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感覺(jué)&知覺(jué)
III2012/10/92012/10/9聽(tīng)覺(jué)與平衡覺(jué)The
auditory
periphery
within
the
human
headEardrum:
oval
window
=
35:1
(increasepressure
gain
in
middle
ear)2012/10/9Sound
pressure
as
a
function
of
time
for
the
sinusoidal
pressureof
a
pure
toneThe
threshold
of
human
hearing
is
about
0
dB
(the
amplitude
of
air
particlemovements
are
about
0.01
um
in
extent).The
upper
limit
of
human
hearing
is
about
120
dB.Human
are
sensitive
between
20
Hz
and
20,000
Hz
(most
sensitive
1-4
kHz).2012/10/9DecibelsDecibels
are
defined
as
a
logarithmic
unit
of
sound
intensity.Mathematically
a
decibel
(dB)
is
defined
as:Where
P1
and
P2
are
powers
in
Watts.
Decibels
can
also
becalculated
using
amplitudes.
The
above
equation
becomes:Where
A1
and
A2
are
amplitudes.In
the
first
demonstration,
track
1,
we
hear
a
440
Hz
tone
(A4on
the
musical
scale).
The
tone
is
then
reduced
in
1
dB
steps.On
tracks
2
the
tone
is
reduced
in
steps
of
3
dB.2012/10/9Intensity
vs.
LoudnessIntensityLoudnessTo
illustrate
the
relationship
between
intensity
and
loudness
based
onthe
Fletcher-Munson
curves,
a
demonstration
was
created
that
playsvarious
frequencies
at
a
constant
SPL.
Track
1
shows
that
theperceived
loudness
of
tones
varies
at
equal
sound
intensity.2012/10/9Frequency8
kHz10
kHz12
kHz14
kHz15
kHz16
kHzAge
groupEveryoneBelow
60
yearsBelow
50
yearsBelow
45
yearsBelow
40
yearsBelow
24
yearsMosquito
ringtone17.4
kHz18
kHz19
kHz20
kHz21
kHz22
kHzBelow
24
yearsBelow
24
yearsBelow
24
yearsBelow
24
yearsBelow
20
yearsBelow
20
years高音頻手機(jī)鈴聲
「老」師聽(tīng)不見(jiàn)
/2012/10/9Cochlear
implantInsert
through
the
roundwindow
of
the
cochlea2012/10/92012/10/9#ofChannelsProcessedspeechOriginalspeech11-channelsimulationOriginalsentence22-channelsimulationOriginalsentence44-channelsimulationOriginalsentence66-channelsimulationOriginalsentence88-channelsimulationOriginalsentenceSine-wave
simulations2012/10/9/~loizou/cimplants/cdemos.htmAscending
pathway
of
auditory
system
Cochlea
Cochlear
nucleus
Superior
olivary
complex
Nuclei
of
the
lateral
lemniscus
Inferior
colliculus
Medial
geniculate
bodyAuditory
cortex2012/10/9ITD
results
from
the
longer
time
it
takessound
to
travel
from
the
source
to
theear
away
from
the
source.Good
for
low
frequencies
(<1
kHz)ILD
results
from
the
head
forming
a“sound
shadow”,
reducing
the
level
ofsound
at
the
ear
away
from
the
source.Good
for
high
frequencies
(>3
kHz)In
human,
we
are
somewhat
lessaccurate
at
the
middle
frequencies.Minimum
discrimination
angle
is
onedegree
of
azimuth
(10
us
in
ITD
or
1
dBin
ILD)2012/10/92012/10/9人類的「聽(tīng)聲辨人」能力很差BBC
Human
Senses2012/10/92012/10/92012/10/92012/10/9演唱會(huì)的聲音魔力BBC
Human
Senses2012/10/9關(guān)于音樂(lè)感知的神奇?zhèn)€案1天打雷劈席可瑞遭到雷擊,大難不死。就在他的生活似乎恢復(fù)正常兩、三天后,最驚異的事才要開(kāi)始——他突然有股強(qiáng)烈的渴望,想要聽(tīng)鋼琴樂(lè)聲。4心靈唱盤父親口袋里總擺著兩三本管弦樂(lè)袖珍總譜,在看病人的空檔翻閱,樂(lè)曲就自動(dòng)在心中演奏。用不著把唱片放進(jìn)唱機(jī),他就能好生享受這無(wú)聲的音樂(lè)。5腦蟲入侵電影或電視劇主題曲,還有廣告,常常都有余音繞梁三日不絕的魔力,這種在我們的腦海中縈繞不去的旋律就叫「腦蟲」。9爸爸打噴嚏的音是G十九世紀(jì)的牛津音樂(lè)教授歐斯雷爵士音感絕佳,他在五歲的時(shí)候說(shuō):爸爸打噴嚏的音是G,風(fēng)吹的音是D,家里的鐘當(dāng)當(dāng)響的那兩個(gè)音是B調(diào)……12腦袋裝了兩千出歌劇的人馬丁記得兩千出以上的歌劇以及全部的清唱?jiǎng)。@種音樂(lè)天分實(shí)在教人嘆為觀止,然而除去音樂(lè),他的腦袋幾乎空無(wú)一物。28音樂(lè)小精靈葛蘿莉亞擁有女高音的美妙嗓音,會(huì)唱兩千首左右的曲子……可是她不會(huì)「五加三」,也無(wú)法獨(dú)立生活,就像大多數(shù)的威廉斯氏癥患者。腦袋裝了2000出歌劇的人2012/10/9「平衡感」需要內(nèi)耳、本體感覺(jué)、視覺(jué)BBC
Human
Senses2012/10/92012/10/92012/10/9觸覺(jué)與痛覺(jué)2012/10/9ConnectivetissueHeatStrongpressureHairmovementNerveGentle
touch
Epidermis
DermisHypodermisPainColdHairVariation
in
two-point
limen
(threshold)
across
the
body
surface
Finger
tip:
0.9
mm,
around
mouth:
0.5
mmLegs,
shoulders,
and
back:
60-70
mm2012/10/9Somatotopic
organization
of
human
SI
(Penfield,
1950)2012/10/92012/10/9Different
species
rely
on
different
parts
of
the
body
foradaptive
somatosensory
informationThe
area
of
representation
of
the
hand
in
thesomatosensory
cortex
changes
after
surgical
correctionof
syndactyly
of
digits
2-52012/10/9Phantom
limb
sensations
can
be
evoked
by
stimulating
body
surfaces2012/10/9幻肢(Phantom
limb)2012/10/9Mirror
box治療幻肢的方式2012/10/9痛由心生BBC
Human
Senses2012/10/9味覺(jué)與嗅覺(jué)2012/10/9Oishii(好好吃)2012/10/92012/10/92012/10/9超級(jí)味覺(jué)BBC
Human
Senses2012/10/9味覺(jué)其實(shí)是靠嗅覺(jué)BBC
Human
Senses「風(fēng)味」與「口味」不同bulbBone
Epithelial
cellOdorantreceptorsPlasmamembraneOdorants
2012/10/9OdorantsNasal
cavityChemo-receptorCiliaMucus
人類的嗅覺(jué)Brain
Action
potentials
OlfactoryOdor
molecules
(odor
object)
given
off
by
the
jasmine
flower2012/10/9Main
projection
pathwaysin
the
olfactory
systemAON:
anterior
olfactory
nucleusPC:
pyriform
cortexOT:
olfactory
tubercleAMYG:
amygdalaTEC:
transitional
entorhinalcortexNHLDB:
nucleus
of
horizontallimb
of
diagonal
bandMD:
mediodorsal2012/10/92012/10/9嗅覺(jué)感受因人而異BBC
Human
Sensesphysiological
and
reproductive
responses.
(adapted
from
Dulac
and
Torello,
NRN2003)Functional
and
anatomical
segregation
of
the
twomammalian
olfactory
systemsInformation
provided
by
pheromone
signals
is
primarily
processed
by
a
distinct
neural
circuit.Pheromones
are
mostly
detected
by
sensory
neurons
in
the
vomeronasal
organ
(VNO),
a
bilateral
tubularstructure
in
the
anterior
region
of
the
nasal
cavity.
VNO
axons
project
to
the
accessory
olfactory
bulb(AOB),
which
in
turn
transmits
sensory
information
to
the
vomeronasal
amygdala
(VA)
and
then
tospecific
nuclei
of
the
hypothalamus
(H),
which
are
involved
in
regulating
genetically
pre-programmed犁鼻器2012/10/92012/10/92012/10/9聞女性負(fù)面情緒時(shí)的眼淚會(huì)降低男性性欲2012/10/9感覺(jué)整合2012/10/9視覺(jué)
vs.聽(tīng)覺(jué)McGurk
Effect2012/10/92012/10/92012/10/92012/10/92012/10/92012/10/92012/10/9好書分享2012/10/9腦袋裝了2000出歌劇的人MUSICOPHILIA:Tales
of
Music
and
the
Brain作者:奧立佛?薩克斯原文作者:Oliver
Sacks譯者:廖月娟出版社:天下文化出版日期:2008年08月29日神經(jīng)內(nèi)科醫(yī)師薩克斯研究發(fā)現(xiàn),音樂(lè)比語(yǔ)言占用更多腦細(xì)胞。音樂(lè)「讓人起舞、影響情緒、引起購(gòu)買欲,勾起回憶……音樂(lè)代表著心靈與感受,超乎經(jīng)驗(yàn),無(wú)法形容」。
薩克斯這本新書中的精采故事,包括知名心理分析家飽受腦中重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的歌聲困擾;威廉斯氏癥候群的小孩擁有過(guò)人的音樂(lè)稟賦;樂(lè)評(píng)家得了「恐懼音樂(lè)」的怪病,只要聽(tīng)見(jiàn)銅管演奏就嚇得半死;《幽冥的火》作者納博科夫似乎患有「音樂(lè)失認(rèn)癥」,對(duì)音樂(lè)幾無(wú)反應(yīng)。還有,記憶只持續(xù)七秒的人,卻始終記得音樂(lè);作曲家車禍后音感全消;閃電擊中的醫(yī)生變成肖邦迷,突然擁有鋼琴才華……2012/10/9尋找腦中幻影
Phantoms
in
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