國(guó)立清華大學(xué)腦與心智第四講(焦傳金教授)

感覺&知覺

III2012/10/92012/10/9聽覺與平衡覺The

auditory

periphery

within

the

human

headEardrum:

oval

window

=

35:1

(increasepressure

gain

in

middle

ear)2012/10/9Sound

pressure

as

a

function

of

time

for

the

sinusoidal

pressureof

a

pure

toneThe

threshold

of

human

hearing

is

about

0

dB

(the

amplitude

of

air

particlemovements

are

about

0.01

um

in

extent).The

upper

limit

of

human

hearing

is

about

120

dB.Human

are

sensitive

between

20

Hz

and

20,000

Hz

(most

sensitive

1-4

kHz).2012/10/9DecibelsDecibels

are

defined

as

a

logarithmic

unit

of

sound

intensity.Mathematically

a

decibel

(dB)

is

defined

as:Where

P1

and

P2

are

powers

in

Watts.

Decibels

can

also

becalculated

using

amplitudes.

The

above

equation

becomes:Where

A1

and

A2

are

amplitudes.In

the

first

demonstration,

track

1,

we

hear

a

440

Hz

tone

(A4on

the

musical

scale).

The

tone

is

then

reduced

in

1

dB

steps.On

tracks

2

the

tone

is

reduced

in

steps

of

3

dB.2012/10/9Intensity

vs.

LoudnessIntensityLoudnessTo

illustrate

the

relationship

between

intensity

and

loudness

based

onthe

Fletcher-Munson

curves,

a

demonstration

was

created

that

playsvarious

frequencies

at

a

constant

SPL.

Track

1

shows

that

theperceived

loudness

of

tones

varies

at

equal

sound

intensity.2012/10/9Frequency8

kHz10

kHz12

kHz14

kHz15

kHz16

kHzAge

groupEveryoneBelow

60

yearsBelow

50

yearsBelow

45

yearsBelow

40

yearsBelow

24

yearsMosquito

ringtone17.4

kHz18

kHz19

kHz20

kHz21

kHz22

kHzBelow

24

yearsBelow

24

yearsBelow

24

yearsBelow

24

yearsBelow

20

yearsBelow

20

years高音頻手機(jī)鈴聲

「老」師聽不見

/2012/10/9Cochlear

implantInsert

through

the

roundwindow

of

the

cochlea2012/10/92012/10/9#ofChannelsProcessedspeechOriginalspeech11-channelsimulationOriginalsentence22-channelsimulationOriginalsentence44-channelsimulationOriginalsentence66-channelsimulationOriginalsentence88-channelsimulationOriginalsentenceSine-wave

simulations2012/10/9/~loizou/cimplants/cdemos.htmAscending

pathway

of

auditory

system

Cochlea

Cochlear

nucleus

Superior

olivary

complex

Nuclei

of

the

lateral

lemniscus

Inferior

colliculus

Medial

geniculate

bodyAuditory

cortex2012/10/9ITD

results

from

the

longer

time

it

takessound

to

travel

from

the

source

to

theear

away

from

the

source.Good

for

low

frequencies

(<1

kHz)ILD

results

from

the

head

forming

a“sound

shadow”,

reducing

the

level

ofsound

at

the

ear

away

from

the

source.Good

for

high

frequencies

(>3

kHz)In

human,

we

are

somewhat

lessaccurate

at

the

middle

frequencies.Minimum

discrimination

angle

is

onedegree

of

azimuth

(10

us

in

ITD

or

1

dBin

ILD)2012/10/92012/10/9人類的「聽聲辨人」能力很差BBC

Human

Senses2012/10/92012/10/92012/10/92012/10/9演唱會(huì)的聲音魔力BBC

Human

Senses2012/10/9關(guān)于音樂(lè)感知的神奇?zhèn)€案1天打雷劈席可瑞遭到雷擊，大難不死。就在他的生活似乎恢復(fù)正常兩、三天后，最驚異的事才要開始——他突然有股強(qiáng)烈的渴望，想要聽鋼琴樂(lè)聲。4心靈唱盤父親口袋里總擺著兩三本管弦樂(lè)袖珍總譜，在看病人的空檔翻閱，樂(lè)曲就自動(dòng)在心中演奏。用不著把唱片放進(jìn)唱機(jī)，他就能好生享受這無(wú)聲的音樂(lè)。5腦蟲入侵電影或電視劇主題曲，還有廣告，常常都有余音繞梁三日不絕的魔力，這種在我們的腦海中縈繞不去的旋律就叫「腦蟲」。9爸爸打噴嚏的音是G十九世紀(jì)的牛津音樂(lè)教授歐斯雷爵士音感絕佳，他在五歲的時(shí)候說(shuō)：爸爸打噴嚏的音是G，風(fēng)吹的音是D，家里的鐘當(dāng)當(dāng)響的那兩個(gè)音是B調(diào)……12腦袋裝了兩千出歌劇的人馬丁記得兩千出以上的歌劇以及全部的清唱?jiǎng)?，這種音樂(lè)天分實(shí)在教人嘆為觀止，然而除去音樂(lè)，他的腦袋幾乎空無(wú)一物。28音樂(lè)小精靈葛蘿莉亞擁有女高音的美妙嗓音，會(huì)唱兩千首左右的曲子……可是她不會(huì)「五加三」，也無(wú)法獨(dú)立生活，就像大多數(shù)的威廉斯氏癥患者。腦袋裝了2000出歌劇的人2012/10/9「平衡感」需要內(nèi)耳、本體感覺、視覺BBC

Human

Senses2012/10/92012/10/92012/10/9觸覺與痛覺2012/10/9ConnectivetissueHeatStrongpressureHairmovementNerveGentle

touch

Epidermis

DermisHypodermisPainColdHairVariation

in

two-point

limen

(threshold)

across

the

body

surface

Finger

tip:

0.9

mm,

around

mouth:

0.5

mmLegs,

shoulders,

and

back:

60-70

mm2012/10/9Somatotopic

organization

of

human

SI

(Penfield,

1950)2012/10/92012/10/9Different

species

rely

on

different

parts

of

the

body

foradaptive

somatosensory

informationThe

area

of

representation

of

the

hand

in

thesomatosensory

cortex

changes

after

surgical

correctionof

syndactyly

of

digits

2-52012/10/9Phantom

limb

sensations

can

be

evoked

by

stimulating

body

surfaces2012/10/9幻肢（Phantom

limb）2012/10/9Mirror

box治療幻肢的方式2012/10/9痛由心生BBC

Human

Senses2012/10/9味覺與嗅覺2012/10/9Oishii（好好吃）2012/10/92012/10/92012/10/9超級(jí)味覺BBC

Human

Senses2012/10/9味覺其實(shí)是靠嗅覺BBC

Human

Senses「風(fēng)味」與「口味」不同bulbBone

Epithelial

cellOdorantreceptorsPlasmamembraneOdorants

2012/10/9OdorantsNasal

cavityChemo-receptorCiliaMucus

人類的嗅覺Brain

Action

potentials

OlfactoryOdor

molecules

(odor

object)

given

off

by

the

jasmine

flower2012/10/9Main

projection

pathwaysin

the

olfactory

systemAON:

anterior

olfactory

nucleusPC:

pyriform

cortexOT:

olfactory

tubercleAMYG:

amygdalaTEC:

transitional

entorhinalcortexNHLDB:

nucleus

of

horizontallimb

of

diagonal

bandMD:

mediodorsal2012/10/92012/10/9嗅覺感受因人而異BBC

Human

Sensesphysiological

and

reproductive

responses.

(adapted

from

Dulac

and

Torello,

NRN2003)Functional

and

anatomical

segregation

of

the

twomammalian

olfactory

systemsInformation

provided

by

pheromone

signals

is

primarily

processed

by

a

distinct

neural

circuit.Pheromones

are

mostly

detected

by

sensory

neurons

in

the

vomeronasal

organ

(VNO),

a

bilateral

tubularstructure

in

the

anterior

region

of

the

nasal

cavity.

VNO

axons

project

to

the

accessory

olfactory

bulb(AOB),

which

in

turn

transmits

sensory

information

to

the

vomeronasal

amygdala

(VA)

and

then

tospecific

nuclei

of

the

hypothalamus

(H),

which

are

involved

in

regulating

genetically

pre-programmed犁鼻器2012/10/92012/10/92012/10/9聞女性負(fù)面情緒時(shí)的眼淚會(huì)降低男性性欲2012/10/9感覺整合2012/10/9視覺

vs.聽覺McGurk

Effect2012/10/92012/10/92012/10/92012/10/92012/10/92012/10/92012/10/9好書分享2012/10/9腦袋裝了2000出歌劇的人MUSICOPHILIA:Tales

of

Music

and

the

Brain作者：奧立佛?薩克斯原文作者：Oliver

Sacks譯者：廖月娟出版社：天下文化出版日期：2008年08月29日神經(jīng)內(nèi)科醫(yī)師薩克斯研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，音樂(lè)比語(yǔ)言占用更多腦細(xì)胞。音樂(lè)「讓人起舞、影響情緒、引起購(gòu)買欲，勾起回憶……音樂(lè)代表著心靈與感受，超乎經(jīng)驗(yàn)，無(wú)法形容」。

薩克斯這本新書中的精采故事，包括知名心理分析家飽受腦中重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的歌聲困擾；威廉斯氏癥候群的小孩擁有過(guò)人的音樂(lè)稟賦；樂(lè)評(píng)家得了「恐懼音樂(lè)」的怪病，只要聽見銅管演奏就嚇得半死；《幽冥的火》作者納博科夫似乎患有「音樂(lè)失認(rèn)癥」，對(duì)音樂(lè)幾無(wú)反應(yīng)。還有，記憶只持續(xù)七秒的人，卻始終記得音樂(lè)；作曲家車禍后音感全消；閃電擊中的醫(yī)生變成肖邦迷，突然擁有鋼琴才華……2012/10/9尋找腦中幻影

Phantoms

in