterns.businessestoworktogethertoreachnetzero,adapttoshiftsinclimatealreadylockedinbypreviousemissions,anddoallofthisinawaythatsupportseconomicdevelopmentacrosstheglobe.Justlikethehealthoftheplanet,thehealthofpeoplerequirescooperationgloballybetweengovernmentsandbusinesses.Long-termadvancementsinhealthandimmediateresponsestoacutecriseslikepandemicsrequirepartiesaroundtheworldtoworktogether.

Yet,

intermsofaddressingthehealthandwell-beingofpeopleandtheplanet,theworldappearsoffcourse,withjust15%oftheSustainablePeaceandsecurity:cooperationinpeaceandsecurityhasdeclinedsince2016andplummetedrecently.Becauseitisunlikelythatthecurrentgeopoliticalclimatewillchangeandcompetitionandconfrontationwillsooncool,thebarometersuggeststhatleadersinbusinessandgovernmentshouldreimaginecooperation.DevelopmentGoalsontrack.4Yet,

ascooperationisbecominganimperative,theworldorderappearstobefragmenting.Indeed,theglobalsecuritylandscape–oncealargelycooperativedomaininthepost-ColdWar

era–isdeteriorating,withtheUnitedNationsnotingatthestartof2023thattheworldwaswitnessingthehighestnumberofviolentcon?ictssinceWorldThebarometershowsthatcooperationismultifaceted,andelementsofcooperationcancoexistwithelementsofrivalry.Leaderscanpractice“coopetition”–balancingcooperationandcompetition–toadvancesharedinterestsinspeci?careas,despitelackofalignmentelsewhere.Further,

leaderscanusetheseinstancesofcooperationtobuildmutualtrust,whichinturncouldstrengthencooperationinotherareas.War

II.5TheGlobalCooperationBarometer2024presentsanapproachtomeasurethecurrentstateofglobalcooperation.Indoingso,thereportismeanttoserveasatoolforleaderstobetterunderstandthecontoursofcooperationbroadlyandalong?vepillars–tradeandcapital?ows,innovationandtechnology,climateandnaturalcapital,healthandwellness,andpeaceandsecurity.Fundamentally,companiesandcountriesshouldrememberthatcooperationbreedsstrengthandresilience.Thosethatthoughtfullyandconstructivelymanagerelationshipsbouncebackbetterfromchallengesandachieveobjectives.6TheGlobalCooperationBarometer20246IntroductionThestateofglobalcooperationMeasuringcooperationisacriticalstepinidentifyingwaystostrengtheningit.Theworldisfacingaplethoraofchallengesthatrequireglobalcooperationtosolve.GlobaltemperaturesshatteredprevioushighsandlastyearDespitethechallengingcontext,thestoryaboutglobalcooperationisnotblackandwhite.Countriesandcompaniescancompetewhilealsocooperating.Competition,andevenconfrontation,canspikeinoneareawhilecooperationcandeepeninothers.Inanotableexample,in2022,amidheightenedtensionsbetweentheUnitedStatesandChina,asclimatenegotiationsbetweenbothcountriesweresuspendedandtalkofdecouplingdominatedairwaves,bilateraltradereachedrecordlevels.13wasthehottestonrecord.peoplehavebeenforciblydisplacedworldwide–thehighestlevelever.

Atthesametime,ongoing7And,over114million8threatsofapandemicandtherisksofnew,unregulatedtechnologieswarrantconcern.Cooperationisnotonlynecessaryasareactivemechanismtoaddressthreateningglobaldevelopments,butitisalsoneededtounlocknewopportunities.Indeed,generativeAIhasthepotentialtocontributeasmuchas$2.6trillionto$4.4trilliontotheglobaleconomy,butrequiressubstantialcoordinationacrosstheglobalecosystemtomitigaterisksandensurebene?tsareTo

helpdevelopabetterunderstandingofthecurrentstateofglobalcooperation,thisreportpresentstheGlobalCooperationBarometer–atoolthatexaminescooperationin?vepillars:tradeandcapital,innovationandtechnology,climateandnaturalcapital,healthandwellness,andpeaceandsecurity.The?vepillarswerechosenbecause,giventheinterconnectednatureoftheworld,cooperationatthegloballevelisnecessarytoseeadvancementsineachoftheseareas.sharedwidely.9Recenthistoryhasshownthatglobalcooperationcandeliverprofoundbene?ts.Duringthe?rstquarter-centuryaftertheendoftheColdWar

–aperiodlargelyseenasahighpointforglobalcooperation–expandedtradeliftedglobalincomesandasaresult,thenumberofpeoplelivinginextremepovertywascutinhalf.10

Instancesoftheinternationalcommunityre?exivelycomingtogetherduringthisperiodaremostevidentthroughsecuritycoordinationintheaftermathoftheSeptember11,2001attacks,?nancialcoordinationinthewakeoftheglobal?nancialcrisisin2008,whichincludedupgradingtheG20,andglobalcommitmentstoaddressthegrowingdangerofclimatechangethroughthe2015signingoftheParisClimateAgreement.Overall,thebarometerindicatesthataftertrendingpositivelyformuchofthepastdecade,globalcooperationhasbeenmildlyreversing(down2%)since2020(Figure1).Theperiodfrom2012tothepandemicwasmarkedbyincreasedcooperationacrossfourofthe?vepillars(peaceandsecuritywastheexception),ledbyinnovationandtechnology’smorethan30%increaseincooperation(Figure2).However,

inmorerecentyearsnewquestionshavearisenabouthowtoworktogethertoharnessopportunitiesthatarisefrominnovation.Overall,thebarometerindicatesthatafter

trendingpositively

for

muchofthepastdecade,globalcooperationhasbeenmildlyreversing

(down2%)

since2020.Bymanyaccounts,thegeopoliticaldialturnedfromcooperationtocompetitioninthemid-2010s,asnationalistforcesincreasedinmanycountriesandprotectionistpoliciesrose.11

Thedialthenturnedfurtherawayfromcooperationascon?ictbrokeoutinEurope,AfricaandtheMiddleEastinrecentyears,withtheUNwarninginearly2023thattheworldwaswitnessingthehighestlevelofviolentcon?ictsinceWorldWar

II.12TheGlobalCooperationBarometer20247FIGURE1

OverallglobalcooperationAverageindexofcooperationmetrics[2020=1]1.11.00.90.80.70.6Overallglobalcooperation20122013201420152016201720182019202020212022Source:McKinsey&CompanyThemaindragsonoverallcooperationsince2020havebeendeclinesincooperationinthehealthandwellnesspillarandthepeaceandsecuritypillar.

Forthelatterpillar,

thetrendwasbroadlynegativefrom2016untilthepandemicanddeterioratedrapidlyafter2020duetosigni?cantincreasesinforciblydisplacedpeopleanddeathsfromcon?ict.risingsteadily,dueinlargemeasuretocooperativeeffortssince2020aroundcommitments.Inthetradeandcapitalpillar,

cooperationshowedsignsofgrowingthroughthepandemicdisruption(butsignsareofmoderationin2023).Thefollowingchapterexaminesthechangesinglobalcooperationineachofthe?vepillarsandisfollowedbyaseriesofrecommendationsforhelpingleadersreimagineglobalcooperationinanewera.Despitethisconcerningtrend,therehavebeensignsofgrowingcooperation.ThelevelofcooperationforclimateandnaturalcapitalhasbeenFIGURE2

CooperationtrendsbypillarAverageindexofcooperationmetrics[2020=1]1.1TradeandcapitalClimateandnatureInnovationandtechnologyHealthandwellness1.00.90.80.70.6Peaceandsecurity20122013201420152016201720182019202020212022Source:McKinsey&CompanyFivepillarsofglobal

cooperationMeasuringalong?vepillarspresentsadynamic,complexpictureofcooperation.TheGlobalCooperationBarometermeasuresglobalcooperationacross?veareas,orpillars:tradeandcapital?ows,innovationandtechnology,climateandnaturalcapital,healthandwellness,andpeaceandsecurity.Eachpillarexaminesevidenceofcooperativeactionsandoutcomesofcooperativeactiontodetermineanoveralllevelofglobalcooperationinthatarea.Pillar

1

Trade

andcapitalThetradeandcapitalpillarlooksatcooperationinpromotingglobalgrowth,developmentandresiliencethroughglobaleconomicintegration.Itre?ectstheinterconnectednatureofthemodernglobaleconomythroughdynamicsintrade,capitalandpeople?ows,allofwhichareanessentialdriverofglobalgrowth.butexperiencedsigni?cantvolatilityduringthepandemicandyearsimmediatelyafter,

particularlyincapital?owsandlabourmigrationpatternswhichdeclinedrelativeto2020.However,

mostmetrics(e.g.goodstrade,developmentassistanceanddevelopingcountries’shareofFDIandmanufacturingexports)returnedtostronggrowthinthepost-pandemicperiod,drivinguptheoveralltrend(Figure3).From2012-2020,cooperationintheformofglobaltradeandcapital?owsrosemoderately,FIGURE3

Pillar1:Trade

andcapitalIndex[2020=1]Compoundannual-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1012345678910growthrate(CAGR)%1.1TradeandcapitalindexDev.countries’shareofFDIGoodstrade1.00.90.80.7ODAServicestradeDev.countries’shareofmfg.exports*Tradeconcentration*,1RemittancesLabourmigrationFDIstockForeignportfolioinvestment(FPI)0.62012-20202020-20222012

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2022*OutcomemetricsNotes:1.Metricswerere?ectedgivennegativeconnotation.Note:Duetomissingdatainsomemetrics,datafromtheclosestyearsareusedtocalculatethetrend.Thesemetricsincludelabourmigration,internationalstudents,cross-borderIPR&D,tradeinITservices,terrestrialprotectedareas,cross-border?owsofpharmaR&D,developmentassistanceforhealth,childmortality,maternalmortality.Source:McKinsey&CompanyTheGlobalCooperationBarometer202492012-2022:Moderategrowthincooperation,followedbypandemic-relatedshake-upsworldandmoremultinationalsreliedon?nancingtonavigatethedisruption.Afterthisinitialsurge,however,

capital?owsnormalized.FDIstocksretreatedto44%ofGDPin2022relativeto49%and47%in2020and2021,respectively.Globalcooperationinthetradeandcapitalpillarincreasedatanaverageannualrateof0.9%between2012-2020,drivenbygrowthinthestockofforeigndirectinvestment(FDI)positionsacrossmanycountries.Globally,FDIstockrosefrom30%in2012to49%in2020,asashareofGDP.InclusivepotentialandunansweredquestionsInasignofwhatmaycomenext,tradein2023grewmoreslowlythanGDP,

atanestimated0.8%(nearly2percentagepointslowerthan2022)ascomparedtoGDPgrowthof2.6%.15

Ifbarrierstotradecontinuetogrow,

somecountriescouldsufferfromslowereconomicgrowthandadeclineinthediffusionofproductivityandinnovation.16Nonetheless,arecentexamination17

indicatesthatadvancedeconomieshavebeenboostingtradewithemergingmarketeconomies,andalsoincreasinggreen?eldFDIperhapsinadvanceoflargerincreasestocome.Forexample,theUnitedStateshasbeentradingmorewithMexicoandVietNam,andChinahasincreasedtradeandinvestmentacrossSouth-EastAsia.Trade

presentsamoremixedstoryinthisperiod.Services?ows(asapercentageofGDP)rosesteadilybetween2012-2019,whenacollapseintraveltriggeredafallinservicesfrom13.7%ofGDPin2019to11.8%in2020.Goods?owsdeclinedfrom49.3%ofGDPin2012to41.9%in2020.TheCOVID-19pandemicandtheyearsthatfollowedshookuptradeandcapital?ows.Despitethis,therehasbeenacontinuednetincrease,thoughithasbeenmoderate.Trade

?owsfellintheimmediatewakeofquarantinesandthenreboundedstrongly.Attheonsetofthepandemic,consumerdemanddecreasedsharplyandsomeproductionandshippinggroundtoahalt.Yet,

tradesoonreboundedashomeboundconsumersstartedspendingmoreongoods.Countriesremainedinterconnectedandcooperativeoutofnecessityastheworldnavigatedaonce-in-a-centuryeventandthispatternpersistedthrough2022.Forexample,from2021to2022,the?owofgoodsasashareofGDPincreasedby10%,reachingahistoricalpeakat51%ofGDP(upfrom46.7%in2021).Thesetrendscouldimproveopportunitiesforglobalparticipationintradeandcapital?ows.Today,thereisgreatdisparityinglobalintegration–somesmallerEuropeanandAsiancity-stateeconomiesareamongthemostintegrated,whilemanyemergingnationsshowlowlevelsoftraderelativetotheirsize.Closingthisgapbetweenmoreandlessintegratedcountriescouldleadtosigni?canteconomicbene?ts.Thequestioniswhetherleaderswillworktorebuildtheeconomicconnectionsneededtopromotegrowth,fosterdiversity,provideresilience,improvedomesticeconomiesandensurethatvulnerablepeoplearenotleftbehind.Asforcapital?ows,theynormalizedafteraninitialspikein2020(forFDI)and2021(forforeignportfolioinvestment).14

AsCOVID-19surged,?owsofcapitalincreasedasbanksreallocatedliquidityaroundtheTheGlobalCooperationBarometer2024

10Pillar

2

InnovationandtechnologyTheinnovationandtechnologypillarexamineshowglobalcooperation,throughexchangesofknowledgeandpeople,acceleratesinnovationandcreatesbene?cialtechnologicalprogress.incross-borderdata?owsandITservicestrade).Since2020,cooperationhasleveledoff,withcriticalaspectsstartingtodecline(e.g.cross-borderpatentapplicationsandinternationalstudent?ows)(Figure4).From2012-2020,innovationandtechnologycooperationmaintainedstrongandsigni?cantgrowthacrossmostbarometermetrics(particularlyFIGURE4

Pillar2:InnovationandtechnologyIndex[2020=1]Compoundannual-6

-5051015growthrate(CAGR)%1.1Innovationandtechnologyindex1.00.90.80.7Individualsusingtheinternet*ITservicestradeCross-borderdata?owsTotalfactorproductivitygrowth*Averagepriceofalithiumionbattery*,1Cross-borderR&DCross-borderpatentapplicationsITgoods/intermediatestradeInternationalstudents0.62012-20202020-20222012

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2022*OutcomemetricsNotes:1.Metricswerere?ectedgivennegativeconnotation.Note:Duetomissingdatainsomemetrics,datafromtheclosestyearsareusedtocalculatethetrend.Thesemetricsincludelabourmigration,internationalstudents,cross-borderIPR&D,tradeinITservices,terrestrialprotectedareas,cross-border?owsofpharmaR&D,developmentassistanceforhealth,childmortality,maternalmortality.Source:McKinsey&Company2012-2022:Signi?cant,

sustainedincrease

arrested

by

the

pandemicStill,measuringho