對外漢語動畫視聽說教學(xué)探析及教學(xué)設(shè)計

對外漢語動畫視聽說教學(xué)探析及教學(xué)設(shè)計一、本文概述Overviewofthisarticle本文旨在深入探討對外漢語動畫視聽說教學(xué)的理論與實踐，分析其在對外漢語教學(xué)中的重要性和應(yīng)用價值。文章首先將對動畫視聽說教學(xué)的概念進(jìn)行界定，明確其在教學(xué)中的定位和作用。接著，文章將概述當(dāng)前對外漢語動畫視聽說教學(xué)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀，分析存在的問題與挑戰(zhàn)，并提出相應(yīng)的解決策略。在此基礎(chǔ)上，文章將詳細(xì)闡述對外漢語動畫視聽說教學(xué)設(shè)計的原則和方法，包括教學(xué)內(nèi)容的選擇、教學(xué)目標(biāo)的設(shè)定、教學(xué)方法的運(yùn)用以及教學(xué)評價的實施等方面。文章將總結(jié)對外漢語動畫視聽說教學(xué)的優(yōu)勢與特色，展望其未來的發(fā)展趨勢和前景。通過本文的闡述，旨在為對外漢語教師提供一套科學(xué)、有效的教學(xué)設(shè)計方案，促進(jìn)動畫視聽說教學(xué)在對外漢語教學(xué)中的廣泛應(yīng)用與發(fā)展。ThisarticleaimstodelveintothetheoryandpracticeofteachingChineseasaforeignlanguagethroughanimation,andanalyzeitsimportanceandapplicationvalueinteachingChineseasaforeignlanguage.Thearticlewillfirstdefinetheconceptofanimationaudio-visualteaching,clarifyitspositioningandroleinteaching.Next,thearticlewillprovideanoverviewofthecurrentdevelopmentstatusofteachingChineseasaforeignlanguagethroughanimation,audiovisualandoraleducation,analyzetheexistingproblemsandchallenges,andproposecorrespondingsolutions.Onthisbasis,thearticlewillelaborateindetailontheprinciplesandmethodsofdesigningaudio-visualandoralteachingforChineseanimationasaforeignlanguage,includingtheselectionofteachingcontent,settingofteachingobjectives,applicationofteachingmethods,andimplementationofteachingevaluation.ThearticlewillsummarizetheadvantagesandcharacteristicsofteachingChineseanimationaudiovisualandoralskillstoforeigners,andlookforwardtoitsfuturedevelopmenttrendsandprospects.ThepurposeofthisarticleistoprovideascientificandeffectiveteachingdesignplanforChineselanguageteachersasaforeignlanguage,andtopromotethewidespreadapplicationanddevelopmentofanimatedaudio-visualteachinginChineselanguageteachingasaforeignlanguage.二、對外漢語動畫視聽說教學(xué)的理論基礎(chǔ)TheTheoreticalBasisofTeachingChineseasaForeignLanguagethroughAnimation,AudiovisualandOralEducation在對外漢語教學(xué)中，動畫視聽說教學(xué)是一種創(chuàng)新且高效的教學(xué)方法，其理論基礎(chǔ)主要源自第二語言習(xí)得理論、多模態(tài)教學(xué)理論以及認(rèn)知心理學(xué)。InteachingChineseasaforeignlanguage,animatedaudio-visualteachingisaninnovativeandefficientteachingmethod,withitstheoreticalbasismainlyderivedfromsecondlanguageacquisitiontheory,multimodalteachingtheory,andcognitivepsychology.第二語言習(xí)得理論認(rèn)為，語言學(xué)習(xí)是一個自然的、情境化的過程，而非簡單的知識傳授。動畫視聽說教學(xué)正是通過生動的動畫情境，讓學(xué)生在自然的語境中接觸、理解和運(yùn)用漢語，從而提高學(xué)生的漢語聽說讀寫能力。Thetheoryofsecondlanguageacquisitionholdsthatlanguagelearningisanaturalandcontextualizedprocess,ratherthansimplyimpartingknowledge.Animationaudiovisualteachingisawaytoimprovestudents'Chineselistening,speaking,reading,andwritingabilitiesbyallowingthemtointeract,understand,andapplyChineseinanaturalcontextthroughvividanimationscenarios.多模態(tài)教學(xué)理論強(qiáng)調(diào)在教學(xué)中運(yùn)用多種模態(tài)，如視覺、聽覺、動覺等，以激發(fā)學(xué)生的多元智能，提高學(xué)習(xí)效果。動畫視聽說教學(xué)正是將語言學(xué)習(xí)與動畫觀看、聽力理解和口語表達(dá)等多種模態(tài)相結(jié)合，讓學(xué)生在多種感官的協(xié)同作用下，更全面地掌握漢語。Themultimodalteachingtheoryemphasizestheuseofmultiplemodalitiesinteaching,suchasvisual,auditory,kinesthetic,etc.,tostimulatestudents'multipleintelligencesandimprovelearningoutcomes.Animationaudio-visualteachingcombineslanguagelearningwithvariousmodalitiessuchasanimationviewing,listeningcomprehension,andoralexpression,allowingstudentstocomprehensivelymasterChinesethroughthesynergisticeffectofmultiplesenses.認(rèn)知心理學(xué)認(rèn)為，語言學(xué)習(xí)是一個認(rèn)知過程，需要學(xué)習(xí)者主動參與和構(gòu)建。動畫視聽說教學(xué)通過引導(dǎo)學(xué)生觀察動畫、理解對話、模仿發(fā)音、參與討論等活動，讓學(xué)生在主動的認(rèn)知過程中，不斷構(gòu)建和完善自己的漢語知識體系。Cognitivepsychologybelievesthatlanguagelearningisacognitiveprocessthatrequiresactiveparticipationandconstructionbylearners.Animationaudio-visualteachingguidesstudentstoobserveanimations,understanddialogues,imitatepronunciation,participateindiscussions,andotheractivities,allowingthemtocontinuouslybuildandimprovetheirChineselanguageknowledgesystemthroughactivecognitiveprocesses.對外漢語動畫視聽說教學(xué)的理論基礎(chǔ)涵蓋了第二語言習(xí)得理論、多模態(tài)教學(xué)理論和認(rèn)知心理學(xué)等多個方面，這些理論為動畫視聽說教學(xué)的實踐提供了有力的支持和指導(dǎo)。ThetheoreticalfoundationofteachingChineseasaforeignlanguagethroughanimation,audiovisualandoraleducationcoversmultipleaspectssuchassecondlanguageacquisitiontheory,multimodalteachingtheory,andcognitivepsychology.Thesetheoriesprovidestrongsupportandguidanceforthepracticeofanimation,audiovisualandoraleducation.三、對外漢語動畫視聽說教學(xué)的優(yōu)勢與挑戰(zhàn)TheadvantagesandchallengesofteachingChineseanimationaudio-visualandoralskillstoforeigners生動直觀的教學(xué)形式：動畫視頻作為一種融合了視覺和聽覺的教學(xué)媒介，其生動的畫面和形象的聲音，使得教學(xué)內(nèi)容更加直觀易懂。對于漢語學(xué)習(xí)者來說，這種教學(xué)方式能夠激發(fā)他們的學(xué)習(xí)興趣，提高學(xué)習(xí)效率。Vividandintuitiveteachingform:Animationvideos,asateachingmediumthatintegratesvisualandauditoryelements,havevividvisualsandvividsounds,makingtheteachingcontentmoreintuitiveandunderstandable.ForChineselanguagelearners,thisteachingmethodcanstimulatetheirinterestinlearningandimprovelearningefficiency.多樣化的教學(xué)資源：動畫視頻資源豐富多彩，涵蓋了不同的主題和場景，為對外漢語教學(xué)提供了多樣化的教學(xué)資源。教師可以根據(jù)學(xué)生的需求和水平，靈活選擇適合的教學(xué)素材，使教學(xué)更具針對性和實用性。Diversifiedteachingresources:Animationandvideoresourcesarerichandcolorful,coveringdifferentthemesandscenes,providingdiverseteachingresourcesforteachingChineseasaforeignlanguage.Teacherscanflexiblychoosesuitableteachingmaterialsbasedontheneedsandlevelsofstudents,makingteachingmoretargetedandpractical.真實自然的語言環(huán)境：動畫視頻通常以真實的語言環(huán)境為背景，為學(xué)生提供了豐富的語境信息。通過模擬真實的對話場景，學(xué)生可以更好地理解和運(yùn)用漢語，提高他們的語言交際能力。Realisticandnaturallanguageenvironment:Animationvideosareusuallysetinarealisticlanguageenvironment,providingstudentswithrichcontextualinformation.Bysimulatingreal-lifedialoguescenarios,studentscanbetterunderstandanduseChinese,improvingtheirlanguagecommunicationskills.教學(xué)設(shè)計難度較高：動畫視頻教學(xué)需要教師對教學(xué)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行精心的設(shè)計和規(guī)劃，以確保視頻內(nèi)容與教學(xué)目標(biāo)緊密相連。同時，教師還需要考慮如何有效地利用動畫視頻資源，激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣和積極性。Thedifficultyofinstructionaldesignishigh:Animationvideoteachingrequiresteacherstocarefullydesignandplantheteachingcontenttoensurethatthevideocontentiscloselylinkedtotheteachingobjectives.Atthesametime,teachersalsoneedtoconsiderhowtoeffectivelyutilizeanimatedvideoresourcestostimulatestudents'interestandenthusiasminlearning.技術(shù)支持需求：動畫視頻教學(xué)需要一定的技術(shù)支持，包括視頻制作、編輯和播放等。對于一些缺乏技術(shù)背景和經(jīng)驗的教師來說，這可能會成為一個挑戰(zhàn)。Technicalsupportrequirements:Animationvideoteachingrequirescertaintechnicalsupport,includingvideoproduction,editing,andplayback.Forsometeacherswholacktechnicalbackgroundandexperience,thismaybecomeachallenge.學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)能力的培養(yǎng)：在動畫視頻教學(xué)中，學(xué)生需要具備一定的自主學(xué)習(xí)能力，以便在課后進(jìn)行有效的復(fù)習(xí)和拓展學(xué)習(xí)。然而，部分學(xué)生可能缺乏這方面的能力，導(dǎo)致學(xué)習(xí)效果不佳。因此，教師需要關(guān)注學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)需求和能力差異，提供適當(dāng)?shù)闹笇?dǎo)和支持。Thecultivationofstudents'self-learningability:Inanimationvideoteaching,studentsneedtohaveacertainlevelofself-learningabilityinordertoeffectivelyreviewandexpandtheirlearningafterclass.However,somestudentsmaylackthisability,leadingtopoorlearningoutcomes.Therefore,teachersneedtopayattentiontothelearningneedsandabilitydifferencesofstudents,andprovideappropriateguidanceandsupport.四、對外漢語動畫視聽說教學(xué)設(shè)計原則DesignPrinciplesforTeachingChineseasaForeignLanguageAnimationinAudiovisualandOralEducation在對外漢語動畫視聽說教學(xué)中，教學(xué)設(shè)計的原則起著至關(guān)重要的作用。以下是幾個關(guān)鍵的教學(xué)設(shè)計原則，它們?yōu)橛行У卣蟿赢嬞Y源、提升學(xué)生的漢語聽說能力提供了指導(dǎo)。TheprinciplesofinstructionaldesignplayacrucialroleinteachingChineseasaforeignlanguagethroughanimation,listening,speaking,andlistening.Thefollowingareseveralkeyteachingdesignprinciplesthatprovideguidanceforeffectivelyintegratinganimationresourcesandimprovingstudents'Chineselisteningandspeakingabilities.學(xué)生中心原則：教學(xué)設(shè)計應(yīng)以學(xué)生為中心，充分考慮學(xué)生的漢語水平、學(xué)習(xí)需求和興趣點(diǎn)。動畫內(nèi)容的選擇、教學(xué)活動的安排以及教學(xué)進(jìn)度的推進(jìn)都應(yīng)基于學(xué)生的實際情況，確保學(xué)生能夠積極參與并享受學(xué)習(xí)過程。Studentcenteredprinciple:Teachingdesignshouldbestudent-centered,fullyconsideringstudents'Chineseproficiency,learningneeds,andinterests.Theselectionofanimationcontent,arrangementofteachingactivities,andprogressofteachingshouldbebasedontheactualsituationofstudents,ensuringthattheycanactivelyparticipateandenjoythelearningprocess.真實性原則：動畫的選擇和教學(xué)活動的設(shè)計應(yīng)盡可能貼近真實生活場景，讓學(xué)生在模擬的真實環(huán)境中學(xué)習(xí)和運(yùn)用漢語。這有助于增強(qiáng)學(xué)生的語言感知能力和實際應(yīng)用能力。Theprincipleofauthenticity:Theselectionofanimationsandthedesignofteachingactivitiesshouldbeascloseaspossibletoreal-lifescenarios,allowingstudentstolearnandapplyChineseinsimulatedrealenvironments.Thishelpstoenhancestudents'languageperceptionandpracticalapplicationabilities.交互性原則：教學(xué)設(shè)計應(yīng)強(qiáng)調(diào)師生之間、學(xué)生之間的交互和合作。通過組織小組討論、角色扮演等互動活動，鼓勵學(xué)生積極參與、大膽表達(dá)，培養(yǎng)他們的語言交際能力和團(tuán)隊協(xié)作精神。Theprincipleofinteractivity:Teachingdesignshouldemphasizetheinteractionandcooperationbetweenteachersandstudents,aswellasbetweenstudents.Byorganizinginteractiveactivitiessuchasgroupdiscussionsandrole-playing,studentsareencouragedtoactivelyparticipateandexpressthemselvesboldly,cultivatingtheirlanguagecommunicationskillsandteamworkspirit.漸進(jìn)性原則：教學(xué)難度應(yīng)逐步增加，確保學(xué)生在掌握基礎(chǔ)知識的基礎(chǔ)上逐步提升語言能力。動畫的播放速度、對話的復(fù)雜度以及教學(xué)任務(wù)的難度都應(yīng)根據(jù)學(xué)生的實際水平進(jìn)行適當(dāng)調(diào)整。Progressiveprinciple:Thedifficultyofteachingshouldgraduallyincreasetoensurethatstudentsgraduallyimprovetheirlanguageabilitiesonthebasisofmasteringbasicknowledge.Theplaybackspeedofanimation,thecomplexityofdialogue,andthedifficultyofteachingtasksshouldbeadjustedappropriatelyaccordingtotheactuallevelofstudents.趣味性原則：教學(xué)設(shè)計應(yīng)注重趣味性和娛樂性，以激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣和動力。通過選擇生動有趣的動畫片段、設(shè)計富有挑戰(zhàn)性的教學(xué)任務(wù)等方式，讓學(xué)生在輕松愉快的氛圍中學(xué)習(xí)漢語。Theprincipleoffun:Teachingdesignshouldfocusonfunandentertainmenttostimulatestudents'interestandmotivationinlearning.Byselectingvividandinterestinganimationclips,designingchallengingteachingtasks,andothermethods,studentscanlearnChineseinarelaxedandenjoyableatmosphere.遵循以上原則進(jìn)行對外漢語動畫視聽說教學(xué)設(shè)計，可以有效提升教學(xué)效果，幫助學(xué)生更好地掌握漢語聽說技能。這些原則也為教師提供了清晰的教學(xué)指導(dǎo)，促進(jìn)了對外漢語教學(xué)的創(chuàng)新與發(fā)展。FollowingtheaboveprinciplesindesigningChineseanimationaudio-visualteachingforforeignerscaneffectivelyimproveteachingeffectivenessandhelpstudentsbettermasterChineselisteningandspeakingskills.TheseprinciplesalsoprovideclearteachingguidanceforteachersandpromoteinnovationanddevelopmentinteachingChineseasaforeignlanguage.五、對外漢語動畫視聽說教學(xué)設(shè)計實踐DesignandPracticeofTeachingChineseasaForeignLanguageinAnimationAudiovisualandOralEducation在對外漢語教學(xué)中，動畫視聽說教學(xué)已成為一種重要的教學(xué)方法。這種教學(xué)方法將動畫的視覺元素、聽覺元素和語言元素相結(jié)合，使學(xué)生在觀看動畫的過程中，不僅能夠提高聽力和口語能力，還能更好地理解和學(xué)習(xí)漢語。Animationaudio-visualteachinghasbecomeanimportantteachingmethodinteachingChineseasaforeignlanguage.Thisteachingmethodcombinesvisual,auditory,andlinguisticelementsofanimation,enablingstudentstonotonlyimprovetheirlisteningandspeakingabilities,butalsobetterunderstandandlearnChinesewhilewatchingtheanimation.在教學(xué)設(shè)計實踐中，我們首先需要根據(jù)學(xué)生的漢語水平和學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)，選擇適合的動畫資源。動畫的選擇應(yīng)考慮到內(nèi)容的趣味性、語言的規(guī)范性和文化的代表性。同時，動畫的難度應(yīng)與學(xué)生的漢語水平相匹配，以確保學(xué)生能夠理解并積極參與學(xué)習(xí)活動。Inteachingdesignpractice,wefirstneedtoselectsuitableanimationresourcesbasedonstudents'Chineseproficiencyandlearninggoals.Theselectionofanimationshouldconsiderthefunofthecontent,thestandardizationoflanguage,andtherepresentativenessofculture.Atthesametime,thedifficultyofanimationshouldmatchthestudent'sChineseproficiencytoensurethattheycanunderstandandactivelyparticipateinlearningactivities.在動畫播放過程中，教師需要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生關(guān)注關(guān)鍵的語言點(diǎn)和表達(dá)方式。例如，可以通過暫停動畫、重復(fù)播放片段或提供字幕等方式，幫助學(xué)生理解和學(xué)習(xí)動畫中的漢語表達(dá)。同時，教師還可以設(shè)計一些互動環(huán)節(jié)，如角色扮演、小組討論等，以激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣和積極性。Duringtheanimationplaybackprocess,teachersneedtoguidestudentstopayattentiontokeylanguagepointsandexpressions.Forexample,studentscanunderstandandlearnChineseexpressionsinanimationsbypausinganimations,repeatingclips,orprovidingsubtitles.Atthesametime,teacherscanalsodesignsomeinteractiveactivities,suchasrole-playing,groupdiscussions,etc.,tostimulatestudents'interestandenthusiasminlearning.除了語言學(xué)習(xí)外，動畫視聽說教學(xué)還可以融入文化元素，幫助學(xué)生更好地了解中國的文化和價值觀。例如，可以通過分析動畫中的角色行為、場景設(shè)置等元素，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生探討中國的社會習(xí)俗、人際關(guān)系等方面的問題。Inadditiontolanguagelearning,animationaudio-visualteachingcanalsoincorporateculturalelementstohelpstudentsbetterunderstandChinesecultureandvalues.Forexample,byanalyzingelementssuchascharacterbehaviorandscenesettingsinanimations,studentscanbeguidedtoexploreissuesrelatedtoChinesesocialcustomsandinterpersonalrelationships.在教學(xué)設(shè)計實踐中，我們還需要注意評估學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)效果。可以通過觀察學(xué)生的課堂表現(xiàn)、收集學(xué)生的反饋意見、設(shè)置課后作業(yè)等方式，了解學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)情況，以便及時調(diào)整教學(xué)策略和方法。Inteachingdesignpractice,wealsoneedtopayattentiontoevaluatingthelearningeffectivenessofstudents.Byobservingstudents'classroomperformance,collectingfeedback,andsettinghomeworkafterclass,wecanunderstandtheirlearningsituationandadjustteachingstrategiesandmethodsinatimelymanner.對外漢語動畫視聽說教學(xué)設(shè)計實踐需要結(jié)合學(xué)生的實際情況和學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)，選擇合適的動畫資源，設(shè)計有效的教學(xué)活動，融入文化元素，并注重評估學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)效果。只有這樣，才能真正發(fā)揮動畫視聽說教學(xué)在對外漢語教學(xué)中的優(yōu)勢和作用。ThedesignpracticeofteachingChineseasaforeignlanguagethroughanimation,audio-visualandoraleducationneedstocombinetheactualsituationandlearninggoalsofstudents,selectappropriateanimationresources,designeffectiveteachingactivities,integrateculturalelements,andfocusonevaluatingthelearningeffectivenessofstudents.Onlyinthiswaycanwetrulyleveragetheadvantagesandroleofanimationaudio-visualteachinginteachingChineseasaforeignlanguage.六、案例分析Caseanalysis為了更具體地展示對外漢語動畫視聽說教學(xué)的實際效果，我們選取了一部以中國文化為背景的動畫短片《小鯉魚歷險記》進(jìn)行案例分析。這部動畫以生動的畫面和簡潔的對話，展示了中國傳統(tǒng)的水墨畫風(fēng)格和寓言故事。InordertomorespecificallydemonstratethepracticaleffectsofteachingChineseasaforeignlanguagethroughanimatedlistening,speaking,andlistening,wehaveselectedananimatedshortfilm"TheAdventuresofLittleCarps"withChinesecultureasthebackgroundforcaseanalysis.ThisanimationshowcasesthetraditionalChineseinkpaintingstyleandfablesthroughvividvisualsandconcisedialogue.學(xué)生們普遍對水墨畫風(fēng)格表示出濃厚的興趣，認(rèn)為這是一種新穎且富有藝術(shù)感的表現(xiàn)方式。Studentsgenerallyshowastronginterestinthestyleofinkpainting,believingittobeanovelandartisticexpression.在聽說方面，學(xué)生表示通過模仿動畫中的對話，他們的口語表達(dá)更加流暢，對常用表達(dá)方式的掌握也更加牢固。Intermsoflisteningandspeaking,studentsexpressedthatbyimitatingthedialogueintheanimation,theiroralexpressionbecamesmootherandtheirmasteryofcommonlyusedexpressionsbecamemoresolid.在詞匯學(xué)習(xí)方面，學(xué)生反映通過故事情節(jié)，他們更容易理解和記憶新詞匯。Intermsofvocabularylearning,studentshavereportedthatthroughthestoryline,theyaremorelikelytounderstandandremembernewvocabulary.動畫作為一種視聽材料，能夠為學(xué)生提供更加直觀和生動的語言學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境。Animation,asanaudio-visualmaterial,canprovidestudentswithamoreintuitiveandvividlanguagelearningenvironment.在教學(xué)過程中，教師應(yīng)注重學(xué)生的個體差異，提供多樣化的學(xué)習(xí)方式和資源。Intheteachingprocess,teachersshouldpayattentiontoindividualdifferencesamongstudentsandprovidediverselearningmethodsandresources.通過對《小鯉魚歷險記》這部動畫短片的案例分析，我們可以看到對外漢語動畫視聽說教學(xué)在提高學(xué)生聽說能力和跨文化交際能力方面的積極作用。未來，我們可以進(jìn)一步探索如何將更多的優(yōu)秀動畫作品引入到對外漢語教學(xué)中，以豐富教學(xué)內(nèi)容，提高教學(xué)效果。Throughthecaseanalysisoftheanimatedshortfilm"TheLittleCarpAdventure",wecanseethepositiveroleofteachingChineseasaforeignlanguageanimationinimprovingstudents'listening,speaking,andcross-culturalcommunicationskills.Inthefuture,wecanfurtherexplorehowtointroducemoreexcellentanimationworksintoteachingChineseasaforeignlanguage,inordertoenrichteachingcontentandimproveteachingeffectiveness.七、結(jié)論Conclusion經(jīng)過對對外漢語動畫視聽說教學(xué)的深入探析和教學(xué)設(shè)計的研究，我們得出了一些有益的結(jié)論。動畫作為一種視覺和聽覺相結(jié)合的教學(xué)媒介，在對外漢語教學(xué)中具有顯著的優(yōu)勢。它不僅能夠吸引學(xué)習(xí)者的注意力，激發(fā)學(xué)習(xí)興趣，而且能夠通過直觀的視覺畫面和生動的對話場景，幫助學(xué)習(xí)者更好地理解漢語的語言結(jié)構(gòu)和文化背景。Afterin-depthanalysisandresearchonteachingdesignofChineseanimationforforeigners,wehavecometosomebeneficialconclusions.Animation,asateachingmediumthatcombinesvisualandauditoryelements,hassignificantadvantagesinteachingChineseasaforeignlanguage.Itnotonlyattractstheattentionoflearnersandstimulatestheirinterestinlearning,butalsohelpslearnersbetterunderstandthelanguagestructur